Impact of Regular Blood Donation on Body Iron Stores at Saudi Blood Donors

Introduction: One of the most frequent observations in long-term blood donation is chronic iron deficiency, which can develop into anaemia. The majority of blood screening methods employed by blood banks do not incorporate iron-status markers, which may result in potential subclinical iron deficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of repeated blood donation on the levels of iron in the body and to guide blood donors in preventing the depletion of iron stores. Methods: Regular blood donors were categorised into distinct groups according to the number of donations they gave, and then the correlation between these groups and their bodies’ iron levels was examined. Different parameters were employed to identify iron deficiency and iron depletion in blood donors: serum ferritin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and serum iron. Results: The study included 300 individuals who regularly and willingly donated blood. There were no iron insufficiency cases among those donating blood for the first time (Group I). However, 15.5% of individuals who had donated once before (Group II) had ferritin levels of 15 - 30 μg/dl (ng/ml), indicating reduced iron stores. The rate increased to 18% (37 out of 206 individuals) among regular blood donors (Groups III, IV, and V). Iron deficiency (depletion) prevalence among regular blood donors in Groups III, IV, and V was 5.9% (12 out of 206) and 50.4% (100 out of 206). Donors who had donated blood most frequently had the lowest levels of haematological markers MCH, MCHC, and TIBC. Provide the p-values representing the differences between the means of MCV, MCH, iron, TIBC, and ferritin levels when comparing donor groups with the control group (Group I) based on the frequency of donations. Indicate statistically significant differences where the p-value is less than 0.0125. This significance level is adjusted based on the Bonferroni method, considering multiple independent tests. The result shows that the Iron parameter for the comparison between Group I and Group III and Group I and Group IV suggests a statistically significant difference in iron levels between these donor groups. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that a higher times of donations lads to a higher occurrence of depleted iron stores and subsequent erythropoiesis with iron deficiency by one donor from every three healthy donors. The iron and ferritin concentrations were within the normal range in group one (Control group) and reduced in the other four groups (G-2 to G-5). However, the level of haemoglobin remained within an acceptable range for blood donation. This outcome suggests that it may be necessary to reassess the criteria for accepting blood donors. The average serum ferritin levels were examined in all five groups (G-1 to G-5), both for males and females, and significant variations were seen among the groups under study. This study found that 35% of the individuals who regularly donate blood have iron-deficient anaemia (sideropenia). This suggests that it would be beneficial to test for serum ferritin at an earlier stage, ideally after three donations.

High frequencies of HGV and TTV infections in blood donors in Hangzhou

AIM: To determine the frequencies of HGV and TTV infections in blood donors in Hangzhou. METHODS: RT-nested PCR for HGV RNA detection and semi-nested PCR for TTV DNA detection in the sera from 203 blood donors, and nucleotide sequence analysis were performed. RESULTS: Thirty-two (15.8%) and 30 (14.8%) of the 203 serum samples were positive for HGV RNA and TTV DNA, respectively. And 5 (2.5%) of the 203 serum samples were detectable for both HGV RNA and TTV DNA. Homology of the nucleotide sequences of HGV RT-nested PCR products and TTV semi-nested PCR products from 3 serum samples compared with the reported HGV and TTV sequences was 89.36%, 87.94%, 88.65% and 63.51%, 65.77% and 67.12%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The infection rates of HGV and/or TTV in blood donors are relatively high, and to establish HGV and TTV examinations to screen blood donors is needed for transfusion security. The genomic heterogeneity of TTV or HGV is present in the isolates from different areas.

Selenium Content in Blood of Donors from the North of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Selenium is an element which participates in antioxidant enzymes. A medium and long term lack of such element is associated, mainly, with heart disease, joint and bone structure problems and thyroid activity. Selenium contents in blood reflect its ingestion and food content variation. It depends on soil characteristics, such as pH and selenium presence. There are few studies concerning selenium levels in food and blood in Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine selenium content in a blood donor group in Rio de Janeiro state, conducted from December 2008 to March 2009. From the donated blood to Regional Blood Center of Campos dos Goytacazes, 4.0 mL were submitted to selenium analysis through atomic absorption spectrometry of hydride generation and organic matter oxidation wet basis with nitric and perchloric acid. Selenium content varied from 75 ± 16 ng·g-1 for females and 70 ± 21 ng·g-1 for males. There was no significant difference among selenium contents in blood from donors of different gender, age and residence. Seventy four percent of donors had selenium content in blood below 70 ng·mL-1, the lowest level for maximum selenoproteins production, according to the Nutritional Prevention Cancer.

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) among Voluntary Healthy Blood Donors at Tellewonyan Memorial Hospital Voinjama, Lofa County, Liberia

Background: The prevalence of transfusion associated hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection differs across different population geographically. Ascertaining the seroprevalence of HBV infection is vital to informing the way of precautionary and control strategies. This study sought to establish the seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBVsAg) among blood donors in Yelewonyan Memorial Hospital Lofa, Liberia. Methods: This was a retrospective study which involved reviewing of blood donation records for the year 2020 at Telewonyan Memorial Hospital in Lofa County. The data obtained from the records were analyzed. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 12 for windows. Results: A total of 584 voluntary blood donors were screened for donation in 2020. Out of 584, 554 (95.9%) were males while the rest were females. Prevalence of 3.3% was observed among blood donors in Telewonyan Memorial Hospital. There is a significant difference between gender and age with HBV seropositivity among blood donors. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the study site is of low endemicity with HBV infection. Usually, males are more probably to be HBVsAg seropositive than their female’s counterpart. Planning more extensive study and educational programs would help minimize the spread of HBV infection among the general population.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of the General Population of Bukavu in the Democratic Republic of Congo on Blood Donation and Blood Transfusion

Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding blood donation in the general population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted and enrolled 416 people between 18 and 65 years old at random, living in three health zones in the city of Bukavu in eastern DRC. These subjects responded to a questionnaire on knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding blood donation. Results: Our sample consisted of 61.5% men, 70.9% of people from one level of education at the secondary level and 60% unemployed. According to the surveyed subjects blood was considered as a fuel of the body in 44.6% and as a source of life in 44.1%. Sixty-one percent of the population did not know the practice of blood donation;this knowledge differed significantly (p < 0.0001) according to the level of education. 67.1% of people knew that the blood had negative effects and 27.4% did not know where the blood bags were stored. Channels of knowledge about blood donation practices were associations of blood donors (30.9%), awareness campaigns (18.2%), school (17.3%) and media (15.5%), churches (10%), and friends (8.1%). Approximately 85% of subjects who knew blood donation agreed with blood donation and blood transfusion but only 54.9% had donated blood in their lifetime, with a proportion of loyalty to blood donation (31.8%). In the population 59.4% were willing to donate blood. Motivation to donate blood most common (66%) was volunteerism while 19.1% were willing to donate blood for a family member and 12.6% willing to donate blood against money. The reasons for refusal to donate blood identified were fear of contracting diseases especially HIV, lack of information, religious beliefs, the sale of the collected blood by medical staff, and fear of test result for HIV. Conclusion: Factors of refusal to donate blood were identified. Efforts and new strategies tailored to these factors must be developed and implemented to increase blood donation.

A Retrospective Study of Directed Blood Donations in the Kasungu District of Malawi

Since the discovery of blood circulation and transfusion, there has been an insatiable demand for voluntary blood donations throughout the world. However, gathering blood donors has never been easy because eligible donors constitute only a fraction of the general population and are often reluctant to donate. This is especially challenging in underprivileged countries of sub-Saharan Africa such as Malawi whose nationally run blood transfusion service struggles to maintain hospital blood banks. As a result, hospitals turn to their local communities for directed donations. A retrospective analysis from January 2014 to June 2016 of directed blood donor data from two hospitals in the Kasungu District of Malawi was conducted. The analysis of 2134 donations was carried out with respect to sex, age, hemoglobin concentration, blood group, and presence of transfusion-transmissible infections. On average, donors were 30 years of age and predominately male. Blood group O+ constituted more than half of all directed blood donations. Ultimately, about one third of donations were unable to be utilized for transfusion.

Development of Blood Donation Activities in Kyrgyzstan and General Implications for Blood Donation

Objectives: This article is aiming to give an essential informative principle about the development of blood donation activities in Kyrgyzstan. Background: The sequence of blood donation procedure steps before donation, during donation, and after donation was shown and discussed. Methods/Materials: Rhesus factor determination in donors was achieved by “COLICO” method which is based on the use of monoclonal antibodies solution. Results: According to the blood donation activity of donors in Osh, Kyrgyzstan for the 2018 year, it was found that gratuitous donors who donated blood in 6 months were 269, in 9 months were 366, and in 1 year were 499 people. Relative donors who donated blood in 6 months were 3480, in 9 months were 5100, and in 1 year were 6701 people. Active donors donated blood in 6 months were 12, in 9 months were 14 and in 1 year were 17 people. Conclusion: No agglutination was observed in any of the plates for the first blood group;agglutination was observed with anti-A monoclonal antibody solution for the second blood group;agglutination was observed with anti-B monoclonal antibody solution for the third blood group;agglutination was observed with both of anti-A and anti-B monoclonal antibody solutions for the fourth blood group.

2016—2022年我国17家血液中心献血者HBV感染相关标记物检测情况分析

目的探讨我国17家省会城市血液中心(简称血液中心)献血者HBV的感染情况,为安全献血者管理提供参考。方法选取17家血液中心,收集2016—2022年献血者HBsAg和乙型肝炎病毒核酸(HBV DNA)检测结果,比较初次献血者和重复献血者HBsAg不合格率及年度变化趋势、初次献血者和重复献血者HBsAg不合格率差异、HBsAg合格献血者HBV DNA单独不合格(HBsAg-/HBV DNA+)情况和献血者总体HBV不合格率,比较不同地区血液中心献血者总体HBV不合格率。结果2016—2022年17家血液中心初次献血者HBsAg不合格率为59.60‱(1.60‱~142.85‱),重复献血者HBsAg不合格率为16.67‱(0.60‱~48.68‱),HBsAg合格献血者中HBV DNA单独不合格率为6.69‱(1.30‱~17.57‱),献血者总体HBV不合格率为47.06‱(3.46‱~103.78‱),上述4项不合格率的比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。东部地区献血者HBV总体不合格率(34.04‱)低于中部地区(50.42‱)和西部地区(52.07‱),3个地区献血者间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论17个省会城市初次献血者和重复献血者的HBsAg不合格率随时间整体呈下降趋势,重复献血者是相对安全的献血人群,HBV DNA检测可进一步降低HBV经血传播的风险。献血人群HBV感染分布具有地域性,东部地区献血者HBV不合格率明显低于中西部地区,与一般人群HBV流行分布情况一致。

石家庄市无偿献血者感染性指标检测不合格人群特征分析

目的分析石家庄市无偿献血者感染性指标检测不合格人群分布特征,以排除献血的高风险人群,为制定献血者招募策略提供理论依据。方法对2022年河北省血液中心采集的无偿献血者标本进行感染性指标[乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗-HCV)、人免疫缺陷病毒抗体(抗-HIV)、梅毒抗体(抗-TP)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、血液病毒核酸(NAT)]筛查,分析检测不合格标本的人群分布特性,并采用多因素Logistic回归分析其影响因素。结果2022年共检测献血者标本182950份,感染性指标总不合格率为1.21%。性别方面,女性无偿献血者ALT不合格率明显低于男性(P<0.05),但HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-TP、抗-HIV四项传染性指标不合格率均明显高于男性(P<0.05);年龄方面,ALT不合格率最高者为26~35岁献血者,HBsAg和NAT不合格率最高者为36~45岁献血者,抗-HCV和抗-TP不合格率最高者为46~60岁献血者,抗-HIV为18~25岁献血者;文化程度方面,ALT、抗-HCV、抗-TP、NAT不合格率最高者均为初中文化程度献血者;职业方面,ALT、HBsAg不合格率最高者为农民,抗-TP、抗-HIV不合格率最高者为自由职业者,NAT不合格率最高者为学生和商贸职员;初次献血者的HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-TP、抗-HIV不合格率明显高于重复献血者(P<0.05)。性别、职业、文化程度、年龄、季节、采血队、献血次数、血型是影响血液筛查阳性率的主要因素。结论献血人群感染指标阳性率分布具有性别、年龄、文化程度、职业、献血频次的分布特征,且受多种因素的影响。应将高风险人群排除在献血队伍之外,提高输血安全。

献血者使用HIV抗病毒治疗药物对血液安全的影响

目的分析深圳市无偿献血者中使用抗病毒治疗(ART)药物对血液安全的潜在风险。方法应用液相色谱-质谱联用技术(HPLC-MS/MS),检测定期献血者(阴性对照组n=86)、抗-HIV阳性检出者(实验组n=98,检出于2019—2023年约44万献血者)血浆中ART药物,探明阴性对照组ART药物血浆基线浓度,分析使用ART药物对血液安全的影响。结果86例阴性对照组血浆标本未检测到基线浓度的ART药物;98例实验组1∶2人份混合血浆标本中,经拆分确证检出4例ART药物标本,ART药物检出率为4.08%。其中,3例检出ART药物替诺福韦、拉米夫定、依非韦伦,1例检出拉米夫定、洛匹那韦、利托那韦、齐多夫定。结论深圳地区抗-HIV阳性检出者中存在使用ART药物情况,需要进一步探究此类人群献血动机,识别高危人群,保障血液安全。

2021—2022年广州地区献血人群ABO血型筛查结果分析

目的 了解广州地区无偿献血者ABO、RhD血型的分布情况,为保证临床用血安全和更好为献血者服务提供依据。方法 对2021年1月—2022年12月的无偿献血者进行常规ABO、RhD血型检测,统计分析ABO血型构成比,对ABO正反不一致血型、RhD初筛阴性的标本进行血型血清学确证,分析ABO亚型检出情况及漏检原因。结果 2021年1月—2022年12月共筛查献血者标本749 123份,剔除重复献血者后的标本513 291份,其中ABO血型分布为:O型208 126份(40.55%)、A型138 859份(27.05%)、B型130 987份(25.52%)、AB型35 319份(6.88%)。ABO血型初筛正反不一致506份,其中弱/无红细胞反应58份、额外的红细胞反应16份、弱/无血清反应215份、额外的血清反应217份;经血型血清学或分子生物学确认ABO亚型44份,其中A亚型13份、B亚型26份、AB亚型5份;B(A)3份;类孟买血型14份。重复献血者漏检率最高的血型是A_3/B_3类亚型(68.42%)。在513 291份标本中共检出意外抗体阳性128份;RhD血型初筛阴性共2 277份,其中RhD阴性确认2 188份[2 188/513 291(0.43%)],RhD变异型89份[89/513 291(0.02%)],合并检出意外抗体30份[30/2 188(1.37%)]。结论 广州地区献血人群ABO分布O>A>B>AB,RhD阴性人群占比为0.43%,略高于全国汉族人群0.3%~0.4%;ABO血型亚型以B亚型为主;A_3/B_3类亚型的检出率及在常规血型检验中漏检率最高。

重庆市单采血小板献血者经血传播HIV的残余风险评估

目的了解重庆地区初次、重复单采血小板献血者人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)的感染情况,评估血液常规筛查后仍存在的经血传播HIV的危险度,为现有血小板献血招募及血液筛查策略提供数据支持。方法收集2016-2020年重庆地区单采血小板献血者HIV项目的初筛和确证试验结果,分别计算重复献血者和初次献血者的HIV阳性率,并用发病率-窗口期模型进行经血传播HIV的残余风险评估。结果单采血小板献血者中,初次献血者HIV确认阳性14例,阳性率为0.155%,重复献血者确认阳性16例,阳性率为0.027%,二者间HIV确认阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=29.523,P<0.05)。对不同人口学特征的初次单采血小板献血者及重复单采血小板献血者的HIV阳性率分别进行比较,结果显示:不同年龄分组的献血者HIV阳性率比较,差异均无统计学意义(χ^(2)=3.736、1.357,P>0.05);不同性别献血者HIV阳性率比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)=5.452、4.986,P<0.05);不同学历献血者HIV阳性率比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)=18.863、12.049,P<0.05)。重复单采血小板献血者经血传播HIV的残余风险为1/275851。结论重庆地区单采血小板献血者中HIV残余风险处于较高水平,主要来源于初次献血、低学历、男性人群;加强初次献血者的前端征询、筛查,以及定期对献血者进行健康知识科普,优化固定志愿献血者队伍,可进一步降低重庆地区经血小板输注传播HIV的风险。

抗-TP阳性献血者中抗病毒治疗药物使用情况分析

目的了解深圳市梅毒螺旋体(TP)抗体(抗-TP)阳性献血者中抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)药物使用情况,评估人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)诊疗新趋势带来的血液安全风险。方法采用分层随机抽样方法选取2019年3月至2023年1月深圳地区血液筛查合格的重复献血者60例(阴性对照组),规律服用已知ART药物人群3例(阳性对照组),抗-TP阳性/抗-HIV阴性献血者353例(实验1组),抗-TP阳性/抗-HIV阳性献血者25例(实验2组),应用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)方法检测各组血浆样本中8种ART药物浓度,分析ART药物使用情况。结果阳性对照组血浆采用1∶6稀释混样后ART药物仍可检出,实验1组和实验2组1∶6人份混合血浆阳性样本经拆分确证,实验2组检出1例ART药物阳性样本,该样本抗-HIV、蛋白免疫印迹、HIV RNA阳性,抗TP阳性献血者ART药物检出率为0.26%,实验1组ART药物检出率为0.00%,实验2组ART药物检出率为4.00%。结论深圳地区抗-TP阳性献血者中发现使用ART药物情况,合并HIV感染及高危性行为人群更可能使用ART药物。

东莞市献血人群流失原因与人群特征相关性分析

目的:分析东莞市无偿献血流失原因与人群特征,探讨针对性的献血者招募和保留策略。方法:选取2016—2019年东莞市240 228例无偿献血者作为研究对象,采用Shinow 9.0对人群特征进行统计分析;随机选取1 000例(每年250例)流失献血者,通过电话回访调查流失原因。结果:首次献血者和重复献血者性别、年龄、学历、职业比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=1 318.335、10 029.461、626.207、5 693.940,P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析显示,性别、年龄、学历及职业是重复献血者再次献血行为的独立影响因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在献血者流失原因中,献血地点与时间不方便占比最高(31.02%),不愉快的献血经历占比最低(2.69%)。结论:男性、具有较高学历、职业相对稳定人群是动员和招募献血的重点对象。强化献血者沟通机制,借助政府与媒体的宣传力量,消除献血者的顾虑,减少献血者流失,保留更多的无偿献血者。

2013—2022年天津市定期全血献血情况分析

目的分析2013—2022年间天津市定期全血献血基本情况,为完善定期献血者的招募与保留措施,保障充足、安全的临床用血提供数据支持。方法选取2013—2022年天津市定期全血献血者185639人次为研究组,同时期其他全血献血者1015312人次为对照组,将研究组及对照组献血者基本资料、采血量和血液复检筛查情况分别进行统计分析。结果2013—2022年天津市定期献血者人次及献血量逐年增高,年均增长率分别为6.22%和6.18%。2013—2021年定期献血者保留率呈先增高后下降趋势。十年间研究组及对照组男性献血人次占比呈下降趋势,女性献血人次占比呈上升趋势,研究组男性献血者占比高于对照组,女性献血者占比低于对照组(P均<0.05)。研究组以26~35岁年龄段献血者占比居多,36~45岁年龄段献血者占比次之;对照组以18~25岁献血者占比居首位,其次为26~35岁年龄段献血者;研究组18~25岁献血者人次占比低于同年龄段对照组,其余年龄段献血者人次占比研究组均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组200 mL、300 mL献血率及献血不足量率低于对照组,400 mL献血率高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组献血者中学生、公务员、医务工作者、军人、教师及其他的占比低于对照组,其余职业占比研究组均高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义,不同职业献血者中定期献血者人次占比差异明显。研究组ALT及抗-TP复检淘汰率呈先下降后上升趋势,HBV、HCV及HIV复检淘汰率均呈先上升后下降趋势,研究组各项复检淘汰率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论十年间天津市定期无偿献血者情况呈现一定规律性,具有一定的增长空间,应针对不同人群采取精准招募策略,继续壮大定期献血者队伍。

17家省级血液中心献血人群特征回顾性分析

目的统计2017—2022年全国17家省级血液中心献血人群基本特征参数,分析不同年度间献血人群参数变化,为持续完善采血预案提供参考。方法选取我国内地采供血机构执业比对工作组甲组成员单位中17家省级血液中心,将2017—2019年设为对照组,2020—2022年设为观察组,采用F检验和χ^(2)检验,对两组数据的15个献血人群参数进行对比分析。结果结果显示:10个参数变化较大(占比66.7%),即年轻初次献血者(18~24岁)比例、初次献血者(≥25岁)比例、初次献血者占全部献血者的比例、年轻献血者(18~24岁)参加率、献血者基数变化趋势、献血者流失比例、延迟献血率、年度固定献血者数量、前来参加献血的人数、完成捐献的献血者人次数等。结论2017—2022年,我国17家省级血液中心献血人群具有初次献血者占全部献血者的比例高、流失比例高、献血者全面参与率低等特征,较往年有一定延续关系,其中献血者基数变化趋势、延迟献血率等参数变化较大,不同地区呈现特征互有差异。