The Impact of Social Media on Dietary Behaviors and Body Image of College Students: A Qualitative Approach

Background: The use of social media platforms for health and nutrition information has become popular among college students. Although social media made information readily accessible in different formats, nutritional misinformation promoted by influencers and non-experts caused negative impact on diet behavior and perception of body image. Previous research indicated that extensive use of social media was positively linked to disordered eating behaviors. Social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram that allow users to follow celebrities intensified exposure to influencers’ messages and images and resulted in negative moods and body dissatisfaction. Objective: This paper aims to explore the impact of social media on college students’ dietary behaviors and body image. Participants: 18 undergraduate students from a public university in the Southern United States were recruited through a mass email. Methods: A cross-sectional qualitative study of three focus groups was conducted. The focus groups were based on guiding open-ended questions. Atlas.ti was used to code and analyze the data using inductive and deductive codes. Results: Three main themes were identified. The conditions theme included elements that explain why and how social media influences the participants’ actions. The actions theme included eating behavior, physical activity, and dietary supplement intake. The consequences theme describes anticipated or actual outcomes of actions such as body image and ideal weight. Conclusions: Social media has had a negative influence on diet behaviors and a positive influence on physical activity. Evidence-based nutrition and weight management information is needed to thwart potential misinformation.

Association between depressive mood and body image and menopausal symptoms and sexual function in perimenopausal women

BACKGROUND Perimenopausal is the period when women's ovarian function begins to decline before and after menopause.During this period,women experience a series of mental state changes,such as decreased hormone levels,decreased libido,and even female sexual dysfunction(FSD)in severe cases,which reduces their quality of life.Factors affecting the occurrence of FSD include physiological and nonphysiological factors,among which physiological factors are uncontrollable.Therefore,it is particularly important to ascertain the related non-physiological factors that affect the occurrence of FSD for improving the quality of sexual life of perimenopausal women.AIM To investigate the mediating effect of depressive mood and body image on menopausal symptoms and sexual function in perimenopausal women.METHODS A total of 186 perimenopausal women were enrolled between January 2019 and January 2021 and divided into the FSD(134 cases)and control(52 cases)groups based on the presence and absence of FSD.Clinical data were compared between the two groups.FSD-related factors were analyzed using logistic regression analysis.Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD),Body Image Scale(BIS),and Menopause Rating Scale(MRS)scores were compared among women with different FSD scores.The correlation of the MRS score with the BIS and HAMD scores and the mediating effect of the BIS and HAMD scores on the MRS score and female sexual function index(FSFI)were analyzed.RESULTS The HAMD and BIS scores were higher in the FSD group than in the control group,and the difference in monthly income between the two groups was statistically significant(all P<0.05).Monthly income of<2000 yuan[odds ratio(OR)=26.586,P=0.000],BIS score(OR=1.590,P=0.000),and HAMD score(OR=1.884,P=0.000)were independent risk factors for FSD.MRS scores were positively correlated with BIS and HAMD scores(r=0.358 and 0.244,P=0.000 and 0.001,respectively)and negatively correlated with FSFI scores(r=-0.433,P=0.000).Body image and depressive mood had partial mediating effects,accounting for 39.90%of the total effect.CONCLUSION Depression and body image play mediating roles between menopausal symptoms and sexual function in perimenopausal women.

Social Media and Its Impact on Chinese’s Women Body Image:The Effects of Body Comparison and Motivation for Social Media Use

Social media ingrain in the lives of countless individuals in the world.With adolescents,particularly young women being the primary users of social media platforms,the question is whether social media use has an impact on their self-esteem,body dissatisfaction,body image,and self-concept.In social media,people can easily find many“perfect”body photos,and people in real life tend to believe that is the“ideal”body and develop negative influence and views on their own body.This exploratory study will conduct through the hypothesis that women develop negative body image after viewing the perfect body images promoted by social media with further experiments.

The Contribution of BMI,Body Image Inflexibility,and Generalized Anxiety to Symptoms of Eating Disorders and Exercise Dependence in Exercisers

1)Background:The common factors which potentially contribute to the development of eating disorders and exercise dependence during early adulthood are still relatively unclear.The present study aimed to examine the role of BMI,body image inflexibility,and generalized anxiety in these two behavioral problems in a sample of college students.2)Methods:In total,878 habitual exercisers(58.1%male with BMI=22.12±2.39;41.9%female with BMI=20.55±2.21)with age of 20.09±1.76 years participated in this study.The main outcomes of interest are exercise dependence symptoms,eating disorders symptoms,body image inflexibility,and symptoms of generalized anxiety(as measured by Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised,Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire-Short Form,Body Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire,and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7,respectively).Pearson correlation,path analysis,and model fit information were tested.3)Results:After controlling for age,gender,and field of study,lower BMI was linked to more exercise dependence symptoms but this association was not statistically significant,while a greater BMI was significantly associated with a higher risk of developing eating disorders(β=−0.08,p<0.001).Moreover,higher body image inflexibility significantly and positively contributed to severe exercise dependence(β=0.26,p<0.001)as well as abnormal eating attitudes and behaviors(β=0.74,p<0.001).Furthermore,generalized anxiety is a significant contributor to exercise dependence symptoms(β=0.14,p<0.001)but not eating disorders symptoms.4)Conclusion:Based on our finding that body image inflexibility is a common risk factor for the development of exercise dependence and eating disorders,the prevention and treatment of these two disorders should involve the improvement of psychological flexibility.In addition,the individual with a higher BMI is more vulnerable to developing eating disorders,while those who have severer generalized anxiety symptoms should be given more attention when screening for exercise dependence.

Effect of Social Media Celebrities on Children’s Satisfaction with Their Body Image

This study investigated the impact of social media and media on children’s body satisfaction in early childhood.The effect of social media and media on children’s body image and differences between girls’and boys’acceptance of their body image were explored.A questionnaire and an illustrated body satisfaction scale were distributed to a sample of 491 children in Saudi Arabia(246 girls,245 boys)aged 5-7 years.The results revealed differences between children’s responses to the illustrated body satisfaction scale and questionnaire.Questionnaire data revealed children were satisfied with their body image(91.4%,standard deviation[SD]0.53),skin color(91.2%,SD 0.53),and weight(79.6%)and did not want to change their shape(73.7%).However,the illustrated body satisfaction scale indicated many children wanted to be like social media celebrities(37.9%),television and film celebrities(32.6%),and famous singers(25.5%).No statistically significant differences were found between girls and boys in body satisfaction,although 66.9%of boys wanted the shape of their body to be more muscular,and girls wanted blue or green eyes and blond hair.This study also revealed Disney princesses had a major effect on girls compared with other media.The researcher recommends conducting longitudinal studies in Arab societies,particularly in Saudi Arabia,to explore the influence of celebrities on children as they age.Importantly,educational policymakers should include pictures of Arab children in the curricula instead of foreign children.

Human Body Image Edge Detection Based on Wavelet Transform

Human dresses are different in thousands way. Human body image signals have big noise, a poor light and shade contrast and a narrow range of gray gradation distribution. The application of a traditional grads method or gray method to detect human body image edges can't obtain satisfactory results because of false detections and missed detections. According to the peculiarity of human body image, dyadic wavelet transform of cubic spline is successfully applied to detect the face and profile edges of human body image and Mallat algorithm is used in the wavelet decomposition in this paper.

The Body Image of Modern Chinese in the Perspective of Western Peregrinators

Since modern times, western peregrinators had described Chinese body image from the perspectives of dress and appearance, physical senses and spiritual characteristics. Dress and appearance were the most explicit symbols for western peregrinators to observe and understand the national image of China. Western peregrinators constructed a discourse system about Chinese body. Western peregrinators' conventional speech, the status quo of poor and weak country, the ideological influence of eastward transmission of western sciences, and the lack of body consciousness of Chinese people had comprehensively shaped the fatuous and pathological body image of Chinese people in the 19~(th) century.

Analysis of the Effects of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Methods to Decrease Body Image Dissatisfaction among Young Women during 2015-2020 and A Research Protocol

Background:Body image dissatisfaction(BID)has garnered global attention.It is significantly correlated with the development of depression,anxiety,eating disorders(EDs)and low self-esteem.BID is increasingly common among adolescents and young women in China,whereas it lacks the effective treatment and prevention programs for BID.Objective:This paper expects to analyze the effective CAMs methods on improving BID,and based on the results,we put forward a feasible and effective study protocol to fill the gap of BID improvement among teenage girls.Methods:Fifty-two studies of CAM in 2015-2020 years in influencing body image and its correlates are col-lected and analyzed,and a study protocol combined“In Favor of Myself”is sent up.This study protocol adds praise,psychological counselling,nutrition education and yoga to the project“In Favor of Myself”,improving BID through group support,shifting attention from focusing on one’s physical appearance to enhancing one’s value,and alleviating pressure and emotions through yoga.Results:Many methods,such as fitness training,psychoeducation,nutritional therapy,music therapy,health promotion programs and internet-based interventions are considered the existing interventions to improve BID.Other CAMs,such as acupuncture,beauty care,Tai chi,and aromatherapy,could be tried in the improvement of BID in further studies.Conclusion:CAM is capable of subjectively changing feelings of bodies,adjusting their cognition of body image,enhancing the body-mind connection,improving self-esteem and relieving negative emotions,but the efficacy and mechanism of CAM working on BID still need more systematic and standardized research.

Discoloration Range and Shroud Image Depth Values Cannot Be Satisfied by the Same Proton Energy

The radiative hypothesis has been revisited showing other characteristics, produced by the protons used as dyes in total disagree with the ones of the Body Image that appears on the Shroud of Turin. Our investigations highlight that for the protons to reach 3.7 cm in air, the distance that measures the range of discoloration effects, must be emitted with an energy of about 1.5 MeV using Wilson and Brobeck’s empirical formula and 1.35 MeV using Bethe’s. This last formula provides a result closer to reality. Bethe shows that the penetration depth is greater than that calculated empirically. Such a value of proton energy (1.35 MeV) makes it possible to satisfy the discoloration effects range for the Shroud but it is incompatible with a depth of penetration in linen that is only 200 nm. Moreover, using the same subatomic particles, we obtained on the colored linen a distribution of energy represented by regression but not linear. Thus, also the possible I(z) correlation, between color intensity and body-sheet distance, which should be due to the oxidizing action of protons, does not agree with that extracted from the Shroud of Turin.

Self-Corporal Image among People Living with HIV/AIDS with Lipodystrophy Syndrome in Brazil

Currently, with the increase in life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLHIV), it is essential to analyze the biopsychosocial aspects involved in satisfaction with quality of life and its multidimensionality, because although HAART produces hope for the control of HIV, can have important emotional consequences. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of lipodystrophy (LDS) on self-esteem and body image of PLHIV in Brazil. It is a psychoanalytic method by semi-structured interview, a body image scale and two drawings that represent the patients’ body image before and after. The diagnosis of LDS was by self-report. Sixteen patients 8 (eight men and 8 women), with a mean age of 43 years, were invited to the HIV-Out ADEE 3002 outpatient clinic of the Dermatology Clinic of the Central Institute of a University Hospital in S&#227;o Paulo. It was noted that 50% of patients reported physical problems and 25% consequences in the family and social sphere. There were increased bodily changes, family problems and social prejudices after HAART and the self-esteem of 88% of patients were shown to be “little adjusted” to their condition. For 63%, physical appearance was a concern and 87% of them reported body dissatisfaction. Patients also reported impact on their sexuality (75% felt less attractive and 88% with reduced libido after starting LDS). The interviews, drawings and body image scale showed important changes in the lives of patients with lipodystrophy, where negative changes in appearance and effects on self-image were observed. This diagnosis seems to influence other aspects of social life, which can lead to prejudice in relation to illness and, therefore, isolation.

APPLICATION OF WHOLE BODY DIFFUSION WEIGHTED MR IMAGING FOR DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING OF MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA

Objective To evaluate the clinical impact of whole body diffusion weighted imaging （WB-DWI） on diagnosis and staging of malignant lymphoma. Methods Thirty-one patients with suspected lymphadenopathy were enrolled. WB-DWI was performed by using short TI inversion recovery echo-planar imaging sequence with free breathing and built-in body coil. Axial T2- weighted imaging images of the same location were used as reference. The results of WB-DWI were compared with pathological results and other imaging modalities. The mean apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC） values of different kinds of lymph nodes were compared. Results WB-DWI was positive in all 18 cases with lymphoma, 5 cases with metastatic lymph nodes and 4 of 8 eases with benign lymphadenopathy. The mean ADC value of lymphomatous, metastatic and benign lymph nodes was （0.87 ± 0.17） × 10^3, （0.98± 0.09） × 10^3 and （1.20 ± 0.10） × 10^3 mm^2/s. There was significant difference in ADC value between benign lymph nodes and other two groups （P 〈 0.01）. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of WB-DWI in diagnosis of lymphoma were 100% （18/18）, 30.8% （4/13） and 71.0% （22/31）. When an ADC value of 1.08 × 10^-3 mm^2/s was used as the threshold value for differentiating malignant from benign lymph nodes, the best results were obtained with sensitivity of 87.8% and specificity of 91.3%. Sixteen of eighteen cases （88.9%） of lymphoma were accurately staged in accordance with clinical staging. Conclusions WB-DWI is a sensitive, but less specific technique for diagnosis of lymphoma. It is difficult to differentiate lymphnmatous from metastatic lymph nodes using WB-DWI. However, it is a valuable imaging modality for staging of patients with malignant lymphoma.

WHOLE BODY DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING:A NEW ERA OF ONCOLOGICAL RADIOLOGY

Cancer has become the leading cause of mortality in the urban area of China. Whole body diffusion weigntea imaging （WB-DWI）, also known as virtual positron emission tomography, has gradually become accepted as an image tool in tumor localization, characterization, staging and monitoring response to therapy or tumor recurrence. Our article aimed to summarize the limited initial clinical use of WB-DWI in the referred area, and to analyze the most potential advantage of WB-DWI in therapeutic monitoring and tumor staging. WB-DWI as a highly sensitive, completely non-invasive, well-tolerated and low price technique has a promising furture in tumor assessment. Profound clinical study is necessary for its further application improvement.

PRELIMINARY APPLICATION OF WHOLE BODY DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING IN SCREENING METASTASIS

Objective To investigate the feasibility of whole body diffusion weighted imaging (WB-DWI) in screening metastasis. Methods WB-DWI was performed in 24 patients diagnosed with various types of primary tumors. The three-dimensional maximum intensity projection reconstruction and black-and-white flip technique were used to observe metastatic lesions, and the results were compared with those of bone scintigraphy. Results By WB-DWI scanning sequence at b = 800 s/mm2, all the bone lesions found by bone scintigraphy in the cohort were well identified, and other lesions of soft tissue and organs were also well demonstrated. Its screening capability was equivalent with bone scintigraphy in screening metastases in bones (P = 0.062). Conclusion WB-DWI was practicable with the parameter settings attempted in metastases screening.

Application of whole body diffusion weighted imaging in bone metastasis

Objective： We evaluated （Whole-Body Diffusion Weighted Imaging, WB-DWl） application in bone metastasis. Methods： WB-DWI with GE 1.5T MR/I was performed on 10 healthy volunteers and 35 patients. WB-DWl and ECT was performed in all 35 patients. Using WB-DWl for detecting bone metastasis and compared them with that of ECT. Results： Background was suppressed in WB-DWl, fat, muscle, vessels and liver appeared same as background. Skeleton showed medium or slightly lower signal. Lymph nodes, some glandular organs, kidneys displayed medium signal. Spleen, testicle, brain tissue were low signal. Bladder, gallbladder were depicted as low signal because of ＂T2 through＂. Bone metastasis were multitude and inequality of size, punctiform, nodosity, column low intensity. Concordance between WB-DWI and ECT was seen in 4 cases. WB-DWl displayed 1 bone metastasis on skull, 46 on rib and sternum, 3 on scapula, 4 on extremities, 83 on vertebral, 36 on pelvic bone. ECT showed 2 bone metastasis on skull, 62 on rib and sternum, 7 on scapula, 9 on extremities, 64 on vertebral, 19 on pelvic bone. WB-DWl was 74% for bone metastasis on rib and sternum, ECT was 77%, 53% for vertebral and pelvic bone. All of the focus were statistics analyses, P 〈 0.05. Total probability distribution inequality if metastasis on different positions. Conclusion： WB-DWI was an effective imaging technology for screening bone metastasis.

RADIONUCLIDE WHOLE BODY BONE IMAGING IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF SKELETAL METASTASES

Of 628 patients with extra-osseous malignancies diagnosed by surgery and/or pathology, 207 (33.0%) were identified as having skeletal metastasis by bone imaging. There was statistical significant difference in the incidence of metastasis in different malignancies (P<0.02). The metastatic rates of nasopharyn-geal, lung, prostate and breast cancers were higher than gastrointestinal, kidney, and other malignancies. There was significant differences in the different sites of skeletal metastasis (P<0.01). They were thorax, spine, pelvis, limbs and skull in order of incidence. Solitary metastatic rate was 15.9%. Biopsy is advised for patients suspected to have metastatic disease but with only one single 'hot spot' in skeletal imaging, particularly in the rib.

Ethnography of Women＇ s Perception of Their Workwear： Comparative Study between South Afi＇ica and Uganda

The study investigates women＇s perception of the workwear, and their awareness about how garment fit can affect one＇s body image. Drawing on the theory of practice, we propose an ethnographic account of women＇s perception of workwear and their preferred alternative. The study presents a comparative perspective of attitudes, and perceptions about the workwear of women in South Africa and Uganda explored through the habitus. We present pro-vocal recollections of women perceptions on the current workwear ideal for men which omits women＇ body physique. In particular, from the current personal protective equipment （PPE）, we examine ＂the overall＂ common attire at site and an integral part of the PPE. Overalls are designed following the men＇s physique, and women in work place are subjected to put them on yet, differences in body structure/shapes amongst women, namely, hour glass, bottom hourglass, spoon, and pear shape, are hardly considered. The identification of different female body shapes is made possible through the 3D anthropometric measurements using a Three Dimensional （3D） Body Scanner （TC2）. We develop endogenous explanations of what women would want to see as workwear based on the understanding of women found on site in men＇s workwear or without any work weal- in South Africa and Uganda. Using ethnographic design approach, we capture voices of 10 women from South Africa and Uganda through participant observation and unstructured interviews. We analyze data thematically to determine the patterns of their responses toward an appropriate workwear. Moreover, we （re）construct these responses into possible design models that would be ideal workwear for women, which gives them the pride, respect, dignity, and confidence as women.

Impacts of Social Media Use

Purposes:This study explores the impact of the influence mechanism of social media on female college students’body dissatisfaction in China and the neglected factors which are not involved in the dominating theoretical framework in this field.Methods:The study adopts a qualitative,in-depth interview method.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 female college students who were concerned about their weight and figures in an attempt to understand their social media use and their perceptions of their body shapes.Findings:Internalization of the thin-ideal,perceived discrepancy,and appearance comparison moderate the relationship between social media use and female college students’body dissatisfaction.Participants exposed to social media tend to internalize the thin-ideal,perceive a discrepancy between their actual body shape and the thin-ideal,and make appearance comparisons,particularly with their peers;subsequently,these students experience body dissatisfaction.Conclusions:The ideal image of thinness that is promoted and diffused by social media creates a strict standard for females.Female college students are likely to suffer from body dissatisfaction the more they consume certain types of social media.Due to the interactive and virtual quality of social networking platforms,peers play a unique role in the influence mechanism,which is not present in traditional forms of mass media.

Cutting Edge-an innovative psychosocial training program for healthcare professionals who provide appearance-altering procedures

Access to psychosocial care is considered a fundamental part of the care for conditions that result in a visible difference,such as cleft lip and palate.At the same time,there is a shortage of trained mental health professionals and structural resources,making it challenging to implement the psychosocial component of care for many healthcare providers worldwide.Therefore,there is a need to find innovative ways to facilitate psychosocial support.This article aims to describe the Cutting Edge Training program that was developed to increase the psychosocial understanding of healthcare professionals who provide care for patients undergoing appearancealtering procedures.The program consists of five modules,with a particular emphasis on social determinants and the impact of living in an appearance-focused society.The developed training program does increase knowledge and awareness of the negative impacts of appearance-related distress and how to improve patient care for those undergoing appearance-altering procedures.Furthermore,it promotes a broader social dialogue about the need to encourage positive attitudes towards diversity in appearance,thus enhancing the future social integration of those who are affected by visible differences.

Psychosocial impact of scars due to cutaneous leishmaniasis on high school students in Errachidia province,Morocco

Background:In Morocco,cutaneous leishmaniasis(CL)is usually known to be a slowly healing localized skin disease,but in some cases,it can lead to mutilating scars.The outbreak of CL due to Leishmania major in the Errachidia province in southeastern Morocco between 2008 and 2010 left many adolescents with permanent scar tissue on the face or other exposed body parts.We studied the psychosocial impact of CL on these young people.Methods:In 2015 we conducted a cross-sectional survey among high-school students living in boarding schools in two CL-endemic areas of Errachidia:Rissani and Tinejdad.A self-administered questionnaire elicited responses about general knowledge of CL and related scars.An open-ended question focused on the possible psychosocial effects associated with these scars.The quantitative data were analyzed with Epi Info^(TM)and the text data with NVivo software.Results:Almost 20%of 448 respondents reported they had experienced a CL lesion and 87%said it could possibly or definitely lead to psychological consequences.The text analysis showed that girls more often than boys expanded on the negative psychological effects of CL.The students considered CL as“dangerous”,“serious”,and“deathly”,and said it sometimes led to extreme suicidal ideations.Conclusions:The burden of CL in this age group is not negligible.The indelible CL scars lead to self-stigma and social stigma,and the emergence of negative psychological effects in this age group.While some students accepted their CL scars and related suffering as their“destiny”,others were eagerly demanding protective measures against CL and treatment for the scars.