An expeditious method for ascertaining species between black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus G. cuiver) and brown bear (Ursus arctos Linnaeus) was developed using tooth measurements from previously identified specimens. ...An expeditious method for ascertaining species between black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus G. cuiver) and brown bear (Ursus arctos Linnaeus) was developed using tooth measurements from previously identified specimens. The measurement and analysis on 18 tooth measurement indexes (i.e. T1. Length of Pm1-Pm4, T2. L. of M1-M3, T3. M1L., T4. M1 width, T5. M2L., T6. M2W., T7.M3L., T8. M3W., T9. L. of C1 alveolus, T10. W. of C1 alveolus, T11. L. of C1-M2, T12. L. of Pm4 M2,T13.M1L., T14. M1W., T15. M2L., T16. M2W., T17.L. of C1 alveolus, T18. W. of C1 alveolus) of 59 skulls (black bears 25, brown bears 34) indicates that there are significant or the most significant difference between two species in every indexes, however T1, T9, T10, T17 and T18 are not suitable for species discriminator because of their high percent of overlap. The efficient species discriminators and standards (mm) are as follows T2(63.0), T3(22.0), T4(10.2), T5(23.8), T6(13.6), T7(18.0), T8(13.5), T11(110.0),T12(66.0), T13(20. 1), T14(15.8), T15(33.0) and T16(17.3). Those who are less than or equal to standard are classified to black bear, the others are brown bear. The method is very convenient and useful with high reliability. Their lowest accuracy percent are 95.0%, most of them over 97%. Different indexes will be chosen refer to the degree of specimen destroyed.展开更多
[Objective]The paper was to analyze whether Asiatic black bear( Ursus thibetanus) had different blood group systems. [Method]Whole blood samples were collected from 40 Asiatic black bears in Fujian Province,China. Tub...[Objective]The paper was to analyze whether Asiatic black bear( Ursus thibetanus) had different blood group systems. [Method]Whole blood samples were collected from 40 Asiatic black bears in Fujian Province,China. Tube method was used to detect antibodies in plasma,and antibody isotype was determined with 2-mercaptoethanol. Plasma was further analyzed by mass spectrometry. [Result] The plasma from four black bears had antibodies,possibly Ig M isoform,which could agglutinate RBCs from 30 bears. Blood samples from 10 bears were tested by human blood typing reagents. The results showed that four black bears had blood type like human type O,while six bears had like human type B. Mass spectrometry results demonstrated that plasma protein had extensive homology to serum albumin-like isoform 1 found in giant panda( Ailuropoda melanoleuca). [Conclusion]Asiatic black bear might have at least one blood group system with two blood types. If the sick bear needs blood transfusion,a cross-matching test is necessary. Moreover,giant panda might receive blood from Asiatic black bear in case of emergency.展开更多
According to the principle of enzyme reaction rate, healthy pent black bears’ myocardial enzyme activity is assayed by visual colorimetry and compared with that of healthy human beings. The determination at 37 °...According to the principle of enzyme reaction rate, healthy pent black bears’ myocardial enzyme activity is assayed by visual colorimetry and compared with that of healthy human beings. The determination at 37 °C and the statistic analysis of the experimental data work out the following findings. For male black bears, the average CK activity is 163.20 U/L, the confidence interval of its expected value (127.70 to 198.70) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 39.2%; the average CK-MB activity 21.62 U/L, the confidential interval (17.72 to 25.51) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 34.26%; the average LDH activity 604.20 U/L, the confidence interval (524.56 to 683.83) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 23.80%; the average HBDH activity 516.70 U/L, the confidence interval (453.06 to 580.34) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 22.24%; the average GOT activity 69.70 U/L, the confidence interval (60.21 to 79.19) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 24.59%. For female black bears, the average CK activity is 145.50 U/L, the confidence interval (114.59 to 176.21) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 38.27%; the average CK-MB activity 18.84 U/L, the confidence interval (14.64 to 23.04) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 40.34%; the average LDH activity 563.70 U/L, the confidence interval (473.80 to 652.60) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 28.80%; the average of HBDH activity 475.50 U/L, the confidence interval (412.10 to 538.40) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 24.07%; the average of GOT activity is 62.37 U/L, the confidential interval (52.54 to 72.20) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 28.46%. The male black bear’s average myocardium enzyme activities are slightly higher than those of the female. But the statistical results indicate that the difference is not significant.展开更多
The growth and sprawl of the American black bear (Ursus americanus) population have been observed and monitored in the past two decades, especially in south-central Kentucky. To better manage human-black bear interact...The growth and sprawl of the American black bear (Ursus americanus) population have been observed and monitored in the past two decades, especially in south-central Kentucky. To better manage human-black bear interaction and develop informed policy and best practices, the current study sought to 1) understand south-central Kentucky residents’ current knowledge of and previous experience with black bears, 2) investigate residents’ attitudes toward black bears and regulated hunting in wildlife management;and 3) identify residents’ level of acceptance of various black bear related management actions in south-central Kentucky. From February to April 2017, residents of London and Stearns districts (southeastern regions) of the Daniel Boone National Forest, a black bear habitat, were invited to participate in this study. The results from 139 completed surveys showed that residents lacked sufficient knowledge about black bear populations in the region and received minimal information regarding black bear management efforts. In comparison to education efforts and relocation, regulated black bear hunting could be a cost-effective option to promote responsible use of wildlife resources and black bear population control. This study provided lessons and recommendations for black bear management in south-central Kentucky and may be of utilization for any other wildlife conservation areas.展开更多
Even mildly hypothermic body or limb temperatures can retard healing processes in mammals.Despite this,we observed that hibernating American black bears(Ursus americanus Pallas,1780)elicit profound abilities in mounti...Even mildly hypothermic body or limb temperatures can retard healing processes in mammals.Despite this,we observed that hibernating American black bears(Ursus americanus Pallas,1780)elicit profound abilities in mounting inflammatory responses to infection and/or foreign bodies.In addition,they resolve injuries during hibernation while maintaining mildly hypothermic states(30–35°C)and without eating,drinking,urinating or defecating.We describe experimental studies on free-ranging bears that document their abilities to completely resolve cutaneous cuts and punctures incurred during or prior to hibernation.We induced small,full-thickness cutaneous wounds(biopsies or incisions)during early denning,and re-biopsied sites 2–3 months later(near the end of denning).Routine histological methods were used to characterize these skin samples.All biopsied sites with respect to secondary intention(open circular biopsies)and primary intention(sutured sites)healed,with evidence of initial eschar(scab)formation,completeness of healed epidermis and dermal layers,dyskeratosis(inclusion cysts),and abilities to produce hair follicles.These healing abilities of hibernating black bears are a clear survival advantage to animals injured before or during denning.Bears are known to have elevated levels of hibernation induction trigger(delta-opioid receptor agonist)and ursodeoxycholic acid(major bile acid within plasma,mostly conjugated with taurine)during hibernation,which may relate to these wound-healing abilities.Further research as to the underlying mechanisms of wound healing during hibernation could have applications in human medicine.Unique approaches may be found to improve healing for malnourished,hypothermic,diabetic and elderly patients or to reduce scarring associated with burns and traumatic injuries.展开更多
文摘An expeditious method for ascertaining species between black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus G. cuiver) and brown bear (Ursus arctos Linnaeus) was developed using tooth measurements from previously identified specimens. The measurement and analysis on 18 tooth measurement indexes (i.e. T1. Length of Pm1-Pm4, T2. L. of M1-M3, T3. M1L., T4. M1 width, T5. M2L., T6. M2W., T7.M3L., T8. M3W., T9. L. of C1 alveolus, T10. W. of C1 alveolus, T11. L. of C1-M2, T12. L. of Pm4 M2,T13.M1L., T14. M1W., T15. M2L., T16. M2W., T17.L. of C1 alveolus, T18. W. of C1 alveolus) of 59 skulls (black bears 25, brown bears 34) indicates that there are significant or the most significant difference between two species in every indexes, however T1, T9, T10, T17 and T18 are not suitable for species discriminator because of their high percent of overlap. The efficient species discriminators and standards (mm) are as follows T2(63.0), T3(22.0), T4(10.2), T5(23.8), T6(13.6), T7(18.0), T8(13.5), T11(110.0),T12(66.0), T13(20. 1), T14(15.8), T15(33.0) and T16(17.3). Those who are less than or equal to standard are classified to black bear, the others are brown bear. The method is very convenient and useful with high reliability. Their lowest accuracy percent are 95.0%, most of them over 97%. Different indexes will be chosen refer to the degree of specimen destroyed.
基金Supported by Hong Kong Ocean Park Conservation Foundation(GP01-1617)Special Fund of Health Industry Research(201002005)
文摘[Objective]The paper was to analyze whether Asiatic black bear( Ursus thibetanus) had different blood group systems. [Method]Whole blood samples were collected from 40 Asiatic black bears in Fujian Province,China. Tube method was used to detect antibodies in plasma,and antibody isotype was determined with 2-mercaptoethanol. Plasma was further analyzed by mass spectrometry. [Result] The plasma from four black bears had antibodies,possibly Ig M isoform,which could agglutinate RBCs from 30 bears. Blood samples from 10 bears were tested by human blood typing reagents. The results showed that four black bears had blood type like human type O,while six bears had like human type B. Mass spectrometry results demonstrated that plasma protein had extensive homology to serum albumin-like isoform 1 found in giant panda( Ailuropoda melanoleuca). [Conclusion]Asiatic black bear might have at least one blood group system with two blood types. If the sick bear needs blood transfusion,a cross-matching test is necessary. Moreover,giant panda might receive blood from Asiatic black bear in case of emergency.
基金Key Scientific Research Foundation of Educational Committee of Sichuan Province (No. 2004 A101) and Key Discipline Construction Project in Sichuan Province (No. SZD0420)
文摘According to the principle of enzyme reaction rate, healthy pent black bears’ myocardial enzyme activity is assayed by visual colorimetry and compared with that of healthy human beings. The determination at 37 °C and the statistic analysis of the experimental data work out the following findings. For male black bears, the average CK activity is 163.20 U/L, the confidence interval of its expected value (127.70 to 198.70) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 39.2%; the average CK-MB activity 21.62 U/L, the confidential interval (17.72 to 25.51) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 34.26%; the average LDH activity 604.20 U/L, the confidence interval (524.56 to 683.83) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 23.80%; the average HBDH activity 516.70 U/L, the confidence interval (453.06 to 580.34) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 22.24%; the average GOT activity 69.70 U/L, the confidence interval (60.21 to 79.19) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 24.59%. For female black bears, the average CK activity is 145.50 U/L, the confidence interval (114.59 to 176.21) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 38.27%; the average CK-MB activity 18.84 U/L, the confidence interval (14.64 to 23.04) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 40.34%; the average LDH activity 563.70 U/L, the confidence interval (473.80 to 652.60) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 28.80%; the average of HBDH activity 475.50 U/L, the confidence interval (412.10 to 538.40) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 24.07%; the average of GOT activity is 62.37 U/L, the confidential interval (52.54 to 72.20) U/L, and the coefficient of variation 28.46%. The male black bear’s average myocardium enzyme activities are slightly higher than those of the female. But the statistical results indicate that the difference is not significant.
文摘The growth and sprawl of the American black bear (Ursus americanus) population have been observed and monitored in the past two decades, especially in south-central Kentucky. To better manage human-black bear interaction and develop informed policy and best practices, the current study sought to 1) understand south-central Kentucky residents’ current knowledge of and previous experience with black bears, 2) investigate residents’ attitudes toward black bears and regulated hunting in wildlife management;and 3) identify residents’ level of acceptance of various black bear related management actions in south-central Kentucky. From February to April 2017, residents of London and Stearns districts (southeastern regions) of the Daniel Boone National Forest, a black bear habitat, were invited to participate in this study. The results from 139 completed surveys showed that residents lacked sufficient knowledge about black bear populations in the region and received minimal information regarding black bear management efforts. In comparison to education efforts and relocation, regulated black bear hunting could be a cost-effective option to promote responsible use of wildlife resources and black bear population control. This study provided lessons and recommendations for black bear management in south-central Kentucky and may be of utilization for any other wildlife conservation areas.
文摘Even mildly hypothermic body or limb temperatures can retard healing processes in mammals.Despite this,we observed that hibernating American black bears(Ursus americanus Pallas,1780)elicit profound abilities in mounting inflammatory responses to infection and/or foreign bodies.In addition,they resolve injuries during hibernation while maintaining mildly hypothermic states(30–35°C)and without eating,drinking,urinating or defecating.We describe experimental studies on free-ranging bears that document their abilities to completely resolve cutaneous cuts and punctures incurred during or prior to hibernation.We induced small,full-thickness cutaneous wounds(biopsies or incisions)during early denning,and re-biopsied sites 2–3 months later(near the end of denning).Routine histological methods were used to characterize these skin samples.All biopsied sites with respect to secondary intention(open circular biopsies)and primary intention(sutured sites)healed,with evidence of initial eschar(scab)formation,completeness of healed epidermis and dermal layers,dyskeratosis(inclusion cysts),and abilities to produce hair follicles.These healing abilities of hibernating black bears are a clear survival advantage to animals injured before or during denning.Bears are known to have elevated levels of hibernation induction trigger(delta-opioid receptor agonist)and ursodeoxycholic acid(major bile acid within plasma,mostly conjugated with taurine)during hibernation,which may relate to these wound-healing abilities.Further research as to the underlying mechanisms of wound healing during hibernation could have applications in human medicine.Unique approaches may be found to improve healing for malnourished,hypothermic,diabetic and elderly patients or to reduce scarring associated with burns and traumatic injuries.
