BACKGROUND： The electrophysiological test was mainly achieved by the reaction of nerve fiber to electrical stimulus, usually expressed by the amplitude and latency. Blink reflex and electroneurography （ENOG） are wi...BACKGROUND： The electrophysiological test was mainly achieved by the reaction of nerve fiber to electrical stimulus, usually expressed by the amplitude and latency. Blink reflex and electroneurography （ENOG） are widely applied in facial paralysis, the amplitude would step down, and the latency would prolong when the facial nerve was injured. OBJECTIVE： To compare the value of blink reflex and ENOG in the diagnosis of facial paralysis （Bell＇s palsy）. DESIGN： A controlled trial. SETTINGS： Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Mianyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Sichuan People＇s Hospital. PARTICIPANTS： The patients who had finished the tests of blink reflex （n =207） and ENOG （n =205） were selected from the Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Mianyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Sichuan People＇s Hospital from September 2001 to July 2003. After treatment for 4 weeks, the patients finished tests of blink reflex （n =207） and ENOG （n =205） were randomly divided into primary treatment group （n =68, 69）, acupuncture group （n =71, 66） and comprehensive treatment group （n =68, 70）, respectively. Approval was obtained from the ethic committee of hospital. METHODS： Patients in the primary treatment group and acupuncture group were treated with western medicine, acupuncture and moxibustion alone respectively, and those in the comprehensive treatment group were treated with acupuncture and moxibustion based on western medicine. The whole period of treatment was 4 weeks. The tests of blink reflex and ENOG were carried out using Japanese light and electricity MEB-2200 electromyogram/induced potential instrument for once before and after treatment respectively. The normal value of the latency period of wave RI was within 13 ms, and the difference was 1 - 1.2 ms between the left and right sides. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The latency of wave RI of blink reflect and the latency and wave amplitude of ENOG on the affected and healthy sides before and after treatment were observed. RESULTS： Totally 207 and 205 patients received tests of blink reflex and ENOG, but 17 and 16 cases respectively did not finish the second measurement, finally 190 and 189 cases were involved in the analysis of results. The latencies of wave R 1 on the affected side after treatment were significantly longer than those before treatment （t = - 6.253, P 〈 0.01）; The latencies of wave RI on the normal side were in the normal range before and after treatment; The latencies of wave RI before treatment on the affected side was significantly longer than that on the normal side （t =- 5.896, P 〈 0.01）, but there were no significant differences between the affected and normal sides after treatment （P 〉 0.05）. It was indicated that the latencies of wave RI on the affected side had restored normally, and the blink reflex was improved obviously after treatment. The latency of ENOG on the affected side before treatment was significantly prolonged as compared with that on the normal side （t =2.247, P 〈 0.01）; After treatment, the difference between the affected and normal side became smaller, but remarkable significance still existed （t =10.810, P 〈 0.01）. In spite of the obvious improvement of affected side before and after treatment, there were still significant differences （t =- 8.110, P 〈 0.05）. The wave amplitude on the affected side was decreased after treatment, which was not significantly different from that before treatment （P 〉0.05）. CONCLUSION： After treatment of facial paralysis, blink reflect was greatly improved, there was an obvious hysteresis in the latency of ENOG. Therefore, blink reflect was better than ENOG in the early diagnosis, while ENOG was suitable for evaluating the prognosis. The ENOG examination was better than blink reflex at middle and late period.展开更多
BACKGROUND Blink and masseter reflexes provide reliable,quantifiable data on the function of the central nervous system:Delayed latencies have been found in patients with neurocognitive disorder(ND)and type 2 diabetes...BACKGROUND Blink and masseter reflexes provide reliable,quantifiable data on the function of the central nervous system:Delayed latencies have been found in patients with neurocognitive disorder(ND)and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),but this has not been studied in patients with both pathologies.AIM To investigate if older adults with ND plus T2DM have prolonged latencies of blink and masseter-reflex and if they were associated with disease progression.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 227 older adults(>60 years)from Colima,Mexico.Neurocognitive disorder was identified by a neuropsychological battery test,and T2DM identified by medical history,fasting glucose,and glycosylated hemoglobin.Latencies in the early reflex(R1),ipsilateral late(R2),and contralateral late(R2c)components of the blink reflex were analyzed for all subjects,and 183 subjects were analyzed for latency of the masseter reflex.RESULTS In 20.7%of participants,ND was detected.In 37%,T2DM was detected.Latencies in R1,R2,and R2c were significantly prolonged for groups with ND plus T2DM,ND,and T2DM,compared with the control group(P<0.0001).The masseter reflex was only prolonged in older adults(regardless of T2DM status)with ND vs controls(P=0.030).In older adults with ND and without T2DM,the more the cognitive impairment progressed,the more prolonged latencies in R2 and R2c presented(P<0.01).CONCLUSION These findings suggest that blink and masseter reflexes could be used to evaluate possible changes in brainstem circuits in older adults with ND and T2DM.展开更多
BACKGROUND Dry eye syndrome(DES)is a common disease with various clinical manifestations.DES had a significant association with diabetes.Blink reflex(BR)is also known as trigeminal nerve facial reflex.The stimulation ...BACKGROUND Dry eye syndrome(DES)is a common disease with various clinical manifestations.DES had a significant association with diabetes.Blink reflex(BR)is also known as trigeminal nerve facial reflex.The stimulation of corneal nerves is one of the origins of BR stimulation.The parasympathetic fibers sent out through the facial nerve are the outlet of tear reflexes.BR can be used to assess the function of the corneal nerve closed-loop;however,whether the BR changes in these patients is unclear.AIM To understand the morphology and function of the corneal nerve in patients with dry eyes having diabetes or not.METHODS This study enrolled 131 patients who visited the inpatient and outpatient services of ophthalmology and endocrinology departments between January 2019 to August 2020 with subjective symptoms of dry eyes and non-dry eye reasons,as well as volunteers such as colleagues.The patients were divided into four groups:DEwDM,with dry eyes having type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM);DMnDE,with T2DM not having dry eyes;DEnDM,with dry eyes not having diabetes;and nDMnDE,with neither dry eyes nor diabetes.The tear film break-up time,Schirmer I test,in vivo confocal microscopy,and BR were performed.RESULTS The DEwDM,DMnDE,DEnDM,and nDMnDE groups included 56,22,33,and 20 patients,respectively.Sex and age were not statistically different among the four groups.The nerve fiber length(NFL)of patients in the DEwDM,DEnDM,and DMnDE groups reduced(P<0.001,P=0.014,and P=0.001,respectively).No significant difference in corneal nerve fiber density(NFD)(P=0.083)and corneal nerve branch density(NBD)(P=0.195)was found among the four groups.The R1 Latency of blink reflexes increased only in the DEwDM group(P=0.008,P=0.001,P<0.001,compared with the DMnDE,DEnDM,and nDMnDE groups,respectively).The NBD and R1 Latency were different between DEwDM and DEnDM groups in patients with moderate and severe dry eyes.CONCLUSION The corneal nerve morphology changed in patients with dry eyes or diabetes,or with both,while the function of corneal nerve closed-loop reduced only in those with dry eyes and diabetes.展开更多
Objective To investigate the spike activities of cerebellar cortical cells in a computational network model con- structed based on the anatomical structure of cerebellar cortex. Methods and Results The multicompartmen...Objective To investigate the spike activities of cerebellar cortical cells in a computational network model con- structed based on the anatomical structure of cerebellar cortex. Methods and Results The multicompartment model of neuron and NEURON software were used to study the external influences on cerebellar cortical cells. Various potential spike patterns in these cells were obtained. By analyzing the impacts of different incoming stimuli on the potential spike of Purkinje cell, temporal focusing caused by the granule cell-golgi cell feedback inhibitory loop to Purkinje cell and spa- tial focusing caused by the parallel fiber-basket/stellate cell local inhibitory loop to Purkinje cell were discussed. Finally, the motor learning process of rabbit eye blink conditioned reflex was demonstrated in this model. The simulation results showed that when the afferent from climbing fiber existed, rabbit adaptation to eye blinking gradually became stable under the Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity （STDP） learning rule. Conclusion The constructed cerebellar cortex network is a reliable and feasible model. The model simulation results confirmed the output signal stability of cerebellar cortex after STDP learning and the network can execute the function of spatial and temporal focusing.展开更多
基金the Clinical Research Topic Fund in 2000–2001 from the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.00-01LP50
文摘BACKGROUND： The electrophysiological test was mainly achieved by the reaction of nerve fiber to electrical stimulus, usually expressed by the amplitude and latency. Blink reflex and electroneurography （ENOG） are widely applied in facial paralysis, the amplitude would step down, and the latency would prolong when the facial nerve was injured. OBJECTIVE： To compare the value of blink reflex and ENOG in the diagnosis of facial paralysis （Bell＇s palsy）. DESIGN： A controlled trial. SETTINGS： Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Mianyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Sichuan People＇s Hospital. PARTICIPANTS： The patients who had finished the tests of blink reflex （n =207） and ENOG （n =205） were selected from the Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Mianyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Sichuan People＇s Hospital from September 2001 to July 2003. After treatment for 4 weeks, the patients finished tests of blink reflex （n =207） and ENOG （n =205） were randomly divided into primary treatment group （n =68, 69）, acupuncture group （n =71, 66） and comprehensive treatment group （n =68, 70）, respectively. Approval was obtained from the ethic committee of hospital. METHODS： Patients in the primary treatment group and acupuncture group were treated with western medicine, acupuncture and moxibustion alone respectively, and those in the comprehensive treatment group were treated with acupuncture and moxibustion based on western medicine. The whole period of treatment was 4 weeks. The tests of blink reflex and ENOG were carried out using Japanese light and electricity MEB-2200 electromyogram/induced potential instrument for once before and after treatment respectively. The normal value of the latency period of wave RI was within 13 ms, and the difference was 1 - 1.2 ms between the left and right sides. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The latency of wave RI of blink reflect and the latency and wave amplitude of ENOG on the affected and healthy sides before and after treatment were observed. RESULTS： Totally 207 and 205 patients received tests of blink reflex and ENOG, but 17 and 16 cases respectively did not finish the second measurement, finally 190 and 189 cases were involved in the analysis of results. The latencies of wave R 1 on the affected side after treatment were significantly longer than those before treatment （t = - 6.253, P 〈 0.01）; The latencies of wave RI on the normal side were in the normal range before and after treatment; The latencies of wave RI before treatment on the affected side was significantly longer than that on the normal side （t =- 5.896, P 〈 0.01）, but there were no significant differences between the affected and normal sides after treatment （P 〉 0.05）. It was indicated that the latencies of wave RI on the affected side had restored normally, and the blink reflex was improved obviously after treatment. The latency of ENOG on the affected side before treatment was significantly prolonged as compared with that on the normal side （t =2.247, P 〈 0.01）; After treatment, the difference between the affected and normal side became smaller, but remarkable significance still existed （t =10.810, P 〈 0.01）. In spite of the obvious improvement of affected side before and after treatment, there were still significant differences （t =- 8.110, P 〈 0.05）. The wave amplitude on the affected side was decreased after treatment, which was not significantly different from that before treatment （P 〉0.05）. CONCLUSION： After treatment of facial paralysis, blink reflect was greatly improved, there was an obvious hysteresis in the latency of ENOG. Therefore, blink reflect was better than ENOG in the early diagnosis, while ENOG was suitable for evaluating the prognosis. The ENOG examination was better than blink reflex at middle and late period.
文摘BACKGROUND Blink and masseter reflexes provide reliable,quantifiable data on the function of the central nervous system:Delayed latencies have been found in patients with neurocognitive disorder(ND)and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),but this has not been studied in patients with both pathologies.AIM To investigate if older adults with ND plus T2DM have prolonged latencies of blink and masseter-reflex and if they were associated with disease progression.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 227 older adults(>60 years)from Colima,Mexico.Neurocognitive disorder was identified by a neuropsychological battery test,and T2DM identified by medical history,fasting glucose,and glycosylated hemoglobin.Latencies in the early reflex(R1),ipsilateral late(R2),and contralateral late(R2c)components of the blink reflex were analyzed for all subjects,and 183 subjects were analyzed for latency of the masseter reflex.RESULTS In 20.7%of participants,ND was detected.In 37%,T2DM was detected.Latencies in R1,R2,and R2c were significantly prolonged for groups with ND plus T2DM,ND,and T2DM,compared with the control group(P<0.0001).The masseter reflex was only prolonged in older adults(regardless of T2DM status)with ND vs controls(P=0.030).In older adults with ND and without T2DM,the more the cognitive impairment progressed,the more prolonged latencies in R2 and R2c presented(P<0.01).CONCLUSION These findings suggest that blink and masseter reflexes could be used to evaluate possible changes in brainstem circuits in older adults with ND and T2DM.
文摘BACKGROUND Dry eye syndrome(DES)is a common disease with various clinical manifestations.DES had a significant association with diabetes.Blink reflex(BR)is also known as trigeminal nerve facial reflex.The stimulation of corneal nerves is one of the origins of BR stimulation.The parasympathetic fibers sent out through the facial nerve are the outlet of tear reflexes.BR can be used to assess the function of the corneal nerve closed-loop;however,whether the BR changes in these patients is unclear.AIM To understand the morphology and function of the corneal nerve in patients with dry eyes having diabetes or not.METHODS This study enrolled 131 patients who visited the inpatient and outpatient services of ophthalmology and endocrinology departments between January 2019 to August 2020 with subjective symptoms of dry eyes and non-dry eye reasons,as well as volunteers such as colleagues.The patients were divided into four groups:DEwDM,with dry eyes having type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM);DMnDE,with T2DM not having dry eyes;DEnDM,with dry eyes not having diabetes;and nDMnDE,with neither dry eyes nor diabetes.The tear film break-up time,Schirmer I test,in vivo confocal microscopy,and BR were performed.RESULTS The DEwDM,DMnDE,DEnDM,and nDMnDE groups included 56,22,33,and 20 patients,respectively.Sex and age were not statistically different among the four groups.The nerve fiber length(NFL)of patients in the DEwDM,DEnDM,and DMnDE groups reduced(P<0.001,P=0.014,and P=0.001,respectively).No significant difference in corneal nerve fiber density(NFD)(P=0.083)and corneal nerve branch density(NBD)(P=0.195)was found among the four groups.The R1 Latency of blink reflexes increased only in the DEwDM group(P=0.008,P=0.001,P<0.001,compared with the DMnDE,DEnDM,and nDMnDE groups,respectively).The NBD and R1 Latency were different between DEwDM and DEnDM groups in patients with moderate and severe dry eyes.CONCLUSION The corneal nerve morphology changed in patients with dry eyes or diabetes,or with both,while the function of corneal nerve closed-loop reduced only in those with dry eyes and diabetes.
基金supported by the grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10872069)
文摘Objective To investigate the spike activities of cerebellar cortical cells in a computational network model con- structed based on the anatomical structure of cerebellar cortex. Methods and Results The multicompartment model of neuron and NEURON software were used to study the external influences on cerebellar cortical cells. Various potential spike patterns in these cells were obtained. By analyzing the impacts of different incoming stimuli on the potential spike of Purkinje cell, temporal focusing caused by the granule cell-golgi cell feedback inhibitory loop to Purkinje cell and spa- tial focusing caused by the parallel fiber-basket/stellate cell local inhibitory loop to Purkinje cell were discussed. Finally, the motor learning process of rabbit eye blink conditioned reflex was demonstrated in this model. The simulation results showed that when the afferent from climbing fiber existed, rabbit adaptation to eye blinking gradually became stable under the Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity （STDP） learning rule. Conclusion The constructed cerebellar cortex network is a reliable and feasible model. The model simulation results confirmed the output signal stability of cerebellar cortex after STDP learning and the network can execute the function of spatial and temporal focusing.
