Relationship Between Water-Stable Aggregates and Nutrients in Black Soils After Reclamation

Water-stable aggregates, which are an index for the evaluation of the structural properties of the soil, are affected by many factors. Zhaoguang Farm, Longzhen Farm, and Jiusan Farm were chosen as the representative study sites in the region of black soils, a typical soil resource in Northeast China. The variation in the content of 〉 0.25 mm water-stable aggregates and its relationship with the nutrients in black soil were investigated after different years of reclamation. The results showed that the 〉 0.25 mm water-stable aggregates were more in the surface than in the subsurface soil and they changed in the following order： Longzhen Farm 〉 Zhaoguang Farm 〉 Jiusan Farm. The water-stable aggregates decreased sharply at the initial stage of reclamation and then became stable gradually with time. They were significantly correlated with the contents of organic C, total N, total P, and CEC in black soil, with the correlation coefficients r being 0.76, 0.68, 0.61, and 0.81 （P 〈 0.01）, respectively; however, their relationships with available P, available K, and total K were unclear. These showed that organic matter was the cementation of soil water-stable aggregates. Increasing decompositions and decreasing inputs of organic matter after reclamation were responsible for the amount of reduction of the water-stable aggregates. Thus, to maintain good soil aggregate structure, attention should be paid to improvement of soil nutrient status, especially the supply of organic C and N.

Light Fraction Carbon and Water-Stable Aggregates in Black Soils

The distribution of light fraction carbon （LF-C） in the various size classes of aggregates and its relationship to water- stable aggregates as well as the influence of cultivation on the organic components in virgin and cultivated black soils were studied by wet sieving and density separation methods. The total organic carbon （TOC） and LF-C were significantly higher （P≤ 0.05） in the virgin soils than in the cultivated soils. The LF-C in aggregates of different size classes varied from 0.9 to 2.5 g kg^-1 in the cultivated soils and from 2.5 to 7.1 g kg^-1 in the virgin soils, whereas the ratio of LF-C to TOC varied from 1.9% to 7.3% and from 5.0% to 12.2%, respectively. After being incubated under constant temperature and controlled humidity for three months, the contribution of LF-C to TOC sharply decreased to an amount （1.7%4.5%） close to the level in soils that had been cultivated for 20 to 25 years （1.3%-8.8%）. As a result, the larger water-stable macro-aggregates （especially 〉 1 mm） decreased sharply, indicating that the LF-C pool in virgin soils declined quickly after cultivation, which reduced the water stability of soil aggregates.

Accumulative Effect of Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in Water-Stable Aggregates and Soil Stability Characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia Plantation in the Loess Hilly-Gully Region

Soil water-stable aggregates (WSAs) are the basic unit of soil constitution and can contribute to remaining the stable soil constitution. The objective of this study was to clarify the distribution and stability of WSAs and the soil organic carbon (SOC), the total nitrogen (TN), and the total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in 0 - 20 cm and 20 - 40 cm soil layers under the different ages of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations. The 20, 25, 40, and 50 years-old Robinia pseudoacacia plantations were selected. Stepwise regression analysis showed that >5 mm and 1 - 2 mm WSAs, SOC concentration in 2 - 5 mm WSAs, and TN and TP concentrations in < 0.25 mm WSAs were dominant independent variables affecting aggregate stability and that SOC in 0.25 - 0.5 mm WSAs, TN in <0.25 mm and 1 - 2 mm WSAs and TP in 2 - 5 mm WSAs were dominant independent variables affecting SOC, TN, and TP concentrations in bulk soils.

Short-Term Impacts of No Tillage on Aggregate-Associated C in Black Soil of Northeast China

In order to get a good indicator to evaluate the impacts of no tillage （NT） on soil structure and soil quality, we studied the dynamics of total soil organic carbon （SOC） and aggregate-associated SOC, and their relationships in the plow layer （30 cm） in black soil of Northeast China under NT practice. The tillage experiment was established in Dehui County, Jilin Province, China, in 2001. The total SOC and aggregate-associated SOC under 5-yr tillage treatments were measured. NT practices did not lead to the increase of average SOC content at 0-30 cm depth, but it did significantly increase SOC at the top soil （0-5 cm）. In NT plots, the change of SOC in 〉 1 000 μm aggregate was the same with that of total SOC, but the effect of NT on SOC in 〉 1 000 lain aggregate was greater than the effect on total SOC, suggesting that 〉 1 000 μm aggregate had more sensitive response to the impact of tillage practices. Also, significant positive correlation occurred between total SOC and SOC in 〉 1 000 μm aggregate in black soil. Consequently, in the short term soil macroaggregate 〉 1 000 μm could be used as an indicator to evaluate the impacts of tillage practices on soil structure in black soil of Northeast China.

How freezing and thawing processes affect black-soil aggregate stability in northeastern China

Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of freezing and thawing processes on wet aggregate stability （WAS） of black soil. Wet aggregate stability was determined by different aggregate size groups, different water contents, various freeze-thaw cycles, and various freezing temperatures. The results showed that, when at suitable water content, aggregate stability was enhanced, aggregate sta-bility will be disrupted when moisture content is too high or too low, especially higher water content. Temperature also had a significant ef-fect, but moisture content determined the suitable freezing temperatures for a given soil. Water-stable aggregate （WSA〉0.5）, the total aggre-gate content, and mean weight diameter decreasing with the freeze-thaw cycles increase, reached to 5 percent significance level. The reason for crumbing aggregates is the water and air conflict, thus raising the hypothesis that water content affects the aggregate stability in the process of freezing and thawing.

长期深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭对砂姜黑土团聚体及小麦-玉米产量的影响

为探究耕作方式、秸秆还田和生物炭添加结合对土壤团聚体粒径分布、团聚体养分特征、养分库储量及小麦-玉米周年产量的影响,该研究采用3因素2水平试验设计,分别为耕作方式:常规旋耕(CT),深翻耕作(DT);秸秆处理:秸秆还田(S)、秸秆不还田(NS);生物炭:生物炭添加(B)、无生物炭添加(NB),共8个处理。结果表明:无生物炭添加时,旋耕秸秆还田提高了0~15 cm土层团聚体稳定性及土壤养分库储量,而深耕秸秆还田改善了>15~30 cm土层土壤团粒组成,提升土壤肥力,促进作物增产。相关性分析表明,砂姜黑土中作物产量的提升更依赖于深层(>15~30 cm)土壤物理结构的改善和土壤肥力的提升。配施生物炭后如DT-S-B(深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭)较CT-NS-NB(旋耕秸秆不还田无生物炭)处理使>15~30 cm土层团聚体稳定性增强,>2 mm粒级团聚体比例、重量平均直径和几何平均直径值分别增加165.88%、62.37%和119.81%,提高了>2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳、全氮和全磷含量,提高了>2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和养分固持能力,降低了<2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和养分固持能力,使>15~30 cm土层土壤有机碳库储量、全氮、全磷和全钾库储量分别提升了37.41%、38.99%、41.26%和9.84%,使2a作物周年产量增加22.87%~23.03%。综上,深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭能够改善黄淮海南部砂姜黑土深层土壤团聚体粒径分布和稳定性,提升土壤肥力和作物周年产量,保障农田高效绿色可持续生产。

不同种植模式对黑龙江黑土理化性状的影响

为明确种植模式对黑龙江黑土理化性状的影响,筛选适合该地的种植模式,于2019—2021年在黑龙江省克山县进行试验,设置玉米-大豆-小麦轮作(T1)、玉米-大豆-马铃薯轮作(T2)、玉米-大豆-高粱轮作(T3)、玉米连作(CK1)、大豆连作(CK2)5个处理,分析种植模式对土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明,不同种植模式对土壤团聚体影响不同,10~20 cm土层轮作处理0.5~2 mm粒级土壤机械稳定性团聚体占比高于连作处理,且以T2处理最高;20~30 cm土层0.5~2 mm粒级水稳性团聚体以T1、T2、T3处理较高;不同粒级团聚体稳定指数表明,T2处理水稳性团聚体含量较高,结构破坏率较低,稳定性较好。不同种植模式对黑土土壤养分的影响也不同,CK1、CK2土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质含量较T1、T2、T3处理低,且土壤发生酸化。T1、T2、T3处理中,以T2处理提高土壤养分含量及调节土壤酸度整体效果较好。综上,T2(玉米-大豆-马铃薯轮作)处理可以提高土壤机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体,并且粒径<0.25 mm的小团聚体占比低,结构破坏率低,同时可以提高土壤碱解氮、有机质含量,减弱土壤酸化,建议在当地推广该种植模式。

黑土开垦后水稳性团聚体与土壤养分的关系

研究了黑土开垦后水稳性团聚体变化规律及其与土壤养分状况的关系 .结果表明 ,黑土开垦初期 ,水稳性团聚体的含量迅速下降 .在开垦的第一个 10年 ,水稳性团聚体下降约 10 % ;随着开垦时间的延长 ,其下降幅度趋缓 ,第 10年～第 5 0年 ,水稳性团聚体仅下降 10 % ,之后下降幅度更加缓慢 ,接近一个稳定的水平 .黑土中 >0 2 5mm水稳性团聚体与土壤的有机碳、全氮、全磷和CEC具有良好的相关性 ,相关系数分别为 0 76 2 5、0 6 794、0 6 0 84和 0 8134,均达到极显著水平 ;与交换性钙、交换性镁、交换性钾和交换性钠的相关性也达到极显著水平 ;在回归关系中 ,与有机碳和CEC之间的关系更密切 ,与全钾、速效磷、速效K和缓效K没有明显的相关性 .要保持黑土良好的结构状况 。

Soil Fertility Indices of Citrus Orchard Land Along Topographic Gradients in the Three Gorges Area of China

In the Three Gorges Area of China, soil erosion and the resultant non-point source pollution and ecological degradation have endangered agricultural ecosystems and fresh water reservoirs. Although efforts have been undertaken to reduce soil and water losses from slope land used for citrus production, information on the effects of management practices on soil fertility indices is either limited or nonexistent. This study was conducted to compare the effects of 10 years of various management practices, citrus intercropped with white clover (WC), citrus mulched with straw (SM), citrus intercropped with contour hedgerows (CH), citrus orchard land with impermeable membrane (IM), and citrus intercropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) and peanut (Arachris hypogaea) (WP), as treatments on soil fertility indices with that of the conventional citrus management (CM). Results showed that the soil organic carbon, total and available nitrogen, available potassium, and water-stable aggregate (> 0.25 mm) contents at the 0–5 cm depth were higher for the WC and SM treatments than the CM treatment. There was also spatial variation in soil fertility along slopes of the WC and SM treatments. The soil total and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and water-stable aggregate (> 0.25 mm) contents at both the 0–5 and 5–20 cm depths were higher for the CH and IM treatments than the CM treatment. The average soil available nitrogen and available potassium contents were higher for the WP treatment than the CM treatment, but the WP treatment had little effect on the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and water-stable aggregate (> 0.25 mm) contents. These suggested that white clover intercropping and straw mulching were the most effective approaches to improve soil fertility in citrus orchard land of the Three Gorges area.