The Noether current and its variation relation with respect to diffeomorphism invariance of gravitational theories have been derived from the horizontal variation and vertical-horizontal bi-variation of the Lagrangian...The Noether current and its variation relation with respect to diffeomorphism invariance of gravitational theories have been derived from the horizontal variation and vertical-horizontal bi-variation of the Lagrangian,respectively.For Einstein's GR in the stationary,axisymmetric black holes,the mass formula in vacuum can be derived from this Noether current although it definitely vanishes.This indicates that the mass formula of black holes is a vanishing Noether charge in this case.The first law of black hole thermodynamics can also be derived from the variation relation of this vanishing Noether current.展开更多
The Large Area Telescope (LAT) on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (formerly GLAST) provides an increase in sensitivity and has detected rapid variability of gamma-ray sources.The variability time scales detected f...The Large Area Telescope (LAT) on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (formerly GLAST) provides an increase in sensitivity and has detected rapid variability of gamma-ray sources.The variability time scales detected from the gamma-ray loud blazars by LAT and EGRET,and gamma-ray luminosity are used to estimate the central black hole masses.In this work,we find that the lower limits of central black hole masses are in a range of (0.3-24)×107M⊙,which are compared with those obtained by other authors.Our results are consistent with other authors' results.Also,the Lorentz factor,Γ,and the propagation angle,θ,are obtained for 18 blazars for which superluminal motions are known.展开更多
This paper discusses the gravitation waveforms of binaries coalescence into intermediate mass black holes(about 30 times of the solar mass).We focus on the non-spinning intermediate mass black hole located less than 1...This paper discusses the gravitation waveforms of binaries coalescence into intermediate mass black holes(about 30 times of the solar mass).We focus on the non-spinning intermediate mass black hole located less than 100 Mpc from earth.By comparing two simulation waveforms(effective one body numerical relativity waveform(EOBNR),phenomenological waveform),we discuss the relationship between the effective distance and frequency;and through analyzing large amounts of data in event,we find that the phenomenological waveform is much smoother than EOBNR waveform,and has higher accuracy at the same effective distance.展开更多
In this paper we adopt the theory of Shields and Wheeler (1976) to explain the long-term period and use the Shields and Wheeler’s storage model to calculate the mass of the center black hole for NGC 4151, which shows...In this paper we adopt the theory of Shields and Wheeler (1976) to explain the long-term period and use the Shields and Wheeler’s storage model to calculate the mass of the center black hole for NGC 4151, which shows a period of 14. years (Fan & Su 1998). The mass of the center black hole that the new method gets,~10 6M ⊙,is consistent with other authors. We find the energy of the stable phase, which utilize the period of 14. years to calculate, is closed equal to the burst energy. Other period variation mechanisms have been discussed.展开更多
<正> We extend Zhang and Zhao's recent work to the Schwarzschild-anti-de Sitter black hole with topologicaldefect,whose Arnowitt-Deser-Misner(ADM)mass is no longer identical to its mass parameter.The behavio...<正> We extend Zhang and Zhao's recent work to the Schwarzschild-anti-de Sitter black hole with topologicaldefect,whose Arnowitt-Deser-Misner(ADM)mass is no longer identical to its mass parameter.The behavior of thetunneling massive particle is investigated and the emission rate is calculated.The result satisfies an underlying unitarytheory and takes the same functional form as that of the mass-less particle.展开更多
Both mass and charge are needed to create a rotating Black Hole as has been investigated in great mathematical detail by the Reissner-Nordstrom metric and the Kerr-Newman metric. It is their application to astronomica...Both mass and charge are needed to create a rotating Black Hole as has been investigated in great mathematical detail by the Reissner-Nordstrom metric and the Kerr-Newman metric. It is their application to astronomical phenomena that they have stated difficulty with because astronomical objects have no net electric charge and that is what we are exploring. While the energy in the gravitational field of the mass of a Neutron Star alone cannot create a stationary Black Hole, together with the energy in the strong magnetic field created by a rotating Neutron Star a rotating Black Hole is formed. Black Holes are the portal to the next higher spatial dimension.展开更多
The Standard Model of particle physics does not account for charged fermion mass values and neutrino mass, or explain why only three particles are in each charge state 0, -e/3, 2e/3, and -e. These issues are addressed...The Standard Model of particle physics does not account for charged fermion mass values and neutrino mass, or explain why only three particles are in each charge state 0, -e/3, 2e/3, and -e. These issues are addressed by treating Standard Model particles with mass m as spheres with diameter equal to their Compton wavelength l =ħ/mc, where ħis Planck’s constant and c the speed of light, and any charge in diametrically opposed pairs ±ne/6 with n = 1, 2, or 3 at the axis of rotation on the sphere surface. Particles are ground state solutions of quantized Friedmann equations from general relativity, with differing internal gravitational constants. Energy distribution within particles identifies Standard Model particles with spheres containing central black holes with mass m, and particle spin resulting from black hole angular momentum. In each charge state, energy distribution within particles satisfies a cubic equation in l, allowing only three particles in the charge state and requiring neutrino mass. Cosmic vacuum energy density is a lower limit on energy density of systems in the universe, and setting electron neutrino average energy density equal to cosmic vacuum energy density predicts neutrino masses consistent with experiment. Relations between charged fermion wavelength solutions to cubic equations in different charge states determine charged fermion masses relative to electron mass as a consequence of charge neutrality of the universe. An appendix shows assigning charge ±e/6 to bits of information on the event horizon available for holographic description of physics in the observable universe accounts for dominance of matter over anti-matter. The analysis explains why only three Standard Models are in each charge state and predicts neutrino masses based on cosmic vacuum energy density as a lower bound on neutrino energy density.展开更多
We analytically model a relativistic problem consisting of a point-particle with mass m in close orbit around a stationary Schwarzschild black hole with mass M = 1 using the null-cone formalism when l = 2. We use the ...We analytically model a relativistic problem consisting of a point-particle with mass m in close orbit around a stationary Schwarzschild black hole with mass M = 1 using the null-cone formalism when l = 2. We use the -function to model the matter density of the particle. To model the whole problem, we apply the second order differential equation obtained elsewhere for a dynamic thin matter shell around a Schwarzschild black hole. The only thing that changes on the equation is the quasi-normal mode parameter which now represent the orbital frequency of the particle. We compare our results with that of the standard 5.5 PN formalism and found that there is a direct proportionality factor that relates the two results, i.e. the two formalisms.展开更多
The black hole (b.h.) model based on the strong field treatment of the Newton potential is presented. The essential role of self energy both at the Planck level and for matter and radiation at later stages supports th...The black hole (b.h.) model based on the strong field treatment of the Newton potential is presented. The essential role of self energy both at the Planck level and for matter and radiation at later stages supports the picture of an expanding Universe necessarily accompanied by particle creation if energy conservation applies at every scale. This process is shown to provide a gravitational repulsive force which can counterbalance gravitational attraction thus allowing the possibility of a steady expansion. This black hole treatment of our Universe evolution, questions the necessity of inflation. The role of the critical density to dictate the fate of the Universe is replaced by the black hole condition which entails a different relation between Hubble parameter and density thus disposing of dark energy. Since its predictions provide a different time development of the Universe also the evidence for its acceleration is disputed. That seems to provide a coherent scheme for our picture of the Universe evolution, based on Hubble’s law and backed up by the consideration of inertial forces. Newtonian angular momentum is also not conserved at cosmological scales. Finally we consider two coordinates systems. The conformally flat coordinates are shown to disprove inflation and the relevance of the Painleve-Gullstrand metric in providing global coordinates is underlined. The combined effect of Hubble expansion and of proper time also questions the existence of missing mass.展开更多
Extreme gravitational collapse is explored by utilizing two fundamental properties and one reasonable assumption, which together lead logically to an end-state gravitating structure. This structure, called a Terminal ...Extreme gravitational collapse is explored by utilizing two fundamental properties and one reasonable assumption, which together lead logically to an end-state gravitating structure. This structure, called a Terminal state neutron star, manifests nature’s ultimate density of mass and possesses the ultimate electromagnetic barrier. It is then shown how this structure is central to the remarkable mechanism whereby the density is prevented from going higher. A simple process assures that such density is not exceeded—regardless of the quantity of additional mass. As an example, the discourse focuses on the expected progression and outcome when a compact star of <img src="Edit_2c290d68-3330-4724-9e68-e7f1c9d3df1a.png" width="25" height="15" alt="" />—far more mass than can be accommodated by the basic Terminal state structure—undergoes total gravitational collapse. An examination of what happens to the considerable excess mass leads the discussion to the <i>principle of mass extinction by the process of aether deprivation</i> and its profound implications for black-hole physics and the current revolution in cosmology.展开更多
运用REDFIT方法对4个费米耀变体的MOJAVE(Monitoring Of Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei with VLBA Experiments)15.3 GHz观测数据进行了周期分析,发现0851+202存在1.77年的周期成分,1308+326存在8.69年的周期成分,1641+399存在2.04年...运用REDFIT方法对4个费米耀变体的MOJAVE(Monitoring Of Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei with VLBA Experiments)15.3 GHz观测数据进行了周期分析,发现0851+202存在1.77年的周期成分,1308+326存在8.69年的周期成分,1641+399存在2.04年的周期成分,2251+158存在7.65年的周期成分,且这些周期成分的置信度均大于99%。运用超大质量双黑洞模型和螺旋喷流模型对这些周期成分进行了解释,并估算这4个耀变体的中心黑洞质量为10^(9) M_(⊙)~10^(10) M_(⊙)。展开更多
We give a rigorous proof of the positive mass theorem for high-dimensional spacetimes with black holes if the spacetime contains an asymptotically flat spacelike spin hypersurface and satisfies the dominant energy con...We give a rigorous proof of the positive mass theorem for high-dimensional spacetimes with black holes if the spacetime contains an asymptotically flat spacelike spin hypersurface and satisfies the dominant energy condition along the hypersurface. We also weaken the spin structure on the spacelike hypersurface to spinc structure and give a modified positive mass theorem for spacetimes with black holes in dimensions 4, 5 and 6.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant Nos.10821061,10733010,and 0725313by 973 Program of China under grant No.2009CB824800.
文摘1。在在布拉格的国际天体的联合 IAU GA 的 2006 代表大会的介绍,捷克的共和国,我被邀请把一篇公共讲话送到天文学和一般公众的地的一个很宽广的观众;我随后出版了在不同规模黑人洞命名类似的现象的谈话的摘要,
文摘The Noether current and its variation relation with respect to diffeomorphism invariance of gravitational theories have been derived from the horizontal variation and vertical-horizontal bi-variation of the Lagrangian,respectively.For Einstein's GR in the stationary,axisymmetric black holes,the mass formula in vacuum can be derived from this Noether current although it definitely vanishes.This indicates that the mass formula of black holes is a vanishing Noether charge in this case.The first law of black hole thermodynamics can also be derived from the variation relation of this vanishing Noether current.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10573005 and 10633010)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB815405)+1 种基金Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10JJ3020)the Fund of the 11th Five-year Plan for Key Construction Academic Subject (Optics) of Hunan Province
文摘The Large Area Telescope (LAT) on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (formerly GLAST) provides an increase in sensitivity and has detected rapid variability of gamma-ray sources.The variability time scales detected from the gamma-ray loud blazars by LAT and EGRET,and gamma-ray luminosity are used to estimate the central black hole masses.In this work,we find that the lower limits of central black hole masses are in a range of (0.3-24)×107M⊙,which are compared with those obtained by other authors.Our results are consistent with other authors' results.Also,the Lorentz factor,Γ,and the propagation angle,θ,are obtained for 18 blazars for which superluminal motions are known.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No. CDJRC10300003
文摘This paper discusses the gravitation waveforms of binaries coalescence into intermediate mass black holes(about 30 times of the solar mass).We focus on the non-spinning intermediate mass black hole located less than 100 Mpc from earth.By comparing two simulation waveforms(effective one body numerical relativity waveform(EOBNR),phenomenological waveform),we discuss the relationship between the effective distance and frequency;and through analyzing large amounts of data in event,we find that the phenomenological waveform is much smoother than EOBNR waveform,and has higher accuracy at the same effective distance.
文摘In this paper we adopt the theory of Shields and Wheeler (1976) to explain the long-term period and use the Shields and Wheeler’s storage model to calculate the mass of the center black hole for NGC 4151, which shows a period of 14. years (Fan & Su 1998). The mass of the center black hole that the new method gets,~10 6M ⊙,is consistent with other authors. We find the energy of the stable phase, which utilize the period of 14. years to calculate, is closed equal to the burst energy. Other period variation mechanisms have been discussed.
文摘<正> We extend Zhang and Zhao's recent work to the Schwarzschild-anti-de Sitter black hole with topologicaldefect,whose Arnowitt-Deser-Misner(ADM)mass is no longer identical to its mass parameter.The behavior of thetunneling massive particle is investigated and the emission rate is calculated.The result satisfies an underlying unitarytheory and takes the same functional form as that of the mass-less particle.
文摘Both mass and charge are needed to create a rotating Black Hole as has been investigated in great mathematical detail by the Reissner-Nordstrom metric and the Kerr-Newman metric. It is their application to astronomical phenomena that they have stated difficulty with because astronomical objects have no net electric charge and that is what we are exploring. While the energy in the gravitational field of the mass of a Neutron Star alone cannot create a stationary Black Hole, together with the energy in the strong magnetic field created by a rotating Neutron Star a rotating Black Hole is formed. Black Holes are the portal to the next higher spatial dimension.
文摘The Standard Model of particle physics does not account for charged fermion mass values and neutrino mass, or explain why only three particles are in each charge state 0, -e/3, 2e/3, and -e. These issues are addressed by treating Standard Model particles with mass m as spheres with diameter equal to their Compton wavelength l =ħ/mc, where ħis Planck’s constant and c the speed of light, and any charge in diametrically opposed pairs ±ne/6 with n = 1, 2, or 3 at the axis of rotation on the sphere surface. Particles are ground state solutions of quantized Friedmann equations from general relativity, with differing internal gravitational constants. Energy distribution within particles identifies Standard Model particles with spheres containing central black holes with mass m, and particle spin resulting from black hole angular momentum. In each charge state, energy distribution within particles satisfies a cubic equation in l, allowing only three particles in the charge state and requiring neutrino mass. Cosmic vacuum energy density is a lower limit on energy density of systems in the universe, and setting electron neutrino average energy density equal to cosmic vacuum energy density predicts neutrino masses consistent with experiment. Relations between charged fermion wavelength solutions to cubic equations in different charge states determine charged fermion masses relative to electron mass as a consequence of charge neutrality of the universe. An appendix shows assigning charge ±e/6 to bits of information on the event horizon available for holographic description of physics in the observable universe accounts for dominance of matter over anti-matter. The analysis explains why only three Standard Models are in each charge state and predicts neutrino masses based on cosmic vacuum energy density as a lower bound on neutrino energy density.
文摘We analytically model a relativistic problem consisting of a point-particle with mass m in close orbit around a stationary Schwarzschild black hole with mass M = 1 using the null-cone formalism when l = 2. We use the -function to model the matter density of the particle. To model the whole problem, we apply the second order differential equation obtained elsewhere for a dynamic thin matter shell around a Schwarzschild black hole. The only thing that changes on the equation is the quasi-normal mode parameter which now represent the orbital frequency of the particle. We compare our results with that of the standard 5.5 PN formalism and found that there is a direct proportionality factor that relates the two results, i.e. the two formalisms.
文摘The black hole (b.h.) model based on the strong field treatment of the Newton potential is presented. The essential role of self energy both at the Planck level and for matter and radiation at later stages supports the picture of an expanding Universe necessarily accompanied by particle creation if energy conservation applies at every scale. This process is shown to provide a gravitational repulsive force which can counterbalance gravitational attraction thus allowing the possibility of a steady expansion. This black hole treatment of our Universe evolution, questions the necessity of inflation. The role of the critical density to dictate the fate of the Universe is replaced by the black hole condition which entails a different relation between Hubble parameter and density thus disposing of dark energy. Since its predictions provide a different time development of the Universe also the evidence for its acceleration is disputed. That seems to provide a coherent scheme for our picture of the Universe evolution, based on Hubble’s law and backed up by the consideration of inertial forces. Newtonian angular momentum is also not conserved at cosmological scales. Finally we consider two coordinates systems. The conformally flat coordinates are shown to disprove inflation and the relevance of the Painleve-Gullstrand metric in providing global coordinates is underlined. The combined effect of Hubble expansion and of proper time also questions the existence of missing mass.
文摘Extreme gravitational collapse is explored by utilizing two fundamental properties and one reasonable assumption, which together lead logically to an end-state gravitating structure. This structure, called a Terminal state neutron star, manifests nature’s ultimate density of mass and possesses the ultimate electromagnetic barrier. It is then shown how this structure is central to the remarkable mechanism whereby the density is prevented from going higher. A simple process assures that such density is not exceeded—regardless of the quantity of additional mass. As an example, the discourse focuses on the expected progression and outcome when a compact star of <img src="Edit_2c290d68-3330-4724-9e68-e7f1c9d3df1a.png" width="25" height="15" alt="" />—far more mass than can be accommodated by the basic Terminal state structure—undergoes total gravitational collapse. An examination of what happens to the considerable excess mass leads the discussion to the <i>principle of mass extinction by the process of aether deprivation</i> and its profound implications for black-hole physics and the current revolution in cosmology.
文摘运用REDFIT方法对4个费米耀变体的MOJAVE(Monitoring Of Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei with VLBA Experiments)15.3 GHz观测数据进行了周期分析,发现0851+202存在1.77年的周期成分,1308+326存在8.69年的周期成分,1641+399存在2.04年的周期成分,2251+158存在7.65年的周期成分,且这些周期成分的置信度均大于99%。运用超大质量双黑洞模型和螺旋喷流模型对这些周期成分进行了解释,并估算这4个耀变体的中心黑洞质量为10^(9) M_(⊙)~10^(10) M_(⊙)。
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10901153)
文摘We give a rigorous proof of the positive mass theorem for high-dimensional spacetimes with black holes if the spacetime contains an asymptotically flat spacelike spin hypersurface and satisfies the dominant energy condition along the hypersurface. We also weaken the spin structure on the spacelike hypersurface to spinc structure and give a modified positive mass theorem for spacetimes with black holes in dimensions 4, 5 and 6.