赵东C/D区块C25-XX井开窗侧钻水平井钻井技术

赵东C/D区块D67井水平段筛管统一开采,因出砂而关闭,在其井眼内开窗侧钻C25-XX水平井,以继续开发明化镇组油藏。介绍了该井在244.5 mm套管内开窗侧钻技术,施工中利用旋转地质导向技术避免滑动钻进的风险,提高了机械钻速;利用LWD/MWD随钻测井技术和Azitrack油藏地质导向系统控制井眼轨迹,提高了油藏钻遇率和入靶精度;采用优质钻井液来提高井眼清洁等配套技术;采用XPS-CUS-HR-X1液压旋转尾管悬挂器与封隔器系统解决长水平段摩阻大、下套管难等问题。该井于10月11日开钻,10月20日完钻,完钻井深2635 m,油层钻遇率较设计提高了2%。该井的成功施工经验可为同类井施工提供借鉴。

急斜煤层EDZ围岩动态演化规律2D-BLOCK数值追踪模拟

急斜特厚煤层高阶段综放开采中,开采扰动区(Excavation-Disturbed-Zone,EDZ)内顶煤及采空区围岩结构动态演化规律预计是安全开采的关键保障F技术之一。对苇湖梁煤矿+579E2EB1+2急倾斜煤层(64°)高阶段(52m)综放面开采中采空区顶板坍塌现象综合认识,采用2D-BLOCK精细数值模拟程序,建立了相应的离散元数值分析模型,进行动态数值追踪模拟计算,揭示了复杂环境下急斜厚煤层开采形成的采空区坍塌规律,为现场安全开采提供了科学依据。

基于改进MOEA/D的车联网通信资源分配算法

为获得车联网通信资源分配的最优解,提出一种基于改进MOEA/D的车联网通信资源分配优化算法。将车联网资源请求的阻塞率和资源请求成功的总成本这2个相互冲突的网络通信资源分配要素作为网络通信资源分配的2个优化目标,根据车联网中行驶车辆的特点,对请求资源车辆和提供资源车辆设置约束条件。在此基础上,采用自适应邻域策略平衡进化过程中种群的收敛性和分布性,并将迭代次数引入自适应度,调节交叉算子和变异算子,使种群中较差的个体也具有遗传性,从而保证种群的多样性。同时,随着迭代次数的增加,种群中较差个体遗传性降低,较好个体遗传能力增强,从而保证种群的优化。仿真结果表明,该算法针对最小化阻塞率和最小化成本这2个目标能够获得满意的优化效果,在迭代次数、车辆数和资源请求数变化情况下都存在最优解,在相同迭代次数下,与基于支配的多目标算法SPEA2和NSGA-II相比具有较低的阻塞率和较好的收敛性。

Comparison between the seismic response of 2D and 3D models of rigid blocks

A three-dimensional rigid body on the shape of a parallelepiped is modelled in order to rock on a side or a vertex of the base,in order to evaluate the seismic response of rigid blocks lying on a horizontal support.The center of mass of the body is considered as eccentric with respect to its geometric center.As seismic input,three Italian recorded accelerograms,with different spectral content,are used.The study is mainly conducted to highlight the differences between the seismic response of 2D and 3D models of rigid blocks,with the aim to understand if,in some cases,the use of the 3D model of rigid block is required to obtain safer results.In fact,the outcomes show that in some ranges of the geometrical and mechanical parameters that characterize the excitation and the body,a two-dimensional model,which is not able to consider the 3D rocking on a vertex,can provide unsafe results.In particular,it is found that the overturning process of the three-dimensional block can occur under excitations which are lower than those which overturn a corresponding two-dimensional block.

Integrating artificial neural networks and geostatistics for optimum 3D geological block modeling in mineral reserve estimation:A case study

In this research, a method called ANNMG is presented to integrate Artificial Neural Networks and Geostatistics for optimum mineral reserve evaluation. The word ANNMG simply means Artificial Neural Network Model integrated with Geostatiscs, In this procedure, the Artificial Neural Network was trained, tested and validated using assay values obtained from exploratory drillholes. Next, the validated model was used to generalize mineral grades at known and unknown sampled locations inside the drilling region respectively. Finally, the reproduced and generalized assay values were combined and fed to geostatistics in order to develop a geological 3D block model. The regression analysis revealed that the predicted sample grades were in close proximity to the actual sample grades, The generalized grades from the ANNMG show that this process could be used to complement exploration activities thereby reducing drilling requirement. It could also be an effective mineral reserve evaluation method that could oroduce optimum block model for mine design.

3-D crustal-scale gravity model of the San Rafael Block and Payenia volcanic province in Mendoza,Argentina

The San Rafael Block(SRB)is part of one of the main retroarc volcanic provinces in southern Central Andes in Mendoza,Argentina.This block is located in the Andean foothills between the orogenic front and foreland basement uplifts of late Miocene age.In order to analyze the geochronological evolution of the Quaternary volcanism in the region,several geologic and geophysical studies have been conducted.Nevertheless,the crust,where the SRB is located,has not been well characterized yet.Based on gravimetric and magnetic data,together with isostatic and elastic thickness analyses,we modeled the crustal structure of the area.Information obtained has allowed us to understand the crust where the SRB and the Payenia volcanic province are located.Bouguer anomalies indicate that the SRB presents higher densities to the North of Cerro Nevado and Moho calculations suggest depths for this block between 40 and 50 km.Determinations of elastic thickness would indicate that the crust supporting the San Rafael Block presents values of approximately 10 km,being enough to support the block loading.However,in the Payenia region,elastic thickness values are close to zero due to the regional temperature increase.

Expression of mRNA-encoding subunits of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the hypothalamus in sustained monaural block of auditory air-conduction model rats

A sustained monaural block of auditory air-conduction model was established in rats through subcutaneous suture in the right ear canal.The gene expression levels of hypothalamic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR1,NR2A,NR2B and NR2C mRNA in the auditory central nervous system of Sprague-Dawley rats at postnatal 9,23,37 days were determined after an environmental change.Reverse transcription-PCR assay showed that the critical period for the development of NR1,NR2A,and NR2B subunits in the left hypothalamus and NR1-and NR2B-dependent auditory neurons in the right hypothalamus terminated 23 days after the suture in the right ear.The critical period for the development of NR2A subunit-dependent auditory neurons in the right hypothalamus was terminated by postnatal day 37.The results confirmed that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits in the hypothalamus may be regulated by the auditory environment.

Citrus oils as chain transfer agents in the cross-metathesis degradation of polybutadiene in block copolymers using Ru-alkylidene catalysts

The cross-metathesis degradation of poly(styrene-co-butadiene) (styrene, 30 wt%) (SB-1) and poly(styrene-co-butadiene) (styrene, 21 wt%) (SB- 2) in the presence of essential oils and d-limo-nene as chain transfer agents (CTAs) using Rualkylidene catalysts (PCy3)2(Cl)2Ru = CHPh (I) and (1,3-diphenyl-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene) (PCy3)Cl2Ru=CHPh (II) was studied. Terpene-terminated butadiene oligomers and polystyrene blocks were obtained as products of the degradation of SB-1 and SB-2. Catalysts I and II showed high activity in the degradation of SB copolymers to produce the low molecular weight products (Mn = 276 - 335 g·mol-1) and yields ranging from 91% - 95%. The cross-metathesis degradation of copolymers in organic solvents and in citrus oils (mandarin, orange and lemon oils) proceeded with similar efficiency and resulted in the same molecular weight butadiene oligomers. According to GS/MS (EI) analysis, the main products of the degradation of SB-1 copolymer with d-limonene were limonene-terminated oligomers of series Am (m = 1 - 4).

Improvement of reverse blocking performance in vertical power MOSFETs with Schottky–drain-connected semisuperjunctions

To enhance the reverse blocking capability with low specific on-resistance,a novel vertical metal-oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor（MOSFET） with a Schottky-drian（SD） and SD-connected semisuperjunctions（SDD-semi-SJ）,named as SD-D-semi-SJ MOSFET is proposed and demonstrated by two-dimensional（2D） numerical simulations.The SD contacted with the n-pillar exhibits the Schottky-contact property,and that with the p-pillar the Ohmic-contact property.Based on these features,the SD-D-semi-SJ MOSFET could obviously overcome the great obstacle of the ineffectivity of the conventional superjunctions（SJ） or semisuperjunctions（semi-SJ） for the reverse applications and achieve a satisfactory trade-off between the reverse breakdown voltage（BV） and the specific on-resistance（R_（on）A）.For a given pillar width and n-drift thickness,there exists a proper range of n-drift concentration（N）,in which the SD-D-semi-SJ MOSFET could exhibit a better trade-off of R_（on）A-BV compared to the predication of SJ MOSFET in the forward applications.And what is much valuable,in this proper range of N,the desired BV and good trade-off could be achieved only by determining the pillar thickness,with the top assist layer thickness unchanged.Detailed analyses have been carried out to get physical insights into the intrinsic mechanism of R_（on）A-BV improvement in SD-D-semi-SJ MOSFET.These results demonstrate a great potential of SD-D-semi-SJ MOSFET in reverse applications.

Preparation and characterization of biodegradable nanoparticles from methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactide)block copolymers as novel drug carriers

Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactide) block copolymers (PEG-PLA) were prepared through ring-opening polymerization.The oil in water suspension method was used to prepare block copolymer micelles. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) by fluorescence spectroscopy was 0.0056 mg·ml -1 . The physical state of the inner core region of micelles was characterized with 1HNMR. The size of indomethacin (IMC) loaded micelles measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed narrow monodisperse size distribution and the average diameters were less than 50 nm. In addition, the nanoparticles with relatively high drug loading content (DLC) were obtained.

Two Chiral Building Blocks for the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Anti-and Syn-1,3-Diols

Two chiral building blocks 1 and 2 for anti-and syn-1, 3-diols has been achieved in 8 steps and 7 steps respectively, starting from the readily available and inexpensive D (+)-xylose 3.

Study on the Influence of Piloti on Mean Radiant Temperature in Residential Blocks by 3-D Unsteady State Heat Balance Radiation Calculation

Piloti is commonly used in tropical and subtropical climate zones to get high wind velocity and create shadowed areas in order to optimize the living environment of residential blocks,but there are few studies to reveal the influence of piloti on the radiant environment of residential blocks systematically. Taking the city of Guangzhou as an example,using 3-D Unsteady State Heat Balance Radiation Calculation Method,this paper shows that the mean radiant temperature( MRT) under piloti area increases with the increase of piloti ratio,and especially when piloti ratio is equal to 100%,the MRT increase trend becomes sharp. The MRT of exposed area decreases with the increase of piloti ratio,especially when piloti ratio reaches 100%,the decrease trend of MRT becomes sharp,which offers the reference for the study on piloti design in subtropical climate zones and further research on living environment by CFD simulation in residential blocks.

Synthesis of an Anti-1,3-Diol Type Chiral Building Block

A chiral building block, anti-1,3-diol 2, has been synthesized in 7 steps, starting from readily available and inexpensive D-(+)-xylose.

缅甸D区块构造特征与油气储层评价

研究区D区块位于缅甸中部,包括钦敦凹陷北部和沙林凹陷南部,面积12384km2。D区块以南分布有许多油田。其中,Letpanto油田紧临该区块,在D区块内还有许多人工井或油苗,是油气聚集的有利场所,勘探潜力很大。为了研究该区的勘探方向,笔者从区域构造和沉积演化入手,分析研究了该区的生油层、储层和盖层的沉积相带特征和有利的油气聚集带。其中,晚始新世巴当组是始新世地层中产油的储层,为区块主要生油岩系;中新世和渐新世砂岩为良好储层;渐新世尧河组泥岩为较好的盖层;晚中新世到早上新世之间形成的各类局部构造圈闭均可能成为油气聚集场所,展示了良好的油气远景。

缅甸D区块钻井防漏堵漏技术

缅甸D区块油气资源丰富,但钻进过程中存在许多亟待解决的问题。通过分析已钻井Patolon-1井、Yagyi-1井和正在钻井施工的Patolon-2井的情况,认为影响该区块钻井时效和井下安全的主要因素是地层漏失。分析了缅甸D区块地层的漏失特点、漏失原因及地层压力的分布规律,研究应用了水泥浆、膨润土浆双液法堵漏技术和随钻堵漏钻井液技术。缅甸D区块上部低压层的漏失主要采用双液法堵漏技术或化学堵漏技术处理;下部高压地层的渗透性漏失主要采用随钻堵漏技术和桥塞堵漏技术处理。现场应用也表明,上述技术堵漏效果很好,为缅甸D区块顺利完井提供了技术保证。

伊洛瓦底盆地D区块及周缘古近系物源分析

缅甸D区块是伊洛瓦底盆地中西部与Letpanto油田相邻的区块,具有一定的油气勘探潜力,对物源方向的认识存在不同观点。笔者利用沉积物砾石成分、砂岩骨架成分、地球化学元素分析方法,旨在明确伊洛瓦底盆地D区块及周缘古近纪物源方向和类型,进而指导本区沉积相与油气资源勘探研究。砾石分析结果显示,存在自西向东方向的物源,古新世物源来自中、酸性火成岩,始新世来自浅变质岩、中性及基性火成岩。砂岩骨架成分分析显示,古近纪地层物源均来自弧造山带,既有大陆切割、未切割、过渡型岛弧来源,也有再旋回造山带来源。主量、微量、稀土元素分析结果判断物源区构造背景均属于大陆岛弧和主动大陆边缘,具有安山岩物源区特征。综合分析认为,本区古近纪物源演化具有一定继承和相似性,物源主要来自盆内链状岛弧和东部掸邦高地,喜马拉雅造山带不可能从北部直接提供物源。推测北部喜马拉雅造山带通过伊洛瓦底江从东部进入,为盆地提供物源。

缅甸D区块石油地质特征及勘探潜力

缅甸D区块位于伊洛瓦底盆地中西部,主要勘探层系始新统发育东、西两大三角洲沉积体系,沉积相以三角洲平原-前三角洲亚相以及浅海相为主,构造演化主要经历了始新世的统一沉降期、渐新世—中新世的差异沉降期和上新世以后的逆冲推覆期3个阶段,形成了南北走向、东西分带的"四隆二凹一斜坡"的构造格局。烃源岩以塔本组的灰色泥岩和煤系泥岩以及朗欣组的暗色泥岩为主,有机质丰度高,具有非常好的生烃能力。蓬当组、塔本组和提林组3套储-盖组合保证了区域油气的有效聚集和保存。圈闭类型有断层控制的背斜圈闭和砂岩透镜体圈闭两种。烃源岩热演化研究表明,区域生烃时间、运移方向、储盖组合、圈闭形成等成藏条件配置关系合理,D区块油气有利富集区主要集中在3个构造带上,分别是Patolon背斜带、Mahudaung背斜带和Thingadon复向斜带。

缅甸D区块高密度防塌钻井液体系室内研究

缅甸D区块在钻井过程中井眼坍塌严重、井径扩大率大,其原因是:地层倾角大,裂缝、孔隙发育,地层比较破碎,泥岩具有易膨胀、强分散的特点;现场使用的KCl/聚合醇钻井液抗温、抗污染、加重性能及封堵能力差。为此,优选出了以新型聚胺为主抑制剂、以白沥青为防塌剂、以抗温能力好的聚合物为降滤失剂、以磺化聚合物为流变性调节剂的新型聚胺钻井液体系。室内性能评价试验表明,新型聚胺钻井液体系的抗温能力达到150℃,抗污染性能强,具有强抑制性、良好的加重性能和封堵能力,可较好解决缅甸D区块井眼坍塌和井径扩大率的问题。

缅甸D区块超压气藏成藏主控因素

缅甸D区块位于伊洛瓦底盆地最富油气的西部深坳带,目前在始新统塔本组钻探3口井测试获高产气流,表明该区块具有一定的勘探潜力。但该区块整体勘探程度较低,始新统主要目的层普遍存在超压,成藏条件复杂,超压体系内油气富集的主控因素不明确,大大增加了未来勘探的风险。通过大量统计分析全球具有代表性的超压油气藏,结合D区块最新的地质认识及勘探成果,并与邻区油气藏进行对比分析认为:缅甸D区块发育两套烃源岩,原地发育的塔本组烃源岩埋藏浅,演化程度低,因此油气可能来自区块相邻生烃凹陷或者深部的朗欣组烃源岩;缅甸D区块超压带内部成藏主要受控于储层及保存条件,有效的运移输导体系与时空配置是油气富集的重要因素;缅甸D区块缺少南部沙林凹陷渐新统优质储层,主要储层为塔本组中孔、低渗砂岩,因此纵向上应当重视超压体系中次生孔隙、裂缝发育段;D区块断层下盘油气保存条件相对较好,是勘探的重要领域。

缅甸D区块井下复杂原因分析及钻井液技术对策

在缅甸陆上区块的勘探过程中事故发生率高,多数井都因无法处理而提前完钻或弃井,如Yagyi-1井三开井段的最大井径扩大率为70.95%,Yagyi-1和Patolon-1井分别漏失钻井液3092和387m3。分析认为,造成井下复杂最突出的原因是钻井液安全密度窗口窄,这是因为缅甸D区块断层较发育,高陡推覆体构造多,地层挤压破碎严重,地层倾角大,主断层以上地层中存在长的泥岩段,且有高压油气层存在,在同一祼眼内同时存在渗透性好或含有裂隙和微裂隙的层位,从而导致安全密度窗口很窄。而现用的KCl/PHPA/聚合醇钻井液的抑制性不是很强,封堵能力也无法满足要求,其与地层作用后很大程度地缩小了原来的安全密度窗口。通过比较目前常用体系的抑制性,从扩大安全密度窗口的角度入手,提出可以优选具有强抑制性和封堵能力的KCl/硅酸盐钻井液。