Background:Bladder cancer poses a great burden on society and its high rate of recurrence and treatment failure necessitates use of appropriate animal models to study its pathogenesis and test novel treatments.Orthoto...Background:Bladder cancer poses a great burden on society and its high rate of recurrence and treatment failure necessitates use of appropriate animal models to study its pathogenesis and test novel treatments.Orthotopic models are superior to other types since they provide a normal microenvironment.Four methods are described for developing bladder cancer models inside the animal’s bladder.Direct intramural injection is one of these methods and is widely used.However,its efficacy in model development has not yet been studied.We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and success rate of the direct intramural injection method of developing an orthotopic model for the study of bladder cancer.Method:Tumor cell lines were prepared in four microtubes.Aliquots of 200×10^(3) cells were injected through a 27 gauge needle into the ventral wall of the bladders of 4male and 4 female BALB/c mice following a midline 1 cm laparotomy incision.In addition,1 million cells from each microtube were injected into the flanks of control mice.To prevent infection and alleviate pain,5 mg/kg enrofloxacin and 2.5 mg/kg flunixin meglumine,respectively,were injected subcutaneously.Results:Tumors formed in all mice,resulting in 100% take rate and zero post-operation mortality.Surgery time was≤15 min per mouse.In two mice,tumors were found in the peritoneal space as well.Conclusion:Direct intramural injection is a rapid,reliable,and reproducible method for developing orthotopic models of bladder cancer.It can be done on both male and female mice and only requires readily available surgical tools.However,needle track can result in cell spillage and peritoneal tumors.展开更多
<strong>Aim:</strong> To compare and analyze dose constraints and target coverage results and to reduce Bladder Wall (B<sub>wall</sub>) V<sub>18.12</sub> for prostate Stereotactic-B...<strong>Aim:</strong> To compare and analyze dose constraints and target coverage results and to reduce Bladder Wall (B<sub>wall</sub>) V<sub>18.12</sub> for prostate Stereotactic-Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) when Seminal Vesicles (SSVV) are included or not. Several indicators based on intersection volumes are obtained to predict constraint fulfillment. <strong>Background:</strong> Due to prostate’s low alpha-beta ratio and the possibility of increasing the therapeutic ratio several moderate and extreme hypofractionation schemes have been proposed. The scheme selected was a fivefraction urethra-sparing prostate SBRT. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> 150 patients divided into two groups according to the inclusion of SSVV in PTV or not were analyzed. Histograms, average values, standard deviations and degrees of fulfillment were obtained for each constraint or goal and group. A possible reduction of the B<sub>wall</sub> V<sub>18.12</sub> was addressed by re-optimizing fifty randomly chosen patients. Predictors of constraint fulfilling were obtained by using the intersections of B<sub>wall</sub> and Rectum Wall (R<sub>wall</sub>) with the PTV. <strong>Results:</strong> Significant differences in R<sub>wall</sub> V<sub>32.62</sub> and V<sub>29</sub> were obtained when evaluating the influence of SSVV inclusion. A reduction of 12% in the B<sub>wall</sub> V<sub>18.12</sub> constraint was achieved without compromising coverage and OARs doses. No dependence on the inclusion of SSVV was found. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Statistically significant differences have been found in R<sub>wall</sub> intermediate-dose constraint when SSVV was included. A reduction of 12% in the B<sub>wall</sub> V<sub>18.12</sub> constraint has been achieved without compromising the PTV coverage and the rest of OARs constraints. Constraint fulfillment predictors could be useful to evaluate the feasibility of prostate SBRT prior to the planning process for every single patient.展开更多
BACKGROUND An intrauterine device(IUD)is a contraceptive device placed in the uterine cavity and is a common contraceptive method for Chinese women.However,an IUD may cause complications due to placement time,intraute...BACKGROUND An intrauterine device(IUD)is a contraceptive device placed in the uterine cavity and is a common contraceptive method for Chinese women.However,an IUD may cause complications due to placement time,intrauterine pressure and other factors.Ectopic IUDs are among the most serious complications.Ectopic IUDs are common in the myometrium and periuterine organs,and there are few reports of ectopic IUDs in the urinary bladder,especially in the anterior wall.CASE SUMMARY A 52-year-old woman was hospitalized due to a urinary bladder foreign body found via abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography(CT)examination.The patient had a 2-year history of recurrent abdominal distension and lower abdominal pain,accompanied by frequent urination,urgency,dysuria and other discomfort.Ultrasound examination revealed foreign bodies in the bladder cavity,with calculus on the surface of the foreign bodies.CT revealed a circular foreign body on the anterior wall of the urinary bladder,suggesting the possibility of an ectopic IUD.After laparoscopic exploration,an annular IUD was found in the anterior wall of urinary bladder,and an oval calculus with a diameter of approximately 2 cm was attached to the surface of the bladder cavity.The IUD and calculus were successfully and completely removed.The patient recovered well after surgery.CONCLUSION Abdominal ultrasound and CT are effective methods for detecting ectopic IUDs.The IUD is located in the urinary bladder and requires early surgical treatment.The choice of surgical method is determined by comprehensively considering the depth of the IUD in the bladder muscle layer,the situation of complicated calculus,the situation of intravesical inflammation and medical technology and equipment.展开更多
基金Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health ServicesGrant/Award Number:98-3-101-45499。
文摘Background:Bladder cancer poses a great burden on society and its high rate of recurrence and treatment failure necessitates use of appropriate animal models to study its pathogenesis and test novel treatments.Orthotopic models are superior to other types since they provide a normal microenvironment.Four methods are described for developing bladder cancer models inside the animal’s bladder.Direct intramural injection is one of these methods and is widely used.However,its efficacy in model development has not yet been studied.We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and success rate of the direct intramural injection method of developing an orthotopic model for the study of bladder cancer.Method:Tumor cell lines were prepared in four microtubes.Aliquots of 200×10^(3) cells were injected through a 27 gauge needle into the ventral wall of the bladders of 4male and 4 female BALB/c mice following a midline 1 cm laparotomy incision.In addition,1 million cells from each microtube were injected into the flanks of control mice.To prevent infection and alleviate pain,5 mg/kg enrofloxacin and 2.5 mg/kg flunixin meglumine,respectively,were injected subcutaneously.Results:Tumors formed in all mice,resulting in 100% take rate and zero post-operation mortality.Surgery time was≤15 min per mouse.In two mice,tumors were found in the peritoneal space as well.Conclusion:Direct intramural injection is a rapid,reliable,and reproducible method for developing orthotopic models of bladder cancer.It can be done on both male and female mice and only requires readily available surgical tools.However,needle track can result in cell spillage and peritoneal tumors.
文摘<strong>Aim:</strong> To compare and analyze dose constraints and target coverage results and to reduce Bladder Wall (B<sub>wall</sub>) V<sub>18.12</sub> for prostate Stereotactic-Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) when Seminal Vesicles (SSVV) are included or not. Several indicators based on intersection volumes are obtained to predict constraint fulfillment. <strong>Background:</strong> Due to prostate’s low alpha-beta ratio and the possibility of increasing the therapeutic ratio several moderate and extreme hypofractionation schemes have been proposed. The scheme selected was a fivefraction urethra-sparing prostate SBRT. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> 150 patients divided into two groups according to the inclusion of SSVV in PTV or not were analyzed. Histograms, average values, standard deviations and degrees of fulfillment were obtained for each constraint or goal and group. A possible reduction of the B<sub>wall</sub> V<sub>18.12</sub> was addressed by re-optimizing fifty randomly chosen patients. Predictors of constraint fulfilling were obtained by using the intersections of B<sub>wall</sub> and Rectum Wall (R<sub>wall</sub>) with the PTV. <strong>Results:</strong> Significant differences in R<sub>wall</sub> V<sub>32.62</sub> and V<sub>29</sub> were obtained when evaluating the influence of SSVV inclusion. A reduction of 12% in the B<sub>wall</sub> V<sub>18.12</sub> constraint was achieved without compromising coverage and OARs doses. No dependence on the inclusion of SSVV was found. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Statistically significant differences have been found in R<sub>wall</sub> intermediate-dose constraint when SSVV was included. A reduction of 12% in the B<sub>wall</sub> V<sub>18.12</sub> constraint has been achieved without compromising the PTV coverage and the rest of OARs constraints. Constraint fulfillment predictors could be useful to evaluate the feasibility of prostate SBRT prior to the planning process for every single patient.
文摘BACKGROUND An intrauterine device(IUD)is a contraceptive device placed in the uterine cavity and is a common contraceptive method for Chinese women.However,an IUD may cause complications due to placement time,intrauterine pressure and other factors.Ectopic IUDs are among the most serious complications.Ectopic IUDs are common in the myometrium and periuterine organs,and there are few reports of ectopic IUDs in the urinary bladder,especially in the anterior wall.CASE SUMMARY A 52-year-old woman was hospitalized due to a urinary bladder foreign body found via abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography(CT)examination.The patient had a 2-year history of recurrent abdominal distension and lower abdominal pain,accompanied by frequent urination,urgency,dysuria and other discomfort.Ultrasound examination revealed foreign bodies in the bladder cavity,with calculus on the surface of the foreign bodies.CT revealed a circular foreign body on the anterior wall of the urinary bladder,suggesting the possibility of an ectopic IUD.After laparoscopic exploration,an annular IUD was found in the anterior wall of urinary bladder,and an oval calculus with a diameter of approximately 2 cm was attached to the surface of the bladder cavity.The IUD and calculus were successfully and completely removed.The patient recovered well after surgery.CONCLUSION Abdominal ultrasound and CT are effective methods for detecting ectopic IUDs.The IUD is located in the urinary bladder and requires early surgical treatment.The choice of surgical method is determined by comprehensively considering the depth of the IUD in the bladder muscle layer,the situation of complicated calculus,the situation of intravesical inflammation and medical technology and equipment.
