A New Algorithm for Black-start Zone Partitioning Based on Fuzzy Clustering Analysis

On the process of power system black start after an accident, it can help to optimize the resources allocation and accelerate the recovery process that decomposing the power system into several independent partitions for parallel recovery. On the basis of adequate consideration of fuzziness of black-start zone partitioning, a new algorithm based on fuzzy clustering analysis is presented. Characteristic indexes are extracted fully and accurately. The raw data matrix is made up of the electrical distance between every nodes and blackstart resources. Closure transfer method is utilized to get the dynamic clustering. The availability and feasibility of the proposed algorithm are verified on the New-England 39 bus system at last.

穿越多断层破碎带隧道自适应结构走滑错动特性研究

在活动断裂构造带地区,断层运动往往是沿断层带发生,自活动盘到破碎带错动位移表现出逐级传递的特征,因此穿越活动断裂带的隧道结构应力、变形特征也受到断层错动形式的影响。依托西部高烈度区某穿越大型活动断裂带的公路隧道工程,通过数值模拟分析穿越多断层隧道结构在断层多级走滑错动下的位移、应力响应规律,得出隧道结构纵向基于多断层蠕滑错动的影响分区;建立基于柔性初支、刚性二衬和节段铰接的穿越蠕滑断层隧道自适应结构,探究在错动区和缓冲区内设置隧道自适应结构的抗错性能。研究表明:隧道围岩性质的差异是影响穿越断层破碎带隧道结构变形和应力的最重要因素,隧道自适应结构在蠕滑错动过程中,柔性初支能够吸收部分围岩传递至隧道结构的变形,柔性接头的剪切变形和衬砌节段的刚性转动能够承担较大的位错,随着隧道衬砌节段长度的减小、接头数量的增加,各个接头的剪切变形角和衬砌节段偏转角都将减小,大幅提升结构的抗错安全性。

考虑特殊区域的离散区域划分方法

基于多机器人系统的区域覆盖中的区域划分问题,分析现有区域覆盖任务发现,在任务区域中存在危险区域或优先级更高的特殊区域。针对特殊区域需要分配给最少的机器人的情况,设计了一种基于Morse分解的离散区域划分方法。该方法用放射状Morse分解来定义离散任务区域的空间结构,并提出一种改进回溯法来确定最优分割线,以避免分割特殊区域并保持多机器人工作量均衡。仿真给出了在特殊区域分布不同、机器人数量不同的场景下的区域划分结果,并与两种现有算法进行了比较。结果表明,所提方法能够生成稳定的解,有效减少特殊区域的分割,合理分配多机器人的工作量。

煤层顶板水害风险保护系数法评价技术研究

关于近水体下采煤防水安全煤(岩)柱保护层厚度取采高倍数问题,《建筑物、水体、铁路及主要井巷煤柱留设与压煤开采规范》(以下简称《“三下”开采规范》)附表4-3“防水安全煤(岩)柱保护层厚度”仅适用于“松散含水层”下采煤,至于基岩含水层下采煤以及老空水体下采煤如何确定保护层厚度并未涉及;常用的顶板水害风险评价技术方法评价的主要内容包括富水性评价、导通性评价、充水强度评价,在含水层富水性已知的情况下,评价方法可以进一步简化,仅评价“导通性”即可。基于以上2点,从《“三下”开采规范》出发,试图构建类似于底板突水系数那样简单的判据用于评价顶板水害风险。首先,基于“保护”一词的科学内涵,提出导水裂隙带顶界面至上覆含水层之间的隔水岩层均具有保护功能,应统称为保护层(Hb);基于《“三下”开采规范》中保护层厚度选取采高(A)一定倍数的做法,提出了保护系数(Bs)概念,即保护层厚度与采高的比值(Bs=Hb/A)。其次,基于《“三下”开采规范》附表4-3关于防隔水煤(岩)柱保护层厚度取值的规定,提出松散含水层下采煤的保护系数分区阈值Bi=(0,2、3、4、5、6、7);煤系地层一般为砂、泥岩互层型沉积建造,其中泥岩具有阻水功能(相当于松散层下的黏性土层),且泥岩总厚度一般大于累计采厚,故基岩含水层下保护层厚度可参照《“三下”开采规范》附表4-3“松散层底部黏性土层厚度大于累计采厚”的条件并按最大值选取,即4A,遂提出评价基岩含层的保护系数分区阈值Bi=(0,4)。根据保护系数和分区阈值,可将评价区划分为突水区(Bs≤0)、危险区(0<Bs<Bi)、安全区(Bs≥Bi)。当煤层上方有多层含水层时,应分别进行评价。最后,举例说明应用保护系数评价顶板水害风险的过程和方法,指出当含水层富水性为中等及以上时,“突水区”“危险区”的内涵侧重于安全性,通常作为防水安全煤柱留设;当含水层富水性弱或疏放经济时,“突水区”“危险区”主要用于指导疏干工程设计。

国家速滑馆帘布式防火分隔施工技术应用

在建筑消防工程中,防火分隔技术分为垂直分隔技术和水平防火分隔技术两类。防火分隔的材料一般为二次结构墙、轻钢龙骨防火墙。传统的防火分隔材料为刚性材料,在复杂空间、管道密集处等部位防火分隔施工难度大,施工效果差,很难满足建筑消防要求。近年来,防火帘布作为防火分隔的材料已应用在大型场馆、商场,可以满足复杂部位的防火分隔施工。以异形结构体育馆比赛大厅与观众大厅的防火分隔为例,研究如何设计和施工才能满足该区域防火分隔的施工质量,同时对大型体育场馆、商场防火分隔设计和施工提供了新的解决思路和方法,具有先进性、创新性和极高的推广价值。

Sequence of Ductile Shear Zones in UHP Metamorphic Province with in Dabie Massif,China

Structural studies in the Dabie massif show that distribution of strain is extremely heterogeneous and illustrates the pattern of deformation partitioning in the ultra high pressure (UHP) metamorphic province on all scales. Based on the field structural analysis along with microstructural observation, at least five widespread episodes of ductile shear zone systems are identified by using geometric, kinematic and rheological indicators and they constitute a shear zone sequence in the UHP metamorphic province within the Dabie massif (DM), China. Each shear zone system, for example, the UHP eclogite facies shear zone system in the sequence, exhibits its own features including geometric styles, mineral assemblages, metamorphic pt conditions and deformation regimes during the formation of such shear zone system. Detailed macro and micro scopical features of different episodes of the shear zones are given with respect to mechanism of strain localization and deformation partitioning. The tectonic significance during the creation and exhumation of the UHP metamorphic rocks is evaluated briefly, as well. It is argued that the ductile shear zones in the UHP metamorphic province play an important role in the Dabie mountain building geodynamic process.

单井注抽示踪试验推估含水层中DNAPL残留量的数值分析

目前,刻画场地重非水相液体(dense non-aqueous phase liquid,DNAPL)污染常用的钻孔取样和井间分溶示踪试验方法成本高昂。相比而言,单井注抽试验节省经费,且对污染源区的扰动少,但该试验方法推估DNAPL残留量的准确性尚未得到定量验证。针对该问题,基于数值方法分析了示踪剂类型、注抽速率、污染源区结构等因素对单井注抽试验推估DNAPL残留量精度的影响。结果表明:(1)选用分溶系数比2,2-二甲基-3-戊醇(2,2-dimethyl-3-pentanol,DMP)低的己醇进行示踪,示踪剂回收更加充分,推估污染物残留量的平均精度增幅可达35.11%;(2)当注入速率从100 m^(3)/d提高至130 m^(3)/d、抽出速率从120 m^(3)/d提高至150 m^(3)/d,示踪剂接触的污染源区面积更大,均质源区对应的污染物残留量平均精度从42.45%提高到60.26%,非均质源区对应的平均精度从27.69%提高至48.72%;(3)污染源区结构复杂程度的增加会阻碍示踪剂的运移,非均质源区对应的平均精度比均质源区降低了13.15%;(4)单井注抽示踪试验更适用于离散状为主的污染源区,其平均精度比池状为主的源区增加了15.74%。单井注抽试验结合数值分析可有效推估残留非水相液体的分布,建议在DNAPL污染场地精细调查中使用,可为场地风险评估和修复方案的制定提供参考。

Integrated gravity and magnetic study on patterns of petroleum basin occurrence in the China seas and adjacent areas

The China seas and adjacent areas contain numerous petroleum basins.One of the main challenges for future oil and gas exploration is to identify the inherent patterns of petroleum basin distribution.The formation and evolution of petroleum basins along with the migration and accumulation of oil and gas are often closely related to the tectonic environment.The gravity and magnetic fields with high lateral resolution and wide coverage provide important data for regional tectonic research.Based on the gravity data in the Global Satellite Gravity Anomaly Database(V31.1)and magnetic data from the Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid(2-arc-minute resolution)(V2),this study uses integrated gravity and magnetic field technique to obtain integrated gravity and magnetic field result for the China seas and adjacent areas,and then adopts the normalized vertical derivative of the total horizontal derivative technique to conduct partition.Finally,it identifies the relationship between the partition characteristics and tectonics as well as the patterns of petroleum basin occurrence.The research shows that the partition of gravity and magnetic field integrated result has a good correlation with the Neo-Cathaysian tectonic system and tectonic units.The petroleum basins are characterized according to three blocks arranged from north to south and four zones arranged from east to west.The north-south block structure causes the uneven distribution of oil and gas resources in the mainland area and the differences in the hydrocarbon-bearing strata.Petroleum basins are more abundant in the north than in the south.The ages of the main oil-and gas-bearing strata are“Paleozoic–Mesozoic,Paleozoic–Mesozoic–Cenozoic,and Paleozoic–Mesozoic”,in order from north to south.The difference in the overall type of oil and gas resources in all basins is controlled by the east–west zonation.From east to west,the oil and gas resource type exhibits a wave-like pattern of“oil and gas,gas,oil and gas,gas”.The vertical distribution is characterized by an upper oil(Mesozoic–Cenozoic)and lower gas(Mesozoic–Paleozoic)structure.Within the study area,the Paleozoic marine strata should be the main strata of future natural gas exploration.

适应高比例可再生能源的价区划分与功率转移权重近似计算研究

在全国统一电力市场的建设背景下,省间市场的融合程度日益加深。在组织省间现货交易时,考虑到各省信息安全及有限算力,需要对节点网络进行较为准确的区域等值,并嵌入到省间现货的出清模型中。区域内部节点对等值区域的功率转移权重具有时变特性且对出清计算精度至关重要,传统方法通常在每日采用一个固定均值作为近似已经无法满足要求。可再生能源比例的不断提升加剧系统运行的不确定性,具体体现在潮流转移变化频繁、阻塞多变场景增加,进一步影响传统固定化的区域等值方法的效果。为此,提出适应高比例可再生能源的价区划分与近似计算方法。首先,基于共识聚类的电力市场典型阻塞场景构建,提出电力市场区域等值的价区划分方法。然后,在此基础上提出节点对区域功率转移权重的改进计算方法,通过对节点特性分类计算功率转移权重矩阵,减缓其随注入功率时变导致计算精度降低的问题。最后,通过对IEEE 118节点算例进行验证所提模型的有效性。

深部工程围岩松动圈范围确定及变形破坏机理

随着埋深增加,深部工程围岩在开挖后应力重分布形成支撑压力区,破坏后将形成新的破裂面,稳定的支撑压力区即为围岩的松动圈。围岩松动圈范围的确定以及变形破坏机理的研究,关乎围岩变形稳定控制支护的方式方法。利用围岩的平衡方程和泰勒展开方法,得到松动圈的初始半径,并采用Maxwell方程来表征岩体中缺陷应力演化,推导了围岩松动圈发生劈裂破坏的条件。

Strain and kinematic vorticity analysis:An indicator for sinistral transpressional strain-partitioning along the Lancangjiang shear zone,western Yunnan,China

This work deals with the preliminary relationship between strain path and strain partitioning pattern in a sinistral transpressional zone,Lancangjiang shear zone,located to the southeast of Tibet.Various ductile rocks provide an opportunity to investigate quantitative finite strain(Rs),kinematic vorticity values(Wm),and proportions of simple and pure shear components.The mean kinematic vorticity values(Wm) were evaluated based on three methods,such as Rs-θ,prophyroclast hyperbolic distribution method(PHD),and polar Mohr diagram construction(PMD).Wm for mylonitic metasediments of the low-grade schist belt ranged from 0.19 to 0.54.Protomylonites,mylonites,and ultramylonites recorded differential Wm values,0.19―0.73,0.11―0.8,and 0.84―0.95(even 0.99) respectively in the high-grade gneiss belt.Based on classical strain analysis and these kinematic vorticity evaluations,the shear zone is classified as a preliminarily bulk monoclinic symmetry.The pattern of vorticity path suggests that a previously undocumented transpressional setting and strain partitioning pattern in the southeast region of Tibet Plateau,characterized by steep-narrow domain of simple-shearing(Tertiary strike-slip shearing) deformation and wider domain of mostly pure-shearing(Tertiary contraction) to accommo-date intracontinental deformation.

液化天然气中CO_(2)的溶解度计算新方法

液化天然气技术是深远海天然气利用最为可行的技术方案,其中带压液化天然气(PLNG)技术可显著提升LNG中CO_(2)的溶解度,但利用相平衡实验获得CO_(2)溶解度的方法较为复杂,且理论方法难以在宽温区范围内保证CO_(2)溶解度计算的准确度。为了能快速计算具有高准确度的液化天然气中CO_(2)的溶解度,提出了分温区拟合二元交互作用系数的方法,应用HYSYS软件和理论自编程法分别对CH_(4)—CO_(2)二元系和CH_(4)—CO_(2)—N_(2)/C_(2)H_(6)三元系溶液中CO_(2)的溶解度进行计算。研究结果表明:(1)采用HYSYS软件和理论自编程法分别计算的CO_(2)在二元系溶液和三元系溶液中的溶解度,与实验数据的平均相对误差均小于8%;(2)使用拟合的二元交互系数后,HYSYS软件计算CO_(2)在液态CH_(4)中的溶解度数据与实验值的平均相对误差从6.63%降到1.69%,且HYSYS软件和理论自编程法计算三元系溶液中CO_(2)的溶解度准确性均得到了提高。结论认为,通过使用分温区拟合二元交互作用系数,HYSYS软件和理论自编程法可快速计算高准确度的CO_(2)溶解度数据,该新方法为天然气液化工艺流程的设计提供了理论指导和技术支撑。

The partitioning behavior of trace elements in subduction zones:Advances and prospects

The partitioning behavior of trace elements is of key importance for understanding the geochemical process and material cycle mechanism in subduction zones.This paper focuses on the advances and prospects on the studies of trace element partitioning in subduction zones from the following four aspects.(1)The properties of fluids derived from subducting slabs and their ability in element transport.How slab-derived solute-rich fluids and supercritical fluids are formed and what the roles and key control factors of these fluids are in transferring of elements(especially the high field strength elements)from slab to wedge are discussed.We point out that the detailed investigations of supercritical fluids may provide a new perspective for the element migration mechanism,material cycle process,arc magma genesis and so on.(2)The behavior of transition elements during mantle wedge melting.The behavior of the first row transition elements(Sc,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn)in the mantle partial melting process is compatible or incompatible,depending on residual mineral assemblage and physicochemical conditions.The partitioning behavior of the elements such as Sc,Ti,Co,Ni and Zn whose valence states do not change in the melting process mainly depends on the residual mineral assemblage and temperature,whereas the partitioning behavior of the multivalent elements such as V and Fe is also the function of oxygen fugacity(fO_(2))in addition to mineral assemblage and temperature.Therefore,the partitioning behavior of transition elements has important applications in tracing lithologic inhomogeneity and fO_(2)of the mantle wedges.(3)The specificity of element partitioning behavior during arc magma evolution.Garnet has Dy/Yb partitioning behavior different from amphibole,and rutile has Nb/Ta partitioning behavior different from amphibole.Dy/Yb and Nb/Ta partitioning differences for these minerals enable to distinguish the specific evolution process of arc magmas.The Dy/Yb and Nb/Ta generally decrease with the increase of SiO_(2)in arc magmas,indicating that amphibole fractionation should be the most important during arc magma differentiation.(4)The behavior of sulfur and chalcophile elements and porphyry metallogeny.In subduction zones,the behavior of chalcophile elements such as Cu and Au is controlled by sulfide and fluid.Therefore,the stability of sulfide,the time at which the fluid exsolves from the melt relative to sulfide saturation,the fluid/sulfide mass ratio and fluid/melt Cu and Au partition coefficients in intermediate-felsic magma-H_(2)O systems are especially important in understanding Cu and Au enrichment in magma-hydrothermal processes.Intermediate-felsic magmas mainly originate from the differentiation of arc magmas at lower crustal reservoirs,and thus the fluid exsolution from the lower crustal reservoirs and the fluid/melt and fluid/sulfide partition coefficients of Cu and Au should be the keys to understanding quantitatively how Cu and Au are migrated from the deep crust to the shallow site of mineralization.

新冠疫情后的医院感染楼给排水设计

新冠病毒疫情发生以来,国内医院在筛查人员、救治病人方面暴露出了许多不足,亟需及时总结经验教训,为防治将来可能出现新的疫情,满足传染病筛查诊断需要。同时,防止筛查诊治场所人群因聚集而发生交叉感染。国内规范已对医院感染楼建设从场地规划、功能分区、治疗流程等多个方面进行了优化调整。为此,结合院感防控要求,并根据给排水专业特点,通过实际项目的设计过程,分析医院感染楼各类区域的污染程度差异,结合本专业防控污染的技术措施,探讨医院感染楼给排水专业设计中给水、排水及热水系统设计要点及需注意的关键问题,以达到提升工程项目设计质量的目的。

基于有序二元决策图的黑启动分区搜索策略

合理的黑启动分区可以实现多区域分区并举的启动,加快系统恢复进度。该文对黑启动分区进行了研究,建立了黑启动合理分区的定义和数学模型,并将该模型转化为布尔函数。设计和开发了一种基于两阶段的黑启动分区搜索算法。在第1阶段,采用有序二元决策图(ordered binary decision diagram,OBDD)表示法来降低解空间;在第2阶段,利用安全分析等工具在收缩后的解空间内计算最优的分区方案。提出的算法可分阶段进行,因此具有很好的在线应用前景。针对IEEE标准系统和海南电网进行了深入的数值仿真研究,证明了模型和算法的有效性。

大停电后电力系统黑启动分区的两步策略

电力系统发生大停电事故后,采用分区并行恢复策略可以有效加快系统恢复速度。针对分区并行恢复问题,提出了电力系统黑启动分区的两步策略。其中,第一步建立待恢复机组的分组模型,其以待恢复机组获得恢复功率所需时间最小为目标,从而保证机组的快速启动;第二步建立电力系统图分区模型,目标是使得各黑启动分区在满足一定的约束条件下分区间的联络线数最少以及联络线的有功功率绝对值之和最小。然后,利用商用线性规划求解器ILOG CPLEX求解所提出的两步策略数学模型。同时,为了减少求解工作量,提出了可以尽可能减少线路信息丢失的拓扑图简化原则。最后,以新英格兰10机39节点系统为例说明了所发展的模型和方法的基本特征。

基于馈线分区的中压配电系统可靠性评估

该文采用一种区域网络模型进行中压配电系统可靠性评估。根据自动开关装置和手动开关装置的位置,提出了以馈线为单位,将网络划分为自动隔离区和手动隔离区的馈线分区思想。在分区基础上,将馈线定义为区域节点和开关弧构成的区域网络模型。采用区域故障模式影响分析法进行系统可靠性评估。该算法便于处理带子馈线的复杂配电系统可靠性评估问题,可以考虑开关故障、自动装置不可靠动作、备用电源、计划检修等多种情况。通过对RBTS算例的计算,证明了该方法的有效性。

中国新疆天山博阿断裂晚第四纪右旋走滑运动特征

利用遥感资料 ,通过野外实地考察并结合气候地貌事件的分析 ,对斜切北天山、长逾70 0km的博阿断裂 (博罗科努 -阿齐克库都克断裂 )的右旋走滑运动进行了定量研究。该断裂分为西部NW向断裂和东部NWW向断裂。西部NW向断裂长近 2 5 0km ,向西北延伸进入哈萨克斯坦 ,右旋走滑速率可达 5mm/a ;由 4～ 5个断裂段组成 ,其上发育 3～ 4条古地震或历史地震形变带 ,显示具有发生 7.5级地震的能力。东部NWW向断裂右旋走滑速率 1～ 1.4mm/a ;其上发现小规模古地震形变带 ,显示具备发生 7级左右地震的能力。该断裂与山前的逆冲推覆构造之间构成典型的挤压区应变分配形式 ,即在斜向挤压作用下 ,变形分配为山前的逆冲推覆构造和山内的走滑断裂。

六盘山半干旱区华北落叶松林的生长季蒸散量和组分特征

在宁夏六盘山半干旱区叠叠沟小流域,采用热扩散探针、微型蒸渗仪等在2009—2011年生长季(5—10月份)连续测定了华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林的林冠蒸腾、林冠截留及林地蒸散等林分蒸散组分的数量和比例及其月变化。结果表明,2009—2011年的生长季林分蒸散量分别为446、532、426 mm,其年际差别与水分条件、气温和林分叶面积指数有关。蒸散组分中,林冠蒸腾平均占总蒸散的35%、林冠截留占18%、林地蒸散占47%,即53%的蒸散由林冠层产生。林冠月蒸腾在水分充足时主要受饱和水汽压差和太阳辐射影响,在水分缺乏时与诸气象因子相关不显著;其占月蒸散的比例在生长季内持续下降,从5月份最高的51%降到10月份最低的22%。林冠截留的70%集中在雨季7—9月份,其数量与降水量相关紧密;占月蒸散的比例在5、6月份较低(平均11%),在7—10月份较高(21%)。林地蒸散量的季节变化呈单峰型,主要受降水量影响,在8月份最高;其各月占林分蒸散的比例呈持续上升趋势,从5月份最低的32%升到10月份的57%。文中半干旱区林分是典型的水分限制型生态系统,降水量是影响林分蒸散及其组分变化的首要因素。降水类型及其季节分配等其他因素的影响须在短时间尺度上进一步研究。

一个韧性转换挤压带的变形分解作用——以阿尔金断裂带东段为例

变形构造研究显示阿尔金断裂带东段可划分成具有近水平拉伸线理的韧性左行走滑变形域(SS)和具有陡角度倾伏拉伸线理的收缩变形域(PS)。在SS与PS之间的过渡区域还发现中等角度倾伏的拉伸线理。在SS区域内,大量的标志显示剪切作用为左旋走滑,在垂向剖面露头上可看到一些纯剪现象;而在PS变形域,则以垂向上的纯剪应变(垂向拉伸)为主,在水平露头上局部显示出左旋剪切特征。这些现象说明SS变形域以水平方向的简单剪切为主,具有少量垂向上的纯剪应变分量;而PS变形域则以纯剪应变为主,具有少量的水平简单剪切分量。因此,阿尔金东段可看作为一个转换挤压变形带,它可能为塔里木地块与柴达木地块斜向会聚作用的产物。在其韧性变形过程中,被分解成以左行走滑为主的变形域和以水平缩短、垂向拉伸为主的变形域,前者造成平行阿尔金走向的侧向运动,后者则引起阿尔金构造带的缩短、地壳加厚和山体隆升。