Safety Parts of Body to Respiration with Breathing Apparatus in Dangerous Zone

People are witnesses of life imperilling and working background too, as today, even during the evolution. People＇s life interface is disturbed with different shapes of contamination： natural disasters （floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and the other）; on purpose or accidentally-different shapes like： wars, fires, chemical fates, using of dangerous materials in production processes and everyday life... In these mentioned specific conditions, breathing is imperiled, like the vital function of men＇s life and working interfaces. With the technical-technology progress, it is enclosed the development equipment for protection and safety of the respiratory parts of body, faces and eyes, regard to breathing apparatus. Applying the breathing apparatus, the total protection of the respiratory parts of the body, faces and eyes to aggressive materials, smoke and warmth is enabled. Today in the world there are many producers of breathing apparatus with similar technical-technological solutions, of which should be mentioned the main ones： MSA Auer, Dr/iger and Interspiro. Using of the breathing apparatus in practice, continual performation of different activities without consequences for the health and life of the user is enabled, what firstly depends on the user＇s education, regular using, controlling examination and maintenance/servicing.

Thinking in three's: Changing surgical patient safety practices in the complex modern operating room

The three surgical patient safety events, wrong site surgery, retained surgical items (RSI) and surgical fires are rare occurrences and thus their effects on the complex modern operating room (OR) are difficult to study. The likelihood of occurrence and the magnitude of risk for each of these surgical safety events are undefined. Many providers may never have a personal experience with one of these events and training and education on these topics are sparse. These circumstances lead to faulty thinking that a provider won't ever have an event or if one does occur the provider will intuitively know what to do. Surgeons are not preoccupied with failure and tend to usually consider good outcomes, which leads them to ignore or diminish the importance of implementing and following simple safety practices. These circumstances contribute to the persistent low level occurrence of these three events and to the difficulty in generating sufficient interest to resource solutions. Individual facilities rarely have the time or talent to understand these events and develop lasting solutions. More often than not, even the most well meaning internal review results in a new line to a policy and some rigorous enforcement mandate. This approach routinely fails and is another reason why these problems are so persistent. Vigilance actions alone havebeen unsuccessful so hospitals now have to take a systematic approach to implementing safer processes and providing the resources for surgeons and other stake-holders to optimize the OR environment. This article discusses standardized processes of care for mitigation of injury or outright prevention of wrong site surgery, RSI and surgical fires in an action-oriented framework illustrating the strategic elements important in each event and focusing on the responsibilities for each of the three major OR agents-anesthesiologists, surgeons and nurses. A Surgical Patient Safety Checklist is discussed that incorporates the necessary elements to bring these team members together and influence the emergence of a safer OR.

To Establish A Body of Evidence on Safety for Postmarketing Chinese Medicine：A New Research Paradigm

The issue of safety evaluation on postmarketing Chinese medicines has become a hot topic in China’s mainland recently. Researchers and decision-makers can obtain a variety of evidence resources about safety in order to evaluate the safety profile for postmarketing Chinese medicines. A registry study on ten Chinese medicine injections for postmarketing surveillance has come to the end. From such a study observing more than 300,000 patients for more than 4 years, a theoretical research question emerges, that is, how to identify and evaluate safety evidence systematically. We put forward a brand new research paradigm on the theory level, which is to establish a body of evidence on safety evaluation for postmarketing Chinese medicine. Therefore, multiple information sources were explored and extracted from preclinical experiments for toxicity, postmarketing clinical trials for efficacy and safety evaluation, registry study for surveillance, retrospective data analysis from hospital information system and spontaneous response system, and case reports and systematic review from literature. Greater efforts for this idea and cooperation with experts in this field both in China and abroad are urgently needed.