Application of Three-dimensional Body Measurement System

The configuration principles and functions of the non-contact three-dimensional （3D） body measurement system （BMS） developed by the Textile/Clothing Technology Corporation （[TC]^2） are described in this paper. The advantages of this new system, compared with traditional contact body measurement instruments （ Martin instruments ） are discussed by selecting 40 female undergraduates of Donghna University as the scan objects. In the experiments both the Martin instruments and [TC]^2 BMS were used respectively. According to the data of different position （Bust Circumference, Full Waist, Full Hips, Bust Height, Front Waist Height and Back Waist Height） obtained from both of the methods we can get the correlation coefficient which is close to 1, indicating that the results of both methods have comparability. Finally some suggestions for the further applications of the non-contact BMS in the apparel development of China are given.

Accurate measurement and influence on device reliability of defect density of a light-emitting diode

A method of accurately measuring the defect density of a high-power light-emitting diode （LED） is proposed. The method is based on measuring the number of emitting photons in the magnitude of 105 under the injection current as weak as nA and calculating the non-radiative recombination coefficient which is related to defect density. Defect density is obtained with the self-developed measurement system, and it is demonstrated that defect density has an important influence on LED optical properties like luminous flux and internal quantum efficiency （IQE）. At the same time, a batch of GaN-based LEDs with the chip size of 1 minx 1 mm are selected to conduct the accelerated aging tests lasting for 1000 hours. The results show that defect density exhibits a greater variation and is more sensitive to LED reliability than luminous flux during aging tests. Based on these results, it is concluded that for the GaN-based LED with a chip size of 1 mm ~ I mm, if its defect density is over 1017/cm3, the LED device performance suffers a serious deterioration, and finally fails.

3-Dimensional Body Measurement Technology

3 - dimensional body measurement technology, the basis of developing high technology in industry, accelerates digital development of aplparel industry. This paper briefly introduces the history of 3 - dimensional body measurement technology, and recounts the principle and primary structure of some types of 3 - dimensional automatic body measurement system. With this understanding, it discusses prospect of 3- dimensional CAD and virtual technology used in apparel industry.

A conoscopic holography-based 3D measurement system for analyzing defects in steel plate surface

A conoscopic holography-based 3D measurement system for analyzing the defects on the surface of steel plates was introduced in this paper. The hardware, which is automated through software, performs sampling of the steel plate surface. Through the software interface,point-cloud data of the steel plate surface are obtained and reconstructed to form a 3D image of the steel plate surface. The software allows automatic analysis of steel plate surface detects through identification of the bulges and depressions. In addition, the software can also automatically calculate the defect information ,such as the deepest point, volume, opening area, opening length, and so on, thereby determining the defect size. The results determined by this 3D measurement system were found to be in good agreement with the actual values.

Study on the Similarities and Differences of Body Measurement Terminology between ASTM and China GB Standard

The similarities and differences of ASTM and China GB standard are studied in three aspects:measure instrument,terminology and applicable field.They are similar on the measuring apparatus and GB has less measurements,such as girth,length and width measurements than ASTM and it lack across chest width,back width,total crotch length and shoulder slope which are important measurements in pattern making.ASTM classifies its standards according to the customers' size,gender and age.So we think GB standard could make some modifications from these fields to satisfy the users.

Association of Congenital Heart Defects (CHD) with Factors Related to Maternal Health and Pregnancy in Newborns in Puerto Rico

Background:Given the pervasive issues of obesity and diabetes both in Puerto Rico and the broader United States,there is a compelling need to investigate the intricate interplay among body mass index(BMI),pregesta-tional,and gestational maternal diabetes,and their potential impact on the occurrence of congenital heart defects(CHD)during neonatal development.Methods:Using the comprehensive System of Vigilance and Surveillance of Congenital Defects in Puerto Rico,we conducted a focused analysis on neonates diagnosed with CHD between 2016 and 2020.Our assessment encompassed a range of variables,including maternal age,gestational age,BMI,pregestational diabetes,gestational diabetes,hypertension,history of abortion,and presence of preeclampsia.Results:A cohort of 673 patients was included in our study.The average maternal age was 26 years,within a range of 22 to 32 years.The mean gestational age measured 39 weeks,with a median span of 38 to 39 weeks.Of the 673 patients,274(41%)mothers gave birth to neonates diagnosed with CHD.Within this group,22 cases were linked to pre-gestational diabetes,while 202 were not;20 instances were associated with gestational diabetes,compared to 200 without;and 148 cases exhibited an overweight or obese BMI,whereas 126 displayed a normal BMI.Conclusion:We identified a statistically significant correlation between pre-gestational diabetes mellitus and the occurrence of CHD.However,our analysis did not show a statistically significant association between maternal BMI and the likelihood of CHD.These results may aid in developing effective strategies to prevent and manage CHD in neonates.

Defected Ground Structure Multiple Input-Output Antenna For Wireless Applications

In this paper,the investigation of a novel compact 2×2,2×1,and 1×1 Ultra-Wide Band(UWB)based Multiple-Input Multiple-Output(MIMO)antenna with Defected Ground Structure(DGS)is employed.The proposed Electromagnetic Radiation Structures(ERS)is composed of multiple radiating elements.These MIMO antennas are designed and analyzed with and without DGS.The feeding is introduced by a microstrip-fed line to significantly moderate the radiating structure’s overall size,which is 60×40×1 mm.The high directivity and divergence characteristics are attained by introducing the microstripfed lines perpendicular to each other.And the projected MIMO antenna structures are compared with others by using parameters like Return Loss(RL),Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR),Radiation Pattern(RP),radiation efficiency,and directivity.The same MIMO set-up is redesigned with DGS,and the resultant parameters are compared.Finally,the Multiple Input and Multiple Output Radiating Structures with and without DGS are compared for result considerations like RL,VSWR,RP,radiation efficiency,and directivity.This projected antenna displays an omnidirectional RP with moderate gain,which is highly recommended for human healthcare applications.By introducing the defected ground structure in bottom layer the lower cut-off frequencies of 2.3,4.5 and 6.0 GHz are achieved with few biological effects on radio propagation in human body communications.The proposed design covers numerous well-known wireless standards,along with dual-function DGS slots,and it can be easily integrated into Wireless Body Area Networks(WBAN)in medical applications.This WBAN links the autonomous nodes that may be situated either in the clothes,on-body or beneath the skin of a person.This system typically advances the complete human body and the inter-connected nodes through a wireless communication channel.

Fatigue test loading methodfor wagon body basedon measured load

Purpose–In this paper,the C80 special coal gondola car was taken as the subject,and the load test data of the car body at the center plate,side bearing and coupler measured on the dedicated line were broken down to generate the random load component spectrums of the car body under five working conditions,namely expansion,bouncing,rolling,torsion and pitching according to the typical motion attitude of the car body.Design/methodology/approach–On the basis of processing the measured load data,the random load component spectrums were equivalently converted into sinusoidal load component spectrums for bench test based on the principle of pseudo-damage equivalence of load.Relying on the fatigue and vibration test bench of the whole railway wagon,by taking each sinusoidal load component spectrum as the simulation target,the time waveform replication(TWR)iteration technology was adopted to create the drive signal of each loading actuator required for the fatigue test of car body on the bench,and the drive signal was corrected based on the equivalence principle of measured stress fatigue damage to obtain the fatigue test loads of car body under various typical working conditions.Findings–The fatigue test results on the test bench were substantially close to the measured test results on the line.According to the results,the relative error between the fatigue damage of the car body on the test bench and the measured damage on the line was within the range of
16.03%–27.14%.Originality/value–The bench test results basically reproduced the fatigue damage of the key parts of the car body on the line.

Measurements and Terminology of Different Measure Methods

Body measuring is very important for garment sizing and pattern making. In this paper, we study the difference of the landmarks between the traditional method and 3D scanner and we also select the 19 circumference measurements,29 height and length measurements, 18 breadth and depth measurements and 3 other measurements, which are quite important in fashion body measuring, to compare the terminology of them in these two measuring method. 3D scanners seem better than the traditional method on these aspects, which are the number of measurements, speed,privacy and data accuracy, but they are limited on measuring posture. And there is no uniform standard for the scanners and the definitions of the measurements in the scanners are diversified.

Auto-measuring System of 3-Dimensional Human Body

To realize the automation of fashion industry measuring,designing and manufacturing, the auto-measurement of 3D size of human body is of great importance. The auto measurement system of 3D human body based on Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) and infrared sensors is presented in this paper. The system can measure the bare size of human body that excludes the effect of clothing quickly and accurately.

Quantitative and Qualitative Body Traits of Longling Yellow Goats in China

Quantitative, qualitative and phenotypic body measurements were determined on Longling Yellow goats in Longling of Yunnan Province in China. Body weight was determined at birth and then at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 mon of age. Body measurements traits including height at wither （HW）, body length （BL）, heart girth （HG）, chest depth （CD）, and circumference of cannon bone （CCB） were determined at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 mon of age. Phenotypic traits including coat colour, horns type, tip horn torsion, nose type, hair on forehead, wattles, ear lobes, black back line, hair on legs, and black hair on belly were determined at 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 mon of age. Males were heavier （P〈0.01 or P〈0.05） than females; and except for chest depth at 24 mon of age （P 〉 0.05）, all other body measurements were also higher （P 〈 0.01 or P 〈 0.05） in males. HW, BL, CD, HG, and BW increased （P 〈 0.01） with age, except for 48 mon of females （P 〉 0.05）; while CCB did not always increase with age. HG had the highest correlation （P〈0.01） with body weights of both sexes. No differences were observed between the two sexes in the colour of the coat, horn type, tip horn torsion, nose type, ear lobes, black back line, and black hair on belly. However, differences exist between the two sexes in the presence of hair on forehead, wattles and long hair on legs. The female goats absence of tip horn torsion had positive effect on all variables measured at 36 and 48 mort of age （P〈0.01 or P〈0.05）. The presence of wattles was associated with heavier body weights from 18 mort （P〈0.01） of age onward, and also with longer HW, BL and CD （P〈0.01 or P〈0.05） in female goats. Female goats with ear lobes had heavier body weights at 12, 36 and 48 mon （P〈0.01） and longer CCB at 12 and 24 mon of ages （P〈0.05）. Hair on legs and black hair on belly only had partly effect body measurements on 12 mon of Longling Yellow female goats. Results of this study provide valuable information that will assist breeders and genetic improvement specialists when conducting selection and preservation programs in Longling Yellow goats in China.

NON-CONTACT MEASUREMENT OF SCULPTURED SURFACE OF ROTATION

A method for measuring the sculptured surface of rotation by using coordinatemeasuring machine (CMM) and rotary table is proposed. The measurement is realized during thecontinuous rotation of the workpiece mounted on the rotary table while the probe moves along thegeneratrix of the surface step by step. This method possesses lots of advantages such as simplicityof probe motion, high reliability and efficiency. Some key techniques including calibration of theeffective radius of the probing system, determination of the position of axis of rotation,auto-centering of the workpiece, data processing algorithm, are discussed. Approaches fordetermining the coordinates on measured surface, establishing workpiece coordinate system andsurface fitting are presented in detail. The method can be used with contact or non-contact probes.Some fragile ceramic and plaster parts are measured by using the system consisting of a CMM, rotarytable, motorized head and non-contact laser triangulation probe. The measuring uncertainty is about0.02 mm which meets the general requirement in most cases.

BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD FOR MOVING AND ROLLING CONTACT OF 2D ELASTIC BODIES WITH DEFECTS

A scheme of boundary element method for moving contact of two-dimensional elastic bodies using conforming discretization is presented. Both the displacement and the traction boundary conditions are satisfied on the contacting region in the sense of discretization. An algorithm to deal with the moving of the contact boundary on a larger possible contact region is presented. The algorithm is generalized to rolling contact problem as well. Some numerical examples of moving and rolling contact of 2D elastic bodies with or without friction, including the bodies with a hole-type defect, are given to show the effectiveness and the accuracy of the presented schemes.

Astronaut mass measurement using linear acceleration method and the effect of body non-rigidity

Astronaut's body mass is an essential factor of health monitoring in space.The latest mass measurement device for the International Space Station (ISS) has employed a linear acceleration method.The principle of this method is that the device generates a constant pulling force,and the astronaut is accelerated on a parallelogram motion guide which rotates at a large radius to achieve a nearly linear trajectory.The acceleration is calculated by regression analysis of the displacement versus time trajectory and the body mass is calculated by using the formula m=F/a.However,in actual flight,the device is instable that the deviation between runs could be 6-7 kg.This paper considers the body non-rigidity as the major cause of error and instability and analyzes the effects of body non-rigidity from different aspects.Body non-rigidity makes the acceleration of the center of mass (C.M.) oscillate and fall behind the point where force is applied.Actual acceleration curves showed that the overall effect of body non-rigidity is an oscillation at about 7 Hz and a deviation of about 25%.To enhance body rigidity,better body restraints were introduced and a prototype based on linear acceleration method was built.Measurement experiment was carried out on ground on an air table.Three human subjects weighing 60-70 kg were measured.The average variance was 0.04 kg and the average measurement error was 0.4%.This study will provide reference for future development of China's own mass measurement device.

Numerical algorithm for rigid body position estimation using the quaternion approach

This paper deals with rigid body attitude estimation on the basis of the data obtained from an inertial measurement unit mounted on the body. The aim of this work is to present the numerical algorithm, which can be easily applied to the wide class of problems concerning rigid body positioning, arising in aerospace and marine engineering, or in increasingly popular robotic systems and unmanned aerial vehicles. Following the considerations of kinematics of rigid bodies, the relations between accelerations of different points of the body are given. A rotation matrix is formed using the quaternion approach to avoid singularities. We present numerical procedures for determination of the absolute accelerations of the center of mass and of an arbitrary point of the body expressed in the inertial reference frame, as well as its attitude. An application of the algorithm to the example of a heavy symmetrical gyroscope is presented, where input data for the numerical procedure are obtained from the solution of differential equations of motion, instead of using sensor measurements.

Beak Measurements of Octopus (Octopus variabilis) in Jiaozhou Bay and Their Use in Size and Biomass Estimation

Cephalopods play key roles in global marine ecosystems as both predators and preys.Regressive estimation of original size and weight of cephalopod from beak measurements is a powerful tool of interrogating the feeding ecology of predators at higher trophic levels.In this study,regressive relationships among beak measurements and body length and weight were determined for an octopus species(Octopus variabilis),an important endemic cephalopod species in the northwest Pacific Ocean.A total of 193 individuals(63 males and 130 females) were collected at a monthly interval from Jiaozhou Bay,China.Regressive relationships among 6 beak measurements(upper hood length,UHL;upper crest length,UCL;lower hood length,LHL;lower crest length,LCL;and upper and lower beak weights) and mantle length(ML),total length(TL) and body weight(W) were determined.Results showed that the relationships between beak size and TL and beak size and ML were linearly regressive,while those between beak size and W fitted a power function model.LHL and UCL were the most useful measurements for estimating the size and biomass of O.variabilis.The relationships among beak measurements and body length(either ML or TL) were not significantly different between two sexes;while those among several beak measurements(UHL,LHL and LBW) and body weight(W) were sexually different.Since male individuals of this species have a slightly greater body weight distribution than female individuals,the body weight was not an appropriate measurement for estimating size and biomass,especially when the sex of individuals in the stomachs of predators was unknown.These relationships provided essential information for future use in size and biomass estimation of O.variabilis,as well as the estimation of predator/prey size ratios in the diet of top predators.

Experimental investigation on the radiation background inside body counters

In vivo measurement of radioactivity based on various body counters is arguably the leading measure used to determine the distribution and activity of radionuclides in human subjects,such as I-131 in the thyroid,Am-241 in the lungs,and Pb-210 in the skull.Throughout the measurements,the radiation background is the key factor that determines the sensitivity of the counter.Therefore,to facilitate in vivo measurements,a well-designed shielding room is required to create a low-background environment.However,because the compositions of the radiation background are quite complicated,the respective contributions from each source remain obscure,which places a considerable burden on seeking an optimized design of shielding rooms that strikes the optimum balance between the construction cost and background suppression effect.In this study,we conducted a systematic experimental investigation on the radiation background outside and inside four representative body counters with assorted designs using a variety of radiation detectors,including high-purity germanium detectors,CdZnTe detector,radon emanometer,and gamma-ray dosimeter.By carefully controlling the experimental conditions and synergetic analysis of the measurement results,in conjunction with previous studies,we separated and determined the relative contributions induced by environmental radiation(4%),airborne radon and its daughters(2%),the normal radioactivity of human subjects arising from K-40(58%),cosmic rays(12%),and radioactivity in shielding materials and measuring instruments(24%).Furthermore,based on these results,we discuss practical guidelines to design a shielding room for body counters.

Gray Model of Human Body Shape

In order to determine the control dimensions of human body in pattern construction and provide the basis for size specification in clothing industry, a gray model is described and established in the application of predicting size specification. By comparing the features of gray model and regression model, it is proved that the former has many advantages over the latter, i.e. more practical and more effective in this application. So it is strongly suggested to apply the innovative gray model instead of the traditional regression model to facilitate the calculation procedure in pattern construction.

Properties of passive nano films on zircaloy-4 affected by defects induced by hydrogen permeation

In this work, hydrogen absorption and the permeation behavior of the passive layer formed on zircaloy-4 are in- vestigated. Potentiodynamic polarization, Mott-Schottky analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Raman scattering spectroscopy are employed to characterize the passive defects before and after hydrogen permeation. It is found that the nanoscale passive ZrO2 films play an important role in the resistance against corrosion; hydrogen impingement, however, reduces the passive impedance towards hydrothermal oxidation. The increase of defects （vacancies） in passive film is probably attributed to the degradation. We believe that this finding will provide valuable insight into the understanding of the corrosion mechanism of zircaloys used in light water reactors.