Evaluation and Driving Force Analysis of Cultivated Land Quality in Black Soil Region of Northeast China

Cultivated land is an important natural resource to ensure food,ecological and economic security.The cultivated land quality evaluation(CQE)is greatly significant for protecting and managing cultivated land.In this study,320 counties in the black soil region of Northeast China(BSRNC)represent the research units used to construct the CQE system measuring the soil properties(SP),cultivated land productivity(CLP),ecological environment(EE)and social economy(SE).The total of 19 factors were selected to calculate the integrated fertility index(IFI)and divided into grades.Simultaneously,we used the coupling coordination degree model to comprehensively analyze the spatial pattern of the cultivated land quality(CLQ)in the BSRNC,and use the structural equation model(SEM)to analyze the driving mechanism.The results show the following:1)The CLQ of 262 counties in the BSRNC is in a state of coupling and coordination,and the coupling and coordination degree presents a spatial distribution pattern of‘high in the southwest and northeast,low in the northwest and southeast’.The coordinated development degree of 271 counties is between 0.4 and 0.6,which is in a transitional state between coordination and disorder.2)The CLQ in the BSRNC is generally good,with an average grade of 3.High-quality cultivated land accounts for 58.45%of all counties,middle-and upper-quality cultivated land accounts for 27.05%,and poor-quality cultivated land accounts for 14.49%.3)The SEM analysis shows that the SP,CLP,EE,and SE all influence the CLQ.Among them,the SP has the largest driving force on the CLQ,while the SE has the smallest driving force on it.The results confirm that the main factors affecting the evaluation results are crop productivity level,normalized difference vegetation index,ratio vegetation index,difference vegetation index,and organic carbon content.When implementing protection measures in counties with a low CLQ,considering a balanced coordination of multiple systems and reasonably controlling the quality degradation are important.This study provides the current situation and driving factors of the CLQ in the BSRNC and will play an important role in black soil governance and utilization.

Trade-off and Synergy of Rural Functions Under County Depopulation in the Typical Black Soil Region of Northeast China

As the population continues to shrink in the black soil region of Northeast China since 2000,it is critical to master the impact of population shrinkage on rural functions to realize rural revitalization and sustainable development.In this study,we focused on the impacts of depopulation on the evolution and interrelationship of rural subfunctions.Based on the rural function indexes system,the TOPSIS(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution)method,spatial analysis method,and mathematical statistics analysis method were used to summarize the spatial and temporal characteristics of rural function development,as well as the effect of population shrinkage in the typical black soil region of Northeast China.The results showed that depopulation varied in the extent and duration between the forested region and plain areas,which both impacted the trajectories of rural subfunctions evolution.For the economic development function and ecological conservation function,the effect of continuous slight depopulation was beneficial,while the effect of rapid depopulation was adverse,which was exactly opposite to the agricultural production function.All forms of population shrinkage were conducive to the development of the social security function.With the deepening population shrinkage,depopulation mainly promoted the collaborative development between subfunctions in this study,except the relationship between agricultural production and social security function.But effects of depopulation on the interrelationship of rural subfunctions varied between the forested region and plain areas in some cases.The results provided evidence for the cognition that population shrinkage had complicated effects on rural subfunctions.

Changes of spring wind erosion based on wind erosion climate factor in the black soil region of Northeast China

The dry and windy climate and low ground cover in spring in the black soil region of Northeast China make the soil strongly affected by wind erosion,which seriously threatens the food security and ecological security of this region.In this paper,based on the daily observation data of 124 meteorological stations in study area from 1961 to 2020,seasonal and monthly wind erosion climate factor(C)in spring(March to May)were calculated by using the method proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),the wind erosion characterization in spring were systematically analyzed based on C by various statistical analysis methods.The results showed that in the past 60 years,spring wind erosion climate factor(CSp)and monthly C of the whole region and each province(region)all showed highly significant decreasing trend,but they began to show rebounded trend in the middle or late 2000s.CSp of the study area showed a significant upward trend since 2008 with an increase of 4.59(10a)^(-1).The main contributors to this upward trend are the changes of C in March and in April.For the four provinces(regions),CSp in Heilongjiang,Jilin,Liaoning and eastern Inner Mongolia all showed rebounded since 2008,2011,2008 and 2009,respectively.The rebounded trend of CSp in eastern Inner Mongolia was the most obvious with a tendency rate of 11.27(10a)^(-1),and its mutation occurred after 1984.The rebound trend of CSp in Heilongjiang Province takes the second place,with a trend rate of 4.72(10a)^(-1),but there’s no obvious time mutation characteristics.The spatial characteristics of CSpand monthly C are similar,showing decreasing characteristics centered on the typical black soil belt of Northeast China.Compared with 1961-1990,in the period from 1991 to 2020,the proportion of high value areas(CSp>35,monthly C>10)has decreased to varying degrees,while the proportion of low value areas(CSp≤10,monthly C≤4)has increased.The trends of seasonal and monthly C in 82.2%~87.7%of the stations show significant decreases at 95%confidence level.CSp is closely related to wind speed at 2m height,temperature difference,minimum temperature and precipitation in the same period,of which the correlation between CSp and wind speed is the strongest,indicating that the main control factor for CSp in the study area is wind speed,but the impact of the change of temperature and precipitation on CSp cannot be ignored.

Study on the Method of Soil Productivity Assessment in Black Soil Region of Northeast China

The objective of this paper is to investigate a simple and practical method for soil productivity assessment in the black soil region of Northeast China. Firstly, eight kinds of physicochemical properties for each of 120 soil samples collected from 25 black soil profiles were analyzed using cluster and correlation analysis. Subsequently, parameter indices were calculated using physicochemical properties. Finally, a modified productivity index （MPI） model were developed and validated. The results showed that the suitable parameters for soil productivity assessment in black soil region of Northeast China were soil available water, soil pH, clay content, and organic matter content. Compared with original productivity index （PI） model, MPI model added clay content and organic matter content in parameters while omitted bulk density. Simulation results of original PI model and MPI model were compared using crop yield of land block where investigated soil profiles were located. MPI model was proven to perform better with a higher significant correlation with maize yield. The correlation equation between MPI and yield was： Y= 3.2002Ln（MP/）＋ 10.056, R^2 = 0.7564. The results showed that MPI model was an effective and practical method to assess soil productivity in the research area.

Effect of farmland shelterbelts on gully erosion in the black soil region of Northeast China

The black soil region of northeast China is one of the most important grain-producing areas in China. Increasingly severe gully erosion in this region has destroyed much farmland and reduced grain production. We analyzed SPOT5 imagery from 2007 and TM imagery from 2008 to describe the distributions of gullies and farmland shelterbelts in Kedong County and to assess the effect of farmland shelterbelts on gully erosion. The ima- gery revealed 2311 gullies with average density of 418.51 m km-2, indicating very serious gully erosion. With increasing slope gradient there was an inverse trend between gully density and shelterbelt density, indicating that farmland shelterbelts can prevent gully erosion. The defense effect of farmland shelterbelts against gullyerosion varied with distance： for distances 〈120 m, the defense effect was consistent and very strong; for distances of 120-240 m, a weak linear decrease was found in the defense effect; and for distances 〉240 m, the defense effect of the shelterbelts was significantly weaker. We recommend an optimal planting density of farmland shel- terbelts for the prevention of gully erosion at 1100-1300 m km-2.

典型黑土区不同保护性耕作方式对玉米生长发育及产量形成的影响

实施保护性耕作对保护东北黑土和保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。为明确东北典型黑土区保护性耕作对玉米产量的影响及其关键因素,开展了连续3年大田定位试验,设常规垄作秸秆不还田(CK)、免耕秸秆全量粉碎覆盖(T1)、免耕留高茬全量秸秆覆盖(T2)、少耕秸秆全量条带覆盖(T3)共4个处理,分析了不同处理对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育、产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,保护性耕作处理(T1、T2和T3)0~20 cm耕层土壤有机质含量呈增加趋势;保护性耕作显著提高了播种至出苗期耕层土壤含水量,T1、T2和T3处理分别提高7.8%~30.4%、9.0%~18.7%和17.3%~20.0%,但显著降低土壤温度,分别降低2.56~3.11℃、2.02~2.27℃、0.94~1.93℃;分别延迟玉米出苗时间5~7 d、4~6 d和2 d;T3处理3年平均出苗率较CK增加3.2%,T1和T2处理出苗率分别降低4.3%和4.7%;T1、T2和T3处理均降低了苗期株高整齐度和植株干物质积累,但T3处理降低幅度明显小于T1和T2处理,6叶期之后干物质积累降低幅度逐渐减小;T1和T2处理显著降低玉米产量,降幅分别为7.5%~15.6%和5.5%~12.9%,T3处理产量与CK差异不显著。结构方程模型(SEM)揭示,保护性耕作通过调节土壤含水量和温度,间接影响玉米出苗时间、出苗率、穗数和百粒重,进而影响产量,也可通过直接影响出苗质量和产量构成因素进而影响产量。在东北典型黑土区,少耕秸秆全量条带覆盖(T3)不仅有利于提高土壤有机质含量,而且还有利于平衡土壤水分和温度矛盾,缩短出苗时间、提高出苗质量、高产稳产,是该区域适宜的保护性耕作方式。

东北黑土地区稻田甲烷排放时空演变及排放潜力分析

稻田甲烷排放是农业源甲烷排放的主要来源。东北黑土地区是我国最大的粮食生产基地,农业温室气体减排是实现黑土地永续利用的关键议题之一。运用稻田甲烷排放模型(CH4MOD)核算并分析了2009—2018年东北黑土地区稻田甲烷排放的时空演变特征,结合GOSAT卫星遥感数据探究了水稻生产与区域甲烷排放的时空动态联系,进一步量化了稻田甲烷对区域甲烷排放的贡献程度及不同情景下的排放潜力。结果表明,受水稻生产面积扩张和排放强度提高的影响,东北黑土地区稻田甲烷排放总量从2009年的39.05万t增加到2018年的79.53万t。东北黑土地区区域甲烷排放在季节变化和栅格单元上表现出与稻田甲烷排放较为一致的时空动态,大规模的稻田耕作可能会增加水稻生产与区域甲烷排放直接相关的可能性。随着水稻持续扩种稳产,2018年东北黑土地区水稻生产贡献了区域甲烷排放总量的15.04%,其中黑龙江省的贡献率高达31.06%。在基准发展情景下,预计2035年东北黑土地区稻田CH_4排放量较2018年增加19.5%;在粮食供给保障情景下,维持当前稻田耕作面积,水稻生产集约化程度提高,预计其稻田CH_4排放量较2018年减少0.88%;在此基础上,采取促进秸秆还田、增施有机肥、实施节水间歇灌溉等稻田管理措施将使稻田CH_4排放量增加17.8%—63.6%。以满足膳食需求和供给保障为导向,优化水稻种植结构、控制稻田耕作面积,推动技术进步、品种改良以提升单产水平,采取化肥和有机肥搭配施用、节水间歇灌溉等途径能够缓解稻田甲烷排放。研究综合运用自上而下的遥感数据和自下而上的模型运算,刻画了水稻生产与区域甲烷排放的时空联系,进一步评估了稻田甲烷的排放潜力及减排措施的减排效果,为促进东北黑土地区农业甲烷减排和生产布局优化提供了理论依据和决策参考。

Soil loss tolerance in the black soil region of Northeast China

Soil loss tolerance （/） is the maximum rate of annual soil erosion that is tolerated and still allows a high level of crop productivity to be sustained economically and indefinitely. In the black soil region of Northeast China, an empirically determined, default Tvalue of 200 （t/km2.a） is used for designing land restoration strategies for different types of soils. The ob- jective of this study was to provide a methodology to calculate a quantitative T for different black soil species. A field investigation was conducted to determine the typical soil profiles of 21 black soil species in the study area and a quantitative methodology based on a modified soil productivity index model was established to calculate the Tvalues. These values, which varied from 68 t/km2.a to 358 t/km2-a, yielded an average Tvalue of 141 t/km2.a for the 21 soil species. This is 29.5% lower than the current national standard T value. Two significant factors that influenced the T value were soil thickness and vulnerability to erosion. An acceptable reduction rate of soil productivity over a planned time period of 1% is recommended as necessary for maintaining long-term sustainable soil productivity. Compared with the cur- rently used of regional unified standard T value, the proposed method, which determines T using specific soil profile indices, has more practical implications for effective, sustainable management of soil and water conservation.

基于高分七号影像自动提取东北黑土区侵蚀沟的方法

东北黑土区沟蚀严重且分布面积广,目前对其进行监测大多基于目视解译,自动化程度低,急需一种快速提取方法。本文选取沟蚀严重的黑龙江省宾县马蛇子河流域,基于高分七号影像,以目视解译结果为参照,比较流向边缘检测、机器学习、深度学习3种方法自动提取侵蚀沟的精度。结果表明:①流向边缘检测方法依赖高精度地形数据,高分七号立体像对生成的地形数据垂直精度低,侵蚀沟整体提取精度仅为6.7%,无法用于切沟和浅沟的自动提取;②机器学习方法需要人为设置分割参数并设计分类特征,自动化程度较低,侵蚀沟整体提取精度可达50.7%,对切沟识别精度可达83.1%,但对浅沟识别精度仅为9.2%;③深度学习方法采用端对端的模式,无须人为设计特征提取器,自动化程度高,整体提取精度可达60.8%,对切沟识别精度可达68.1%,对浅沟识别精度可达69.7%。

多样化种植对土壤团聚体组成及其有机碳和全氮含量的影响

【目的】阐明东北黑土区禾本科与豆科作物多样化种植模式下土壤团聚体组成及其碳氮分布特征,为促进黑土地用养结合型种植制度优化提供理论依据与技术指导。【方法】田间试验于2016—2020年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所公主岭试验站进行,设置玉米大豆间作(M/S)、玉米大豆轮作(M-S)、玉米花生间作(M/P)和玉米花生轮作(M-P)等多样化种植模式,以玉米连作(CM)常规种植模式为对照。2020年作物收获后采集0—20和20—40 cm土层土壤样品,分析多样化种植模式对土壤团聚体及其有机碳、全氮含量的影响。【结果】多样化种植有利于增加0—20和20—40 cm土层水稳性大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量,降低黏粉粒(<0.053 mm)含量,4种多样化种植模式的土壤团聚体平均重量直径和平均几何直径均显著高于CM处理(P<0.05)。M/S和M-S处理0—20 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体比例分别比CM处理高17.6%和13.4%,M/S、M-S和M-P处理20—40 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体比例则分别比CM处理高10.4%、8.3%和10.5%。多样化种植增加了土壤大团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量,0—20 cm土层,M/S、M-S、M/P和M-P处理>2 mm土壤团聚体有机碳含量分别比CM处理高20.7%、24.3%、18.8%和17.8%;0—20 cm土层,M-S、M/P和M-P处理>2 mm土壤团聚体全氮含量分别比CM处理高13.0%、16.8%和14.8%。M-S和M/P处理0—20 cm土层>2 mm土壤团聚体有机碳和全氮对土壤总有机碳和全氮贡献率高于CM处理,而M/S和M-S处理<0.053 mm土壤团聚体有机碳和全氮对总有机碳和全氮的贡献率则低于CM处理。【结论】东北黑土区多样化种植提高了土壤大团聚体含量,降低了黏粉粒含量,增加了土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳和全氮含量,有利于促进农田土壤碳氮固持。

东北黑土区农业干旱脆弱性及其应对策略研究——以黑龙江省为例

为揭示东北黑土区农业干旱脆弱性的时空演化过程与特征,本研究以黑龙江省为例,从暴露水平、敏感程度和适应能力的视角,构建了农业干旱脆弱性评价模型,解析了2000—2020年黑龙江省水稻、玉米、大豆的干旱脆弱性的时空演进过程与特征。结果显示:2000—2011年农业干旱事件频发,其中有8个敏感事件和11个韧性事件,2011年以后再无农业干旱事件发生,2011—2020年水稻、玉米和大豆的干旱脆弱性较2000—2010年分别下降了46.14%、51.50%和38.53%;受作物生育需水量与地区降水不匹配的影响,大豆、水稻的干旱脆弱性相对较高。研究表明,黑龙江省农业干旱脆弱性总体呈先增强后减弱的演进趋势,呈北高南低和东西高、中部低的空间分布格局。基于该结果,本研究提出了旨在提升东北黑土区农业适应气候变化韧性的政策及措施建议。

东北黑土区保护性耕作生态补偿机制优化路径

新时期,筑牢国家粮食安全的“压舱石”,巩固提升东北地区粮食综合生产能力,应以黑土区耕地质量保护为首要任务。保护性耕作技术作为黑土地质量保护与提升的关键技术,其规模化应用在政策和主体层面存在现实约束。科学认识东北黑土区保护性耕作生态补偿政策存在的问题,以问题为导向,探索保护性耕作技术补偿政策优化路径,为补齐制度短板、实现精准施策提供科学依据。综合运用文献分析、规范分析及归纳演绎法结合实地调研,全面总结东北黑土区玉米秸秆还田技术补贴标准,定性分析补贴政策面临的现实约束,理清目前保护性耕作支持政策的主要障碍因素:一是补偿政策指向性不明确;二是补偿标准定价依据不科学;三是补偿管理机制不健全。针对黑土区保护性耕作生态补偿面临的现实困境,提出政策机制优化路径:一是强化赋权和组织化激活保护性耕作的主体性路径,从完善赋权定位和培育新型经营主体两个层面建立配套政策;二是构建环境-经济属性协同定量的补偿标准评估方法,以技术产生的外部效应和主观效用作为补偿标准定价的理论依据,建立由替代市场技术、假想市场技术及计量经济学统计分析等多方法融合的评估方法体系;三是创设高质量数字化管理及差异化的生态补偿制度,构建开放、共享的大数据管理平台,打造多主体协同互利的市场生态图景,建立保护性耕作多主体协同差异化生态补偿机制。适应保护性耕作技术创新与组织方式变革的新要求,建立科学的保护性耕作农业绿色技术应用评价体系;优化垂直管理纵向补偿机制,引导企业与社会资本参与市场调节,构筑黑土区耕地质量保护与提升的生态管理制度屏障,为生态补偿政策优化提供参考借鉴。

东北黑土区土地利用碳排放演变及预测研究

以东北黑土区土地利用碳排放为研究对象,基于2000~2020年土地利用和能源消耗数据,分析不同土地利用类型碳排放量的变化情况并预测区域碳排放。结果表明,2000~2020年东北黑土区土地利用碳排放量持续增加,从2000年152.44×10^(4)t到2020年253.22×10^(4)t,年变化趋势明显。碳排放方面,耕地与土地利用碳排放的关联度最高是最主要的碳源,占总碳源的90%左右;碳吸收方面,林地对碳汇的贡献率最大,占总碳汇的96%以上。东北黑土区的用地类型与碳排放间的关联度依次为耕地>林地>建设用地>未利用地>草地>水域。预计2030年净碳排放量将达到300.62×10^(4)t。

东北黑土区耕地生态承载力动态评价及预测分析

耕地生态安全是粮食安全的基本保障,明晰黑土区耕地生态承载状况是夯实东北地区粮食安全压舱石的重要前提。基于2007~2019年统计数据,运用“省公顷”耕地生态足迹模型和ArcGIS等方法,在修正耕地均衡因子与产量因子的基础上,从时间和空间角度刻画总结东北黑土区耕地生态动态演化态势,并借助灰色GM(1,1)预测模型对比分析2020~2029年东北黑土区耕地生态未来变化趋势。结果表明,东北黑土区耕地生态足迹总体呈波动上升趋势,耕地生态承载力表现为先升后降的趋势变动,区域始终位于耕地生态盈余状态;东北黑土区内耕地生态水平呈“中间高,两端低”的空间分布格局,并逐渐由两端集聚向中部地区转移,整体上趋于衰退方向发展;2021年后,东北黑土区可能会暴露耕地生态赤字局面,到2029年人均耕地生态赤字达到0.2241公顷/人,黑土耕地资源利用将陷入不可持续发展阶段。

GRACE卫星与GLDAS模型在东北黑土区地下水储量变化估算中的应用

东北黑土区是我国重要的商品粮供应地及工业基地,为监测并分析该区域地下水储量变化情况,利用GRACE重力卫星数据,结合GLDAS水文模型,反演东北黑土区2002—2021年地下水储量的时空变化。结果表明,东北三省地下水储量变化呈波动下降趋势,整体呈现由北向南的逐渐递减。其中,黑龙江省地下水储量变化幅度最小,吉林省次之,辽宁省地下水储量变化下降最为明显。与实测地下水位进行对比验证后,证明拟合效果较好,获取的数据能够为决策部门提供科学依据及数据支撑。未来,GRACE卫星有可能成为评价大尺度区域地下水资源变化及其变化趋势的新方法。

东北黑土区长期不同种植模式下土壤碳氮特征评价

土壤碳氮是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,阐明农田管理措施对土壤碳氮特征的综合影响,可为农田地力培育和土地可持续利用提供理论与技术支撑。该研究借助在吉林公主岭建立的长期定位试验,选择休闲处理与增施有机肥条件下的玉米连作、玉米-大豆轮作、大豆连作等处理,系统评价了种植模式对土壤不同形态碳氮的影响及其相互关系。经过21 a的增施有机肥,玉米连作、玉米-大豆轮作、大豆连作3个处理的耕层（0-20 cm）土壤有机碳、全氮和有效氮比休闲处理分别提高23.5%-46.8%、4.9%-64.3%和35.4%-121.9%,其中以玉米连作处理最高（P〈0.05）;有机碳与全氮、有效氮呈极显著的相关关系（P〈0.01）,表明较高的有机碳会促进氮素有效性。玉米连作处理的耕层土壤微生物量碳分别比玉米-大豆轮作和大豆连作处理高23.1%和41.4%,而土壤微生物量氮则分别高37.8%和135.3%,差异显著（P〈0.05）。玉米连作处理下耕层〉2 000μm、≥250-2 000μm、≥53-250μm以及〈53μm的土壤团聚体结合有机碳均为最高（P〈0.05）。此外,玉米连作处理的高活性有机碳组分显著（P〈0.05）高于其他处理,其化学活性指数也显著（P〈0.05）高于玉米-大豆轮作处理,表明玉米连作处理下的土壤有机碳对外界环境变化较为敏感。上述研究表明,在施用有机肥的条件下,长期玉米连作可提高土壤有机碳质量分数,促进土壤氮素有效性,但应配合采用合理的耕种措施,以降低有机碳分解风险。

雨型对东北典型黑土区顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的影响

基于人工模拟降雨试验,研究了雨型对东北黑土区顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的影响。根据典型黑土区侵蚀性降雨标准及雨型特征,试验设计了总降雨量相同(降雨量为87.5 mm)的5种不同雨型,即增强型(降雨过程中降雨强度分布为50-75-100-125 mm/h)、减弱型(降雨过程中降雨强度分布为125-100-75-50 mm/h)、峰值型(降雨过程中降雨强度分布为50-75-100-125-100-75-50 mm/h)、谷值型(降雨过程中降雨强度分布为100-75-50-75-100 mm/h)和均匀型(降雨过程中降雨强度保持75 mm/h不变),以及1个坡度(即顺坡垄作改横坡垄作的临界坡度5°)。结果表明,受前期预降雨的影响,各雨型处理的顺坡垄作坡面径流量差异较小,但坡面侵蚀量存在明显差异,其中峰值型雨型引起的坡面侵蚀量最大,分别是谷值型、减弱型、均匀型和增强型雨型处理下的1.20、1.63、1.78、1.80倍。引起侵蚀量较大的雨型(峰值型、谷值型和减弱型)在典型黑土区天然降雨中出现频次超过70%,这可能是该区夏季顺坡垄作坡面侵蚀作用强烈的重要原因之一。同一降雨强度在不同雨型中出现的时序不同,其产生的径流量和侵蚀量对总径流量和总侵蚀量的贡献率也不相同。除125 mm/h外,同一降雨强度出现在起始阶段产生的侵蚀量对坡面总侵蚀量的贡献率显著大于其出现在其他阶段对坡面总侵蚀量的贡献率。

东北黑土漫岗区侵蚀沟发展模式研究

东北黑土漫岗区侵蚀沟发育广泛,侵蚀沟的发展已经严重影响到了该区工农业生产的发展。根据东北黑土漫岗区侵蚀沟的发展阶段、形态特征、侵蚀沟底冲淤状况、侵蚀沟边坡扩展方式等,将该区侵蚀沟分为顺犁沟、浅沟、切沟、冲沟和槽沟5种类型。在此基础上,对侵蚀沟由顺犁沟发展至槽沟的发展过程、发展条件,以及面蚀与沟蚀的发展转化关系进行了阐述。最后,从宏观和微观两个方面阐述了侵蚀沟在东北黑土漫岗区的分布特征。

东北黑土区土壤剖面地温和水分变化规律

东北黑土区土壤侵蚀的结果使土壤在坡面上发生再分配,土壤腐殖质层厚度的空间变异增大。腐殖质层厚度的变化又引起地温和土壤水分等土壤物理性质的变化,地温和水分是影响和反映冻融侵蚀作用的重要因子,也是影响地表和土壤剖面物质运移的重要因素。本文通过实测不同厚度腐殖质层剖面的地温和土壤水分,分析了地温和水分随时间和土壤剖面深度的变化规律。结果显示腐殖质层厚度对土壤温度和含水量有显著影响,腐殖质层较厚的剖面解冻速度比薄层黑土区要慢,不同深度土层温度到达0℃的日期也不相同,腐殖质层较厚的剖面冻结时间要滞后1周左右。同时,腐殖质层较厚的黑土区土壤含水量明显大于薄层黑土区,土壤水分运移的深度范围也大。

东北黑土区大豆根际促生菌群落组成研究

为明确东北黑土区大豆根际促生菌的群落组成,选择内蒙古自治区鄂温克族自治旗、黑龙江省海伦市、黑龙江省克山县和黑龙江省农垦红兴隆农场4个采样点,分析了大豆根际自生固氮菌、解磷菌、溶磷菌和硅酸盐细菌的群落组成,解析了促生菌种与地域之间的对应关系。结果表明：东北黑土区的大豆根际土壤中存在大量促生菌,自生固氮菌达到104cfu.g 1,溶磷菌和解磷菌达到105cfu.g 1,硅酸盐细菌达到103cfu.g 1;分离得到具有自生固氮能力的菌株5株,溶磷菌6株,解磷菌7株,硅酸盐细菌4株;自生固氮菌多样性指数在0.94~1.60之间,溶磷菌多样性指数在0.83~1.52之间,解磷菌的多样性指数在1.07~1.67之间,硅酸盐细菌多样性指数在0.52~0.96之间,4个取样点大豆根际促生菌的多样性指数均大于2。采用对应分析确定了不同地区的典型促生菌,内蒙古鄂温克族自治旗的特征种为自生固氮菌LLN8（Azotobacter beijerinckia indica）,黑龙江省海伦市的特征种为溶磷菌DHS13（Micrococcus）,黑龙江省克山县的特征种为溶磷菌DHS19（Pseudomo-nas）,黑龙江省红兴隆农场的特征种为自生固氮菌LLN1（A.chrooco-ccum）和溶磷菌DHS5（Azotobacter）。同时明确了LLN2（A.azomonas）、LLN6（Bacillus mucilaginosus）、DHS9（Arthrobacter）、DHSO2（Pseudomonas）、DHSO14（Erwinia）、DHSO17（Corynebacterium）和LSJ21（Bacillus）在东北黑土区大豆根际分布较为广泛,这些菌株为研发中国东北黑土区大豆专用型复合生物肥料提供了基础条件。