Differential mRNA expression in peripheral blood is associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma:Recent advances and future challenges

Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)is a malignant tumor triggered by the accumulation of multiple gene mutations in oral epithelial cells.Different OSCC-related biomarkers have been reported in circulation in the peripheral blood that support the occurrence and development of OSCC.Recent advances in high-throughput and highly sensitive detection methods have overcome the limitation of the low concentration of most peripheral blood biomarkers.Hence,blood biomarker detection has become an efficient screening tool for the early diagnosis of OSCC.The growing data available in public cancer and gene databases have provided new foundations for OSCC research.In particular,the identification of OSCC biomarkers using bioinformatic tools has shed new light on the underlying mechanisms as well as on the genetic landscape of OSCC.More recently,mRNA targeting therapies have emerged as valuable anticancer treatment strategies,as they allow for the regulation of the expression of certain functional proteins to reverse genetic abnormalities or induce tissue repair.Thus,mRNA-targeting therapies can be used to regulate the expression of antigens,antibodies,or cellular receptors by immune cells.Particularly,anti-cancer cellular immunotherapy carrying specific mRNAs has attracted significant attention in OSCC treatment.Here,we review the present knowledge on the role of peripheral blood mRNAs in the diagnosis,treatment,development,and prognosis of OSCC.Moreover,we address future research prospects of mRNAs in the peripheral blood in OSCC and the opportunities and challenges that may arise in future clinical therapeutic applications.

Blood microRNAs as potential diagnostic markers for hemorrhagic stroke

Proper medical treatment of a stroke victim relies on accurate and rapid differentiation between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke,which in current practice is performed by computerized tomography（CT） or magnetic resonance imaging（MRI） scans.A panel of micro RNAs could be an extremely useful clinical tool for distinguishing between hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke.This review has shown that blood miRNA profile can distinguish hemorrhagic from ischemic stroke in patients and in experimental animal models.It also seems likely they can differentiate between intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage stroke.The miRNA profile in cerebrospinal fluid could be a useful diagnostic tool for subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke.Decreased or increased miRNA levels may be needed either as prevention or treatment of stroke.Administration in vivo of miR-130 a inhibitor or miRNA mimic（miR-367,miR-223） in an intracerebral hemorrhage animal model improved neurological outcomes.

Blood and CSF biomarkers for post-stroke epilepsy:a systematic review

Post-stroke epilepsy is a common complication of ischemic stroke which adversely affects the prognosis of patients.Clinical and radiological parameters cannot adequately predict the risk.Therefore,the discovery of biomarkers is imperatively needed for predicting post-stroke epilepsy.We conducted a systematic review of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for post-stroke epilepsy through a comprehensive literature search in different databases.All articles that met our inclusion criteria were assessed for quality using the modified Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies questionnaire.Eight eligible studies were included in this systematic review.Out of 22 assessed biomarkers,nine biomarkers showed significant association with post-stroke epilepsy.The T allele of CD40(cluster of differentiation 40)−1C/T polymorphism,the CC genotype of TRPM6(transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 6)rs2274924,the allele polymorphism of MAD2(mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2),the mRNA level of interleukin-6(IL-6),the plasma level of endostatin,and the mRNA expression of IL-1βshow a positive correlation with post-stroke epilepsy;while S100 calcium-binding protein B,heat shock 70 kDa protein-8 and neuropeptide Y are inversely associated with post-stroke epilepsy.As a small number of patients were recruited,further studies are needed to confirm their potential use for predicting post-stroke epilepsy.

Lower serum expression of miR-181c-5p is associated with increased plasma levels of amyloid-beta 1-40 and cerebral vulnerability in normal aging

Background:Previous studies have shown that expression levels of miR-181c are downregulated by amyloid-β(Aβ)deposition and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion,both factors largely associated with the development of AD.Moreover,reduced 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose(FDG)-PET brain metabolism and volume loss of regions of the medial temporal lobe have been generally recognized as hallmarks of AD.Based on this evidence,we have here investigated potential associations between serum levels of miR-181c-5p and these AD signatures in asymptomatic elderly subjects.Methods:Ninety-five normal elderly subjects underwent clinical,cognitive,structural MRI,and FDG-PET explorations.Serum expression levels of miR-181c-5p and plasma Aβ concentrations were further analyzed in this cohort.Regression analyses were performed to assess associations between serum miR-181c-5p levels and cognitive functioning,plasma Aβ,structural and metabolic brain changes.Results:Decreased serum expression of miR-181c-5p was associated with increased plasma levels of Aβ1–40,deficits in cortical glucose metabolism,and volume reduction of the entorhinal cortex.No significant associations were found between lower miR-181c-5p levels and cognitive deficits or cortical thinning.Conclusions:These findings suggest that deregulation of serum miR-181c-5p may indicate cerebral vulnerability in late life.