Correlation Between Antioxidation and the Content of Total Phenolics and Anthocyanin in Black Soybean Accessions

The objective of this study was to investigate the correlations between antioxidations and the contents of the total phenolics and anthocyanin in 127 accessions of black soybean. A T-test, a fast clustering procedure, and a correlation coefficient analysis were used for experimentation. The variation ranges of the total antioxidant capacity （TAC）, the total phenolics, and anthocyanin contents in 127 black soybean accessions were 0.44-3.56, 7.05-74.82, and 0.22-1.87 mg g-l, respectively, displaying significant genotype differences. The major differences in TAC, the total phenolics, and the anthocyanin contents existed among various types of accessions from geographical regions. The differences between the accessions from black and yellow soybeans, spring and autumn, summer and autumn, Dongbeichun and Nanfangchun, Dongbeichun and Nanfangxia, Beifangchun and Nanfangchun, and Beifangchun and Nanfangxia were significant at 0.01 or 0.05 levels, respectively. The general tendency was that the TAC, the total phenolics, and the anthocyanin contents of Beifangchun accessions were higher than that of Dongbeichun ones, while that of Nanfangchun accessions were the worst. 127 black soybean accessions could be clustered into 6 clusters, which consisted of 3, 24, 20, 31, 37, and 12 accessions, respectively. The most significant （P 〈 0.01） correlations existed respectively between the TAC and the total showed that the total substances phenolics content, and the TAC and the anthocyanin content of black soybean. The results phenolics and anthocyanin in black soybean seed coat were the important antioxidation

Comparison of Antioxidant Activities in Black Soybean Preparations Fermented with Various Microorganisms

Black soybeans [Glycine max（L.） Merrill] were fermented with various GRAS（generally recognized as safe） microorganisms,including Aspergillus sp.,Bacillus sp.and yeast（Issatchenkia orientalis） at 30°C for 3 d.The antioxidant contents,including total phenolics and total flavonoids,and the antioxidant activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine（DPPH）,ferric reducing antioxidant power（FRAP） and HO.scavenging were analyzed in preparations of fermented black soybeans.Fermented cultures proved to yield significant levels of antioxidants compared with non-fermented cultures（P 〈 0.05）.Fermented black soybean preparations possessed antioxidant activities could be attributed to the total phenolics and flavonoids present.

Monascus pilosus-fermented black soybean inhibits lipid accumulation in adipocytes and in high-fat diet-induced obese mice

Objective:To explore the anti-obesity effects and the mechanism of action of Monascus pilosus(M.pilosus)-fermented black soybean(MFBS)extracts(MFBSE)and MFBS powders(MFBSP)in adipocytes and high-fat diet(HFD)-induced obese mice,respectively.Methods:Black soybean was fermented with M.pilosus,and the main constituents in MFBS were analyzed by HPLC analysis.In vitro,MFBSE were examined for anti-adipogenic effects using Oil-Red O staining.In vivo,mice were fed a normal-fat diet(NFD)control,HFD control or HFD containing 1 g/kg MFBSP for 12 weeks,and then body weight gain and tissues weight measured.Real-time PCR and western blot assay were used to determine the mechanism of anti-adipogenic effects.Results:MFBSE inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without exerting cell cytotoxicity.MFBSP treatment in HFD-fed mice significantly decreased the body weight gain compared with the HFD control mice.MFBSE and MFBSP treatment resulted in significantly lower mRNA levels of adipogenesis-related genes,such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ(PPARγ),fatty acid-binding protein 4(FABP4),and fatty acid synthase(FAS),in adipocytes and in white adipose tissue(WAT)of HFD-induced obese mice.Conclusions:These results suggest that the anti-obesity effects of MFBS are elicited by regulating the expression of adipogenesis-related genes in adipocytes and WAT of HFDinduced obese mice.

Evaluations and Selections for High Isoflavone Black Soybean Mutants Induced by NaN₃Treatment

Sodium azide (NaN3) (2 mM) was used to induce mutation in black soybean variety CRWD for improvement of isoflavone content. The individual selections were made in M6, M7 and M8 generations, respectively. Both high levels of isoflavones and medium seed size traits were used as selection criteria. Across three growth seasons, the selected five NaN3-induced mutants accumulated more total isoflavones (average increases of 5% to 25%) than their wild type variety CRWD. Four mutants yielded more (average increases of 17% to 25%) than CRWD. Both mutants SA-M-03 (yellow cotyledon) and SA-M-05 (green cotyledon) are rich in isoflavones and may be useful in food and other applications.

Analysis of Low Melting Point Fat Constituents of Black Soybeans by HS-SPME-GC-MS

[Objectives] To analyze the low melting point fat constituents in the black soybeans with green and yellow heart and their relative content,and compare the differences in the low melting point fat constituents between different kinds of black soybeans. [Methods] Using HS-SPME-GC-MS,the qualitative analysis was performed on the low melting point fat constituents of black soybeans; using peak area normalization method,the relative content of constituents was calculated. [Results]A total of 42 peaks were identified from the low melting point fat constituents of the black soybeans with yellow heart,and 18 kinds of chemical constituents were identified,accounting for 81.39% of total relative content of low melting point fat constituents; a total of 37 peaks were identified from the low melting point fat constituents of the black soybeans with green heart,and 15 kinds of chemical constituents were identified,accounting for 83.24% of total relative content of low melting point fat constituents. There were 9 kinds of common chemical constituents for the two kinds of black soybeans,and 5-allylguaiacol had the highest relative content,followed by hexanol. [Conclusions] There was no significant difference in the low melting point fat constituents between two kinds of black soybeans.

Effects of Black Soybean on Atherogenic Prevention in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits and on Adhesion Molecular Expression in Cultured HAECs

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of black soybean (BS) on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in hypercholesterolemic New Zealand white rabbits. Effects of the BS extract (BSE) and its components on monocyte adhesion of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), and adhesion molecule were investigated. Rabbits were divided into four groups, including control, 0.5% cholesterol with 20% casein (either with or without 0.5% vitamin E), and BS groups, all fed for 8 weeks. LDL was treated with 10 μM Cu2+ in vitro to determine the LDL lag time, and the vitamin E content of LDL was determined. The thickness of the tunica intima was measured on paraffin sections of thoracic aortas and aortic arches stained with Movat’s pentachrome. HAECs were pretreated with 100 μg/ml of BSE, and 10 μM of genistein, daidzein, cyanidin, and aspirin for 18 h, followed by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (2 ng/ml) for 6 h, after which U937 cell adhesion was determined. Adhesion molecule expression was examined using ELISAs. The LDL lag time in the BS group was similar to that in the vitamin E group, while its lag time was significantly longer than those in the control and casein groups. The ratio of the intimal area/medial area of the aortic arch of the casein group was significantly higher than those in the control, BS, and vitamin E groups. The vitamin E group had the lowest value, and was closest to the control group. The BS group exhibited a significantly decreased atheroma region in the aortic arch compared to the casein group. Pre-incubation with BSE, genistein, daidzein, cyanidin, and aspirin significantly decreased adhesion by U937 monocytic cells to TNF-α stimulated HAECs. Genistein, daidzein, cyanidin, and aspirin significantly suppressed the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1. Only genistein and aspirin significantly decreased intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression compared to TNF-α treatment, while no treatments had any effect on E-selectin expression. BS significantly prolonged the LDL lag time and decreased the atheroma region of the aortic arch in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, thereby exerting an antiatherosclerotic effect. Presumably, the BSE downregulate intracellular redox-dependent signaling pathways in HAECs upon TNF-α stimulation through regulating NF-κB, thereby attenuating the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis. The antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of BS can be used as a nutraceutical for atherogenesis prevention.

Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities of black soybean peptides (BSP)

The antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities of black soybean peptides(BSP)fractions(Fra-Ⅰ,Fra-Ⅱ,Fra-Ⅲ)were investigated using reducing power and DPPH·/superoxide/hydroxyl radical-scavenging assay.The reducing power activity of Fra-Ⅲwas closer to that of BHT but lower than that of ascorbic acid.Fra-Ⅲshowed the strongest scavenging activity against free radicals.The radical-scavenging effect was in a dose-dependent manner and the IC50 values for DPPH·,superoxide and hydroxyl radicals were found to be 1.873,1.684 and 1.735 mg/mL,respectively.Amino acid analysis showed that Fra-Ⅲhad high hydrophobic amino acids(HAA)content and hydrophobicity.The molecular weight distribution of Fra-Ⅲwas found to vary from 100 to 1,000 Da mainly.The antioxidant activity of Fra-Ⅲis clearly related to the amino acid composition,the content of HAA and the molecular mass.The present study suggests that BSP with low molecular weight are useful nutritional antioxidant and potential functional factor for anti-aging.

Ecotoxicity of Cadmium to Maize and Soybean Seedling in Black Soil

Ecotoxicity and bioavailability of cadmium(Cd)to the maize(Zea mays L.)and the soybean(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)were investigated by acute toxicity experiment in the laboratory with black soil.Ecotoxicity and bioavailability of Cd were quantified by calculating the median effective concentration(EC50)and bioaccumulation factor(BAF).The measurement endpoints used were seed germination and seedling growth(shoot and root).The results showed that concentrations of Cd in the soil had adverse effect on the growth of roots and shoots.Seed germination was not the sensitive indicator for the ecotoxicity of Cd in the soil,while the growth of roots was the most sensitive measurement endpoint.Absorbability and transport of Cd in plants depended on the test crop species and Cd concentrations in the soil.The maize retains more Cd in its roots,while the soybean transports more Cd to the shoots from roots.

富钼专用保水剂对东北典型土壤保墒性能及大豆幼苗生长的影响

在东北集约化种植体系中,苗期水肥供应强度直接影响作物生长状况,并最终导致产量变异。富钼大豆专用保水剂是基于高分子材料合成与钼肥技术的耦合。针对东北2种典型土壤类型开展温室盆栽试验,通过二因子五水平的试验设计,研究土壤类型、保水剂类型及施用量对大豆苗期土壤水分利用效率及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:1)施用不同剂量普通保水剂(H 2020)和富钼专用保水剂(GH 2021)均可在不同程度上提高土壤保水性能,并促进苗期大豆生长及地上部植株干质量;2)土壤含水率和大豆幼苗株高均随用量的增大而增加,且用量为0.5%的GH 2021显著促进大豆幼苗的生长,在黑土和风沙土条件下增幅分别可达68.0%和44.9%;3)0.5%剂量的GH 2021使风沙土土壤含水率提高343.1%,相较于施用H 2020保水性能提升33.6%;4)与H 2020相比,施用量为0.5%的GH 2021使风沙土条件下苗期大豆株高和地上部干质量分别提高16.3%和34.0%。综上,富钼专用保水剂在东北大豆种植区最佳应用范围为:2种土壤条件下,保水剂理论田间推荐用量为0.5%,其对风沙土的保墒性能优于黑土。该保水剂可用于提升干旱区土壤保水性能,改善苗期大豆生长环境和营养状况,最大限度激发东北大豆的增产潜力。

基于UPLC-ESI-MS/MS技术黑豆种皮的化学成分分析

采用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾-串联质谱(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)技术对黑豆种皮体积分数70%乙醇提取物中的化合物进行分析。结果表明:黑豆种皮体积分数70%乙醇提取物中32个化合物主要为多酚类,其中,酚酸类化合物的相对含量为13.38%,黄酮类化合物的相对含量为39.59%。儿茶素的相对含量最高(10.15%),反式阿魏酸的相对含量次之(7.86%),二氢黄豆苷元和原花青素B 1的相对含量也较高(分别为5.52%和5.36%)。黑豆种皮中主要的多酚类物质为酚酸类和黄酮类化合物,具有进一步开发利用的价值。

黑豆-乳清双蛋白膳食对大鼠体内免疫的调节作用

黑豆蛋白和乳清蛋白分别是两种优质的植物源和动物源蛋白质原料,食用后均可改善机体的免疫特性,但双蛋白对机体免疫调节作用的研究相对较少。本试验利用标准膳食(CP)、乳清蛋白膳食(WP)、黑豆蛋白膳食(BSP)和黑豆-乳清双蛋白膳食(BS-WP)对4组大鼠进行为期60 d的喂养,喂养周期结束后对各组大鼠的血清生化指标、免疫球蛋白(Immunoglobulin,Ig)IgM、IgA和IgG质量浓度、脾淋巴细胞增殖指数、自然杀伤细胞活力、脾脏指数和胸腺指数进行测定,探究黑豆乳清双蛋白对大鼠体内免疫的调节作用。结果表明,与单一蛋白源相比,BS-WP组大鼠的血清免疫生化指标总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、尿素氮、和谷丙转氨酶显著提升(P<0.05);IgG、IgA和IgM的质量浓度均有显著增加(P<0.05),且IgG增加最为显著,与单一WP组和BSP组相比,BS-WP组大鼠的IgG分别增加了38.23%和41.02%,此外,脾脏和胸腺指数也均有显著增加(P<0.05),脾脏指数分别增加了35.33%和35.91%,胸腺指数分别增加了31.51%和34.26%。由此可知,黑豆-乳清双蛋白膳食可显著提升机体免疫能力。

黑豆皮花青素微胶囊制备工艺优化及其特性

为获得包埋率高、稳定性好的黑豆皮花青素微胶囊,以大豆分离蛋白和麦芽糊精复配作为复合壁材,采用喷雾干燥法制备黑豆皮花青素微胶囊。通过单因素试验和响应面法优化制备工艺,分析其理化特性与体外消化特性。研究表明黑豆皮花青素微胶囊的最佳制备工艺为壁材质量比1.8∶5、喷雾干燥进风温度180℃、芯壁质量比2.1∶5;在此条件下花青素包埋率为83.28%,黑豆皮微胶囊整体完整,大小分布均匀,表面光滑细腻连续性好;黑豆皮花青素微胶囊具有良好的缓释作用,体外消化模拟胃液中消化2h,其释放率为74.36%。同时,微胶囊化提高了花青素的pH值稳定性。

黄豆和黑豆中大豆异黄酮甙元的分析

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对黄豆和黑豆中大豆异黄酮甙元进行分析测定.结果表明:在5.0~100.0μg·mL-1范围内,大豆异黄酮甙元与峰面积呈良好线性关系,回归方程A=9960.0C-6693.6,相关系数为0.9998,变异系数为1.11%,回收率为98.2%~103.6%.

不同株行距配置对黑大豆乌青1号主要农艺性状和群体产量的影响

为提高黑大豆单产与品质,助力高邮市黑大豆产业发展,文章通过研究黑大豆-玉米带状复种模式下不同株行距配置对黑大豆乌青1号主要农艺性状和群体产量的影响,筛选适宜高邮市黑大豆生产的株行距配置。结果表明,黑大豆-玉米带状复合种植模式下,处理2的主要农艺性状及产量优于其他处理,为适宜高邮市黑大豆生产的株行距配置,即种植密度49380株/hm^(2)条件下,黑大豆3行,行距45 cm、株距22.5 cm,每穴1株。此群体结构和株行距配置有利于形成合理产量结构,提升带状复合种植模式下黑大豆产量。

秸秆覆盖对黑土区土壤微生物量、酶活性及大豆产量的影响

为了探究秸秆覆盖量对黑土区土壤微生物量、酶活性及大豆产量的影响,以垦丰16为试验材料,分别设置无秸秆覆盖(CK)、0.5 kg/m2秸秆还田覆盖(T1)、1.0 kg/m^(2)秸秆还田覆盖(T2)、1.5 kg/m^(2)秸秆还田覆盖(T3)4种处理,测定大豆生育期内耕作层土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量以及脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性和大豆产量,对比分析不同秸秆覆盖量对土壤微生物量、酶活性及大豆产量的影响。结果表明,大豆全生育期内土壤细菌数量呈先升高后降低的趋势,其中T2处理细菌总数量最大,分别较T1、T3、CK处理提高33.08%、9.30%、65.38%;真菌数量呈先升高后降低、再升高再降低的趋势,其中T2处理真菌总数量最大;放线菌数量整体上呈先升高后降低的趋势,随着秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加。各处理脲酶活性表现为T1>T2>T3>CK,且秸秆覆盖处理分别较CK处理提高32.64%、29.42%、18.23%;过氧化氢酶活性表现为T2>T3>T1>CK,不同处理酶活性均在开花期达到最高。秸秆覆盖处理大豆产量显著高于CK,秸秆覆盖量对大豆产量的影响并未随着秸秆覆盖量的增加而持续增加,T2处理产量最高。大豆产量与脲酶活性、细菌数量呈极显著正相关关系,与真菌数量呈显著正相关关系;过氧化氢酶活性与脲酶活性、真菌数量呈显著正相关关系。综上,1.0 kg/m2秸秆覆盖是黑土区最优秸秆覆盖量。

长期有机肥和化肥配施对黑土细菌群落特征和大豆产量的影响

有机物料还田是提高土壤微生物多样性和提升土壤质量的主要措施,但目前有机物料还田对黑土关键土壤微生物类群的影响及其与大豆产量间的关系尚未充分明确。本研究基于东北地区44年长期黑土定位试验,研究不同施肥措施与土壤理化性质、细菌群落和大豆产能间的关联特征。结果表明:与无肥(NoF)对比,单施有机肥(M)和化肥配施有机肥(CFM)处理显著增加了土壤养分含量、微生物量碳和微生物量氮含量。化肥配施秸秆(CFS)处理的土壤细菌丰富度和多样性低于单施秸秆(S),而化肥配施有机肥(CFM)处理的土壤细菌丰富度和多样性高于单施有机肥处理(M)。相比于NoF,施肥导致富营养型细菌类群(r策略)与寡营养型细菌类群(K策略)的比值增加。长期秸秆还田(S和CFS)和施用化肥(CF)增加了细菌网络复杂性,而长期添加有机肥(M和CFM)降低了网络复杂性。结构方程模型表明土壤铵态氮、碳氮比、细菌网络结构复杂性和关键类群[硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)与芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)]丰度与大豆产量呈显著正相关关系。有机肥配施化肥(CFM)有利于提高关键功能微生物类群丰度、群落多样性和大豆产量。

黄原胶对黑豆豆腐牛肉丸的品质影响研究

文章将黄原胶添加到黑豆豆腐牛肉丸中,通过对感官评价、质构特性、色泽、水分含量、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、出品率、蒸煮损失率及乳化稳定性和低场核磁共振水分迁移等指标的测定,研究黄原胶的不同添加量(0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%)对黑豆豆腐牛肉丸品质的影响。结果表明,与空白对照组相比,添加黄原胶能够有效改善肉丸的整体品质,当黄原胶添加量为0.3%时,肉丸综合品质最佳。

基于2型糖尿病小鼠模型探索生品黑豆、淡豆豉对二肽基肽酶-4活性的影响

目的:比较生品黑豆、淡豆豉对2型糖尿病小鼠模型二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)活性的影响。方法:建立高糖高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的2型糖尿病小鼠模型,造模成功后随机分成正常对照组、模型组、阳性对照组、生品黑豆低剂量组、生品黑豆中剂量组、生品黑豆高剂量组、淡豆豉低剂量组、淡豆豉中剂量组、淡豆豉高剂量组。给药期间监测动物血糖变化情况,采用酶法检测血清中总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平,用酶联免疫吸附试验测定血清中DPP-4活性、胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)、葡萄糖依赖性胰岛素释放肽(GIP)水平。结果:药物干预期间,阳性对照组和淡豆豉高剂量组血糖下降最为显著(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,淡豆豉中剂量组中仅HDL-C水平相对升高,淡豆豉高剂量组中TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C水平均有明显变化(P<0.05);与模型组比较,阳性对照组、生品黑豆高剂量组、淡豆豉中剂量组、淡豆豉高剂量组小鼠血清中DPP-Ⅳ活性抑制率均有升高(P<0.01),阳性对照组和淡豆豉高剂量组GLP-1、GIP水平明显高于模型组(P<0.05)。结论:淡豆豉提取物能够降低2型糖尿病小鼠血糖、血脂等相关生化指标,对2型糖尿病小鼠DPP-4活性有抑制作用,同时可以提高GLP-1、GIP水平。

多样化种植对土壤团聚体组成及其有机碳和全氮含量的影响

【目的】阐明东北黑土区禾本科与豆科作物多样化种植模式下土壤团聚体组成及其碳氮分布特征,为促进黑土地用养结合型种植制度优化提供理论依据与技术指导。【方法】田间试验于2016—2020年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所公主岭试验站进行,设置玉米大豆间作(M/S)、玉米大豆轮作(M-S)、玉米花生间作(M/P)和玉米花生轮作(M-P)等多样化种植模式,以玉米连作(CM)常规种植模式为对照。2020年作物收获后采集0—20和20—40 cm土层土壤样品,分析多样化种植模式对土壤团聚体及其有机碳、全氮含量的影响。【结果】多样化种植有利于增加0—20和20—40 cm土层水稳性大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量,降低黏粉粒(<0.053 mm)含量,4种多样化种植模式的土壤团聚体平均重量直径和平均几何直径均显著高于CM处理(P<0.05)。M/S和M-S处理0—20 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体比例分别比CM处理高17.6%和13.4%,M/S、M-S和M-P处理20—40 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体比例则分别比CM处理高10.4%、8.3%和10.5%。多样化种植增加了土壤大团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量,0—20 cm土层,M/S、M-S、M/P和M-P处理>2 mm土壤团聚体有机碳含量分别比CM处理高20.7%、24.3%、18.8%和17.8%;0—20 cm土层,M-S、M/P和M-P处理>2 mm土壤团聚体全氮含量分别比CM处理高13.0%、16.8%和14.8%。M-S和M/P处理0—20 cm土层>2 mm土壤团聚体有机碳和全氮对土壤总有机碳和全氮贡献率高于CM处理,而M/S和M-S处理<0.053 mm土壤团聚体有机碳和全氮对总有机碳和全氮的贡献率则低于CM处理。【结论】东北黑土区多样化种植提高了土壤大团聚体含量,降低了黏粉粒含量,增加了土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳和全氮含量,有利于促进农田土壤碳氮固持。

黑豆粕饮料发酵工艺的优化及其抗氧化活性评价

以黑豆粕为原料,通过乳酸菌发酵制备具有抗氧化活性的乳酸饮料。实验采用单因素和响应面分析法优化乳酸菌发酵工艺,以DPPH·清除率为指标,考察料液比、接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间对发酵过程的影响;再通过DPPH·清除实验、·OH清除实验、ABTS^(+)·清除实验、脂质过氧化抑制实验来评价发酵产物的抗氧化功效。结果表明:最佳发酵菌株为嗜热链球菌,最佳的发酵工艺为料液比1:5 g/mL、接种量5%、温度37.6℃、时间36 h。在最佳发酵工艺下,发酵液的DPPH·清除率为71.56%。黑豆粕发酵产物的DPPH、OH、ABTS自由基的半抑制浓度分别为2.43、1.30和0.37 mg/mL,且有效抑制脂质过氧化反应,说明发酵产物具有较好的体外抗氧化活性。饮料的感官评价可达90.21,悬浮稳定性为96.8%。本研究将为开发以黑豆粕为原料的功能性食品提供一个新思路,也为实现农副产品的进一步开发提供参考。