Hybrid model for BOF oxygen blowing time prediction based on oxygen balance mechanism and deep neural network

The amount of oxygen blown into the converter is one of the key parameters for the control of the converter blowing process,which directly affects the tap-to-tap time of converter. In this study, a hybrid model based on oxygen balance mechanism (OBM) and deep neural network (DNN) was established for predicting oxygen blowing time in converter. A three-step method was utilized in the hybrid model. First, the oxygen consumption volume was predicted by the OBM model and DNN model, respectively. Second, a more accurate oxygen consumption volume was obtained by integrating the OBM model and DNN model. Finally, the converter oxygen blowing time was calculated according to the oxygen consumption volume and the oxygen supply intensity of each heat. The proposed hybrid model was verified using the actual data collected from an integrated steel plant in China, and compared with multiple linear regression model, OBM model, and neural network model including extreme learning machine, back propagation neural network, and DNN. The test results indicate that the hybrid model with a network structure of 3 hidden layer layers, 32-16-8 neurons per hidden layer, and 0.1 learning rate has the best prediction accuracy and stronger generalization ability compared with other models. The predicted hit ratio of oxygen consumption volume within the error±300 m^(3)is 96.67%;determination coefficient (R^(2)) and root mean square error (RMSE) are0.6984 and 150.03 m^(3), respectively. The oxygen blow time prediction hit ratio within the error±0.6 min is 89.50%;R2and RMSE are0.9486 and 0.3592 min, respectively. As a result, the proposed model can effectively predict the oxygen consumption volume and oxygen blowing time in the converter.

Measurement of solidprecipitation and blowing snow: current status and challenges

In this article,the relevant instruments and techniques for measuring solid precipitation and blowing snow are reviewed,with a focus on the in situ instrument measurements.Moreover,a literature review and specific observation activities for solid precipitation are provided,the working principles of several instruments are introduced,and the advantages and disadvantages,measurement performance,and specific application scenarios of the instruments are evaluated.Currently,there are numerous solid precipitation measurement instruments available,and the standardization and sustainability of these measurements also need to be considered.The purpose of the review is not to be exhaustive but to provide readers with information on the current status of the development of relevant technologies and the prospects for their application in the polar regions.

Exploration and Practice of Nitrogen Addition Process for LF Refining Ladle Bottom Blowing Nitrogen Steel Liquid

This article discusses and analyzes the law of nitrogen increase in liquid steel and the main factors affect-ing the nitrogen increasing of molten steel,through the way of adding nitrogen to molten steel by bottom blowing nitrogen gas in LF refining process.It is considered that the main factors affecting the nitrogen increasing instability of molten steel are the initial temperature of LF refining,nitrogen relative element,surface active elements[O]and[S]of steel liquid,and bottom blowing rate of ladle.The large-scale production practice shows that T[O]not more than 50×10-6 and[S]is not more than 0.020 in LF refining at the initial temperature of not less than 1570.The liquid steel nitrogen enrichment test is carried out by ladle bottom blowing nitrogen gas after 20 min of refining,the flow rate is set as(6.0~7.0)NL/min per ton,and it is turned to 2 NL/min at 6 min before the end of refining,the nitrogen increasing rate of liquid steel is basically stable at(5~6)×10-6 per minute.

Effect of gas blowing nozzle angle on multiphase flow and mass transfer during RH refining process

A three-dimensional mathematical model was developed to investigate the effect of gas blowing nozzle angles on multiphase flow,circulation flow rate,and mixing time during Ruhrstahl-Heraeus(RH) refining process.Also,a water model with a geometric scale of 1:4 from an industrial RH furnace of 260 t was built up,and measurements were carried out to validate the mathematical model.The results show that,with a conventional gas blowing nozzle and the total gas flow rate of 40 L·min^(-1),the mixing time predicted by the mathematical model agrees well with the measured values.The deviations between the model predictions and the measured values are in the range of about 1.3%–7.3% at the selected three monitoring locations,where the mixing time was defined as the required time when the dimensionless concentration is within 3% deviation from the bath averaged value.In addition,the circulation flow rate was 9 kg·s^(-1).When the gas blowing nozzle was horizontally rotated by either 30° or 45°,the circulation flow rate was found to be increased by about 15% compared to a conventional nozzle,due to the rotational flow formed in the up-snorkel.Furthermore,the mixing time at the monitoring point 1,2,and 3 was shortened by around 21.3%,28.2%,and 12.3%,respectively.With the nozzle angle of 30° and 45°,the averaged residence time of 128 bubbles in liquid was increased by around 33.3%.

Successful treatment of a rare subcutaneous emphysema after a blow-out fracture surgery using needle aspiration:A case report

BACKGROUND Many cases of emphysema associated with blow-out fractures occur before surgery due to trauma.However,emphysema can occur even after surgery,and most of such cases are managed conservatively and allowed to resolve.Swelling in the periorbital area due to emphysema that occurs after surgery can make early recovery difficult.CASE SUMMARY Herein,we describe a case of postoperative subcutaneous emphysema that was treated using a simple needle aspiration method.A 48-year-old male patient visited the hospital with a blow-out fracture of the left medial orbital wall and nasal bone fracture.One day postoperatively,swelling and crepitus in the left periorbital area were observed,and follow-up computed tomography showed emphysema in the left periorbital subcutaneous area.Needle aspiration using an 18-gauge needle and syringe was used to relieve the emphysema.The symptoms of sudden swelling improved immediately,and no recurrence was observed.CONCLUSION We conclude that needle aspiration is a useful method that could help in relieving symptom,resolving discomfort,and enabling early return to daily life in patients with postoperative subcutaneous emphysema.

Eco-friendly physical blowing agent mass loss of bio-based polyurethane rigid foam materials

Through systematical experiment design, the physical blowing agent(PBA) mass loss of bio-based polyurethane rigid foam(PURF)in the foaming process was measured and calculated in this study, and different eco-friendly PBA mass losses were measured quantitatively for the first time. The core of the proposed method is to add water to replace the difference, and this method has a high fault tolerance rate for different foaming forms of foams. The method was proved to be stable and reliable through the standard deviations σ1and σ2for R1(ratio of the PBA mass loss to the material total mass except the PBA) and R2(ratio of the PBA mass loss to the PBA mass in the material total mass) in parallel experiments. It can be used to measure and calculate the actual PBA mass loss in the foaming process of both bio-based and petroleumbased PURF. The results show that the PBA mass loss in PURF with different PBA systems is controlled by its initial mass content of PBA in PU materials ω. The main way for PBA to dissipate into the air is evaporation/escape along the upper surface of foam. This study further reveals the mechanism of PBA mass loss: the evaporation/escape of PBA along the upper surface of foam is a typical diffusion behavior. Its spread power comes from the difference between the chemical potential of PBA in the interface layer and that in the outside air. For a certain PURF system, R1has approximately linear relationship with the initial mass content of PBA in PU materials ω, which can be expressed by the functional relationship R1= kω, where k is a variable related to PBA’s own attributes.

Solution of idle LBO problem for high FAR aero combustor

The paper sheds light on the idle lean blow off(LBO)problem for high fuel air ratio(FAR)com⁃bustor,which is impossible to be addressed with traditional aero combustor design.A significant improvement in aero combustor design is required to resolve the idle LBO issue.The authors detailed a practical and efficient solu⁃tion,which not only solved the idle LBO issue but also defined the aero-thermal design for high-FAR combustor.The design will usher in a new era of aero combustor.

Thermodynamic behavior and morphology of impurities in metallurgical grade silicon in process of O_2 blowing

Gas blowing is a valid method to remove the impurities from metallurgical grade silicon（MG-Si） melt.The thermodynamic behavior of impurities Fe,Al,Ca,Ti,Cu,C,B and P in MG-Si was studied in the process of O2 blowing.The removal efficiencies of impurities in MG-Si were investigated using O2 blowing in ladle.It is found that the removal efficiencies are higher than 90% for Ca and Al and nearly 50% for B and Ti.The morphology of inclusions was analyzed and the phases Al3Ni,NiSi2 and Al3Ni were confirmed in MG-Si by X-ray diffraction.It was found that SiB4 exists in Si？B binary system.The chemical composition of inclusions in MG-Si before and after refining was analyzed by SEM-EDS.It is found that the amount of white inclusion reduces for the removal of most Al and Ca in the forms of molten slag inclusion and the contents of Fe,Ni and Mn in inclusion increase for their inertia in silicon melt with O2 blowing.

壁面冷却空气对贫油吹熄特性影响的激光诊断研究

针对燃烧室中冷却壁面的冷却气膜会影响燃烧室内的流场、改变回流区结构,从而影响贫油吹熄特性这一问题,在一带有气膜冷却的旋流燃烧室上开展了不同壁面空气占比下的贫油吹熄极限测量。结果表明:壁面冷却空气占比达到0.2时,不同燃油流量下,以全局空气流量计算,燃烧室吹熄当量比降低的范围在0.09~0.1之间;以主流空气计算,吹熄当量比降低范围在0.01~0.028之间。为了更加深入研究这一规律的原因,开展了平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)激光诊断测量,可知引入壁面冷却空气后,OH基更集中分布在靠近燃烧室底部的火焰根部。在稳定火焰工况中,与近吹熄火焰相比,在燃烧室底部附近的火焰中央有大量OH基分布,这将有助于火焰的稳定,并拓宽贫油吹熄极限。米氏散射实验结果表明,引入壁面冷却空气后可使燃油液滴更集中分布在燃烧室底部附近,这将导致根部火焰局部当量比提高,易于形成稳定的火焰。结合所得实验结果,在所使用的旋流模型燃烧室内,加入占比为0.2的壁面冷却空气,可以拓宽燃烧室的贫油吹熄极限,有助于火焰的稳定。研究结果有望对带有冷却气膜的燃烧室的燃烧稳定性调控问题提供一定的理论指导。

涟钢6号高炉中修停炉及开炉操作

对涟钢6号高炉中修停炉及开炉操作进行了总结。采用回收煤气空料线打水方法停炉,将料面降到风口中心线,全程炉顶煤气H2、02含量控制较好,无爆震现象。在开炉操作中,精心计算开炉料,选择合适的全焦比,优化上下部操作制度,并通过采取中心加焦、在各铁口预埋氧枪、逐步捕开风口等措施,开炉过程整体稳顺。送风13h首次铁实现渣铁分离,第5天达产达效,第10天风量达到4650m^(3)/min,富氧量20000m^(3)/h,利用系数>3.0(m^(3)·d),日产量>6800d,燃料比大幅下降,煤气利用率稳步提高。

一类非线性扩散方程解的blow up速率估计

利用F riedm an-M cleod方法和变动尺度方法研究了一类具有非线性边界条件的非线性扩散方程解的b low up问题,证明了解在有限时间b low up,并且得到了b low up速率估计.

具有非线性记忆的抛物型方程解的Blow up

讨论了m(t)不具单调性的条件下,具有非线性记忆的抛物型方程解的Blow up.

一类非线性耗色散方程解的Blow-up

本文研究一类四阶非线性耗、色散波动方程的补边值问题,在一定条件下,得到了方程解的blow up性质。

具有非线性记忆的抛物型方程解的Blow up估计

讨论了 m( t)单调增加的条件下 ,具有非线性记忆的抛物型方程解的 Blow up,并给出了解的Blow

双管加温二氧化碳吹雾管在非体外循环不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术患者中的临床疗效

目的探讨双管加温二氧化碳吹雾管在非体外循环心脏不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)患者中的临床疗效。方法收集2020年1月至2023年1月于首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院接受OPCABG治疗的122例患者的临床资料,按照治疗方式的不同将其分为常规组(n=61,采用常规术中吹雾管吹雾驱血技术)与加温组(n=61,采用双管加温二氧化碳吹雾管吹雾驱血技术)。比较两组患者术中吹雾管气雾温度、患者核心体温、患者术中心率变异率,统计两组患者术后恢复指标及术后并发症发生率。结果加温组患者接管2.5 min、吹雾15.0 min、吹雾30.0 min时吹雾管气雾温度均高于常规组患者;开心包即刻、吹雾3.0 min、关心包即刻、出室前加温组患者核心体温均高于常规组患者;吹雾3.0、10.0、20.0、30.0 min时,加温组患者心率变异率均低于常规组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。加温组患者抗生素使用时间、引流置管时间、呼吸机应用时间、留置动脉测压时间、术后住院时间均短于常规组患者,术后引流量低于常规组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。加温组患者术后肺感染发生率为3.28%(2/61),低于常规组患者的16.39%(10/61),差异有统计学意义(P=0.015)。结论OPCABG术中采用双管加温二氧化碳吹雾管技术能够有效减小患者术中温差变化幅度,减轻温差刺激诱发的过度心率变异率,有利于患者术后恢复,并可降低术后肺感染发生风险。

非线性拟抛物方程解的Blow-up

用特征函数法分别研究了非线性拟抛物方程u_t—Δu_t=f(u,D_xu,D_x^2u),u_-Δu_t=-△y(u) 与u_t-Δu_t=f(u)+Δg(u)的初边值问题整体解的不存在性与有限时间Blow-up。

Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foams for Cryogenic Insulation

Cryogenic insulation material rigid polyurethane(PU)foams were developed using bio-based and recycled feedstock.Polyols obtained from tall oil fatty acids produced as a side stream of wood biomass pulping and recycled polyethylene terephthalate were used to develop rigid PU foam formulations.The 4th generation physical blowing agents with low global warming potential and low ozone depletion potential were used to develop rigid PU foam cryogenic insulation with excellent mechanical and thermal properties.Obtained rigid PU foams had a thermal conductivity coefficient as low as 0.0171 W/m·K and an apparent density of 37-40 kg/m^(3).The developed rigid PU foams had anisotropic compression strength properties,which were higher parallel to the foaming direction.Moreover,the compression strength was also influenced by the type of applied bio-based polyol.The bio-based polyols with higher OH group functionality delivered higher crosslinking density of polymer matrix;thus,the mechanical properties were also higher.The mechanical strength of the foams increased when materials were tested at liquid nitrogen temperature due to the stiffening of the polymer matrix.The thermal properties of the developed materials were determined using differential scanning calorimetry,dynamic mechanical analysis,and thermogravimetric analysis methods.Lastly,the developed rigid PU foams had good adhesion to the aluminium substrate before and after applying cyroshock and an excellent safety coefficient of 4-5.Rigid PU foams developed using Solstice LBA delivered adhesion strength of~0.5 MPa and may be considered for application as cryogenic insulation in the aerospace industry.

一类退化抛物方程高初始能量下解的有限时刻爆破及整体存在性

We consider the initial-boundary value problem for finitely degenerate parabolic equation. We first give sufficient conditions for the blow-up and global existence of the parabolic equation at high initial energy level. Then, we establish the existence of solutions blowing up in finite time with initial data at arbitrary energy level. Finally, we estimate the upper bound of the blow-up time under certain conditions.

具非线性源的多孔介质方程解的Blow-up时间对初值的相依性

考虑多孔介质方程的Dirichlet问题,讨论在解的Blow-up时间T有限的情况下,当初值出现一个小的扰动函数h(x)时,相应方程的Blow-up时间Th随之发生的变化情况,证明了Blow-up时间|T-Th|和‖h‖L1(Ω)之间连续相依性的结果,其中QT=Ω×(0,T),0≤u0(x)∈L∞(Ω),h(x)∈L∞(Ω),ΩRN是一有界区域,其中对指标m,p的限制满足1<m<p.

半线性拟抛物方程解的Blow-up

研究一类半线性拟抛物方程的初边值问题.首先利用格林函数和最大值原理证明了解的正定性,而后,通过要求非线性项满足正定性条件和凹凸性条件,利用特殊函数法证明了方程正解的有限时间爆破.