We initially look at a non singular universe representation of entropy, based in part on what was brought up by Muller and Lousto. This is a gateway to bringing up information and computational steps (as defined by Se...We initially look at a non singular universe representation of entropy, based in part on what was brought up by Muller and Lousto. This is a gateway to bringing up information and computational steps (as defined by Seth Lloyd) as to what would be available initially due to a modified ZPE formalism. The ZPE formalism is modified as due to Matt Visser’s alternation of k (maximum) ~ 1/(Planck length), with a specific initial density giving rise to initial information content which may permit fixing the initial Planck’s constant, h, which is pivotal to the setting of physical law. The settings of these parameters depend upon NLED.展开更多
The Henry’s law constant of volatiles in polymer systems is a crucial parameter reflecting the gas-liquid equilibrium,which is very important for devolatilization.In this research,polyolefin elastomer(POE)-cyclohexan...The Henry’s law constant of volatiles in polymer systems is a crucial parameter reflecting the gas-liquid equilibrium,which is very important for devolatilization.In this research,polyolefin elastomer(POE)-cyclohexane and polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-hexane systems were studied,and the Henry’s law constant was obtained by measuring the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure when polymer solutions containing different mass fractions of volatiles reached a saturated state.The effects of temperature,type of volatiles,and polymer viscosity on the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of the volatiles were investigated.The results indicate that,with the increase of temperature and polymer viscosity,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of volatiles increase.As temperature increases,the solubility of gas in liquid decreases.The relationship between the Henry’s law constant and temperature is consistent with the Arrhenius law.In the PDMS-hexane system,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of n-hexane are higher than those of cyclohexane.The obtained Henry’s law constants can be used as a reference for perfecting the devolatilization process and improving the devolatilization effect.展开更多
In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interact...In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincare dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.展开更多
In classical quantum theory, the Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that plays an important role. It comes into play as an indispensable physical constant in basic formulas for describing natural phen...In classical quantum theory, the Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that plays an important role. It comes into play as an indispensable physical constant in basic formulas for describing natural phenomena. However, relativity is not taken into account in this Rydberg formula for wavelength. If the special theory of relativity is taken into account, R<sub>∞</sub> can no longer be regarded as a physical constant. That is, we have continued to conduct experiments to this day in an attempt to determine the value of a physical constant, the Rydberg constant, which does not exist in the natural world.展开更多
The Newton gravitational constant is considered a cornerstone of modern gravity theory. Newton did not invent or use the gravity constant;it was invented in 1873, about the same time as it became standard to use the k...The Newton gravitational constant is considered a cornerstone of modern gravity theory. Newton did not invent or use the gravity constant;it was invented in 1873, about the same time as it became standard to use the kilogram mass definition. We will claim that G is just a term needed to correct the incomplete kilogram definition so to be able to make gravity predictions. But there is another way;namely, to directly use a more complete mass definition, something that in recent years has been introduced as collision-time and a corresponding energy called collision-length. The collision-length is quantum gravitational energy. We will clearly demonstrate that by working with mass and energy based on these new concepts, rather than kilogram and the gravitational constant, one can significantly reduce the uncertainty in most gravity predictions.展开更多
The Boltzmann constant kB is a fundamental physical constant in thermodynamics. The present CODATA recommended value of kB is 1.3806488(13) × 10^-23 J/K (relative uncertainty 0.91 ppm), which is mainly determ...The Boltzmann constant kB is a fundamental physical constant in thermodynamics. The present CODATA recommended value of kB is 1.3806488(13) × 10^-23 J/K (relative uncertainty 0.91 ppm), which is mainly determined by acoustic methods. Doppler broadening thermometry (DBT) is an optical method which determines kBT by measuring the Doppler width of an atomic or molecular transition. The methodology and problems in DBT are reviewed, and DBT measurement using the sensitive cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is proposed. Preliminary measurements indicate that CRDS- based DBT measurement can potentially reach an accuracy at the 1 ppm level.展开更多
The purpose of this work is to prove that only by applying a theoretically sound information approach to developing a model for measuring the Boltzmann constant, one can justify and calculate the value of the required...The purpose of this work is to prove that only by applying a theoretically sound information approach to developing a model for measuring the Boltzmann constant, one can justify and calculate the value of the required relative uncertainty. A dimensionless parameter (comparative uncertainty) was proposed as a universal metric for comparing experimental measurements of Boltzmann constant and simulated data. Examples are given of applying the proposed original method for calculating the relative uncertainty in measuring the Boltzmann constant using an acoustic gas thermometer, dielectric constant gas thermometer, Johnson noise thermometer, Doppler broadening thermometer. The proposed approach is theoretically justified and devoid of the shortcomings inherent in the CODATA concept: a statistically significant trend, a cumulative value of consensus or a statistical control. We tried to show how a mathematical-expert formalism can be replaced by a simple, theoretically grounded postulate on the use of information theory in measurements.展开更多
由于传统的插入式系统结构繁杂且频繁插拔容易发生电火花等危险,因此无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)系统凭借其固有的优势得到了广泛的研究,逐渐融入各种工业应用中.为了确保电池的性能及使用寿命,有效地为电池提供所需的...由于传统的插入式系统结构繁杂且频繁插拔容易发生电火花等危险,因此无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)系统凭借其固有的优势得到了广泛的研究,逐渐融入各种工业应用中.为了确保电池的性能及使用寿命,有效地为电池提供所需的恒定充电电流和恒定充电电压是非常必要的.然而在充电过程中,电池的等效电阻会发生显著变化从而导致系统很难在近似零相位角(zero phase angle,ZPA)运行下同时实现与负载无关的恒流输出和恒压输出.鉴于此,提出1种基于S/LCL补偿的WPT系统,该系统可以在2个固定频率下实现具有ZPA运行的恒流和恒压输出.最后,搭建了1台恒流充电为3 A和恒压充电为80 V的验证性实验样机,验证了所设计的WPT系统的正确性和可行性.展开更多
In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of t...In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of the evolution of space-time as well as an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms. We find an explanation of the Hubble tension H<sub>0</sub>. Indeed, we have seen that this constant depends on the transceiver pair which can vary from the lowest observable value, from photons of the CMB (theoretical [km/s/Mpc]) to increasingly higher values depending on the earlier origin of the formation of the observed galaxy or cluster (ETG ~0.3 [Gy], ~74 [km/s/Mpc]). We have produced a theoretical table of the values of the constant according to the possible pairs of transmitter/receiver in the case where these galaxies follow the Hubble flow without large disturbance. The calculated theoretical values of the constant are in the order of magnitude of all values mentioned in past studies. Subsequently, we applied the models to 9 galaxies and COMA cluster and found that the models predict acceptable values of their distances and Hubble constant since these galaxies mainly follow the Hubble flow rather than the effects of a galaxy cluster or a group of clusters. In conclusion, we affirm that this Hubble tension does not really exist and it is rather the understanding of the meaning of this constant that is questioned.展开更多
In Part I of this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe was derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according ...In Part I of this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe was derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according to which an electron is accelerated to a constant and relativistic speed at a distance L from a perfectly conducting plane. The charge of the electron was represented by a spherical charge distribution located within the Compton wavelength of the electron. Subsequently, the electron is incident on the perfect conductor giving rise to transition radiation. The energy associated with the transition radiation depends on the parameter L. It was shown that an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density will emerge when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the product of the radiated energy, and the time duration of emission is constrained by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. In this paper, a similar analysis is conducted with a chain of electrons oscillating sinusoidally and located above a conducting plane. In the thought experiment presented in this paper, the behavior of the energy radiated by the chain of oscillating electrons is studied in the frequency domain as a function of the length L of the chain. It is shown that when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the energy radiated within a single burst of duration of half a period of oscillation is constrained by the fact that electromagnetic energy consists of photons, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density emerges as a result. The derived inequality is given by where is the vacuum energy density. This result is consistent with the measured value of the vacuum energy density, which is 5.38 × 10<sup>-10</sup> J/m. The result obtained here is in better agreement with experimental data than the one obtained in Part I of this paper with time domain radiation.展开更多
Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we explain the cosmological tension and the origin of the largest cosmic structures. We show that a change in value of strong coupling constant for cold baryonic matter lea...Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we explain the cosmological tension and the origin of the largest cosmic structures. We show that a change in value of strong coupling constant for cold baryonic matter leads to the disagreement in the galaxy clustering amplitude, quantified by the parameter S8. Within the same model we described the Hubble tension. We described also the mechanism that transforms the gravitational collapse into an explosion—it concerns the dynamics of virtual fields that lead to dark energy. Our calculations concern the Type Ia supernovae and the core-collapse supernovae. We calculated the quantized masses of the progenitors of supernovae, emitted total energy during explosion, and we calculated how much of the released energy was transferred to neutrinos. Value of the speed of sound in the strongly interacting matter measured at the LHC confirms that presented here model is correct. Our calculations show that the Universe is cyclic.展开更多
For a set S of real numbers, we introduce the concept of S-almost automorphic functions valued in a Banach space. It generalizes in particular the space of Z-almost automorphic functions. Considering the space of S-al...For a set S of real numbers, we introduce the concept of S-almost automorphic functions valued in a Banach space. It generalizes in particular the space of Z-almost automorphic functions. Considering the space of S-almost automorphic functions, we give sufficient conditions of the existence and uniqueness of almost automorphic solutions of a differential equation with a piecewise constant argument of generalized type. This is done using the Banach fixed point theorem.展开更多
This paper shows how the Flat Space Cosmology model correlates the recom-bination epoch CMB temperature of 3000 K with a cosmological redshift of 1100. This proof is given in support of the recent publication that the...This paper shows how the Flat Space Cosmology model correlates the recom-bination epoch CMB temperature of 3000 K with a cosmological redshift of 1100. This proof is given in support of the recent publication that the Tatum and Seshavatharam Hubble temperature formulae can be derived using the Stephan-Boltzmann dispersion law. Thus, as explained herein, the era of high precision Planck scale quantum cosmology has arrived.展开更多
无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)系统具有安全、可靠、方便等优点。文章在分析WPT系统锂离子电池内阻及其典型充电方式的基础上,通过对WPT原理和谐振拓扑结构的研究,提出了基于LCC-S补偿式谐振拓扑的WPT系统。在电池等效负...无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)系统具有安全、可靠、方便等优点。文章在分析WPT系统锂离子电池内阻及其典型充电方式的基础上,通过对WPT原理和谐振拓扑结构的研究,提出了基于LCC-S补偿式谐振拓扑的WPT系统。在电池等效负载变化的情况下,通过合理的参数设计,LCC-S补偿式谐振拓扑结构可以分别实现与负载无关的恒流模式和恒压模式,无需切换拓扑结构。在理论分析的基础上,设计了系统的参数,并通过MATLAB仿真系统搭建仿真模型,验证了研究中的恒流模式和恒压模式。展开更多
Recent astronomical NASA observations indicates that visible matter contributes only to about 4% of the universe total energy density, meanwhile, dark matter and dark energy contributes to 26% and 70% of the universe ...Recent astronomical NASA observations indicates that visible matter contributes only to about 4% of the universe total energy density, meanwhile, dark matter and dark energy contributes to 26% and 70% of the universe total energy, respectively, with an average density close to 10–26 kg/m3. This paper proposes an equation of state of dark energy and dark matter as one unified entity. This equation is derived based on the ideal gas equation, Boltzmann constant, Einstein energy-mass principle and based on the assumption that dark energy and dark matter behave as a perfect fluid. This analysis presents what could be the most fundamental particle and quanta of dark matter and dark energy. Considering NASA’s Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer (CMB) which estimated that the sky has an average temperature close to 2.7251 Kelvin, then the equivalent mass and energy of the proposed fundamental particle is determined. It is found that this candidate particle has an equivalent mass of 4.2141 × 10–40 Kg which is equivalent to 3.7674 × 10–23 J. Surprisingly, this value has the same order of Boltzmann constant KB = 1.38 ×10–23 J/K. This candidate particle could be the most fundamental and lightest particle in Nature and serves as the basic block of matter (quarks and gluons). Moreover, assuming a uniform space dark energy/dark matter density, then the critical temperature at which the dark matter has a unity entity per volume is determined as 34.983 × 1012 K. Analytically, it proposes that at this trillion temperature scale, the dark matter particles unified into a new quark-hydron particle. Finally, tentative experimental verification can be con ducted using the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC).展开更多
In this study,a two-dimensional approach is elaborated to study with the lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)the seepage of water in the pores of a soil.Firstly,the D2Q9 model is selected to account for the discrete velocity...In this study,a two-dimensional approach is elaborated to study with the lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)the seepage of water in the pores of a soil.Firstly,the D2Q9 model is selected to account for the discrete velocity distribution of water flow.In particular,impermeability is considered as macroscopic boundary condition for the left and right domain sides,while the upper and lower boundaries are assumed to behave as pressure boundaries controlled by different densities.The micro-boundary conditions are implemented through the standard rebound strategy and a non-equilibrium extrapolation scheme.Matlab is used for the development of the related algorithm.Finally,the influence of porosity,permeability,osmotic pressure and other factors is assessed with regard to seepage characteristics and the ensuing results are compared with Darcy’s law.The computations show that,for fixed initial conditions,the pore structure has a certain influence on the local velocity of seepage,but the overall state is stable,and the average velocity of each layer is the same.The larger the pore passage is,the faster the flow velocity is,and vice versa.For low permeability,the numerical results are consistent with the Darcy's law.The greater the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of seepage,the greater the seepage rate.The relationship between them is linear(yet in good agreement with Darcy’s law).展开更多
Hydrogen peroxide is not only an important oxidant in itself; it also serves as both sink and temporary reservoir for other important oxidants including HOx (OH and HO2) radicals and O3 in the atmosphere. Its partit...Hydrogen peroxide is not only an important oxidant in itself; it also serves as both sink and temporary reservoir for other important oxidants including HOx (OH and HO2) radicals and O3 in the atmosphere. Its partitioning between gas and aqueous phases in the atmosphere, usually described by its Henry's law constant (KH), significantly influences its role in atmospheric processes. Large discrepancies between the KH values reported in previous work, however, have created uncertainty for atmospheric modelers. Based on our newly developed online instrumentation, we have re-determined the temperature and acidity dependence of KH for hydrogen peroxide at an air pressure of (0.960 ± 0.013) atm (1 atm = 1.01325 × 10^5 Pa). The results indicated that the temperature dependence of KH for hydrogen peroxide fits to the Van't Hoff equation form, expressed as lnKH = a/T - b, and a = -△H/R, where KH is in M/atm (M is mol/L), T is in degrees Kelvin, R is the ideal gas constant, and AH is the standard heat of solution. For acidity dependence, results demonstrated that the KH value of hydrogen peroxide appeared to have no obvious dependence on decreasing pH level (from pH 7 to pH 1). Combining the dependence of both temperature and acidity, the obtained a and b were 7024 ± 138 and 11.97 ± 0.48, respectively, AH was (58.40 ± 1.15) kJ/(K.mol), and the uncertainties represent σ. Our determined KH values for hydrogen peroxide will therefore be of great use in atmospheric models.展开更多
The discovery of the Planck relation is generally regarded as the starting point of quantum physics.Planck's constant h is now regarded as one of the most important universal constants.The physical nature of h,howeve...The discovery of the Planck relation is generally regarded as the starting point of quantum physics.Planck's constant h is now regarded as one of the most important universal constants.The physical nature of h,however,has not been well understood.It was originally suggested as a fitting constant to explain the black-body radiation.Although Planck had proposed a theoretical justification of h,he was never satisfied with that.To solve this outstanding problem,we use the Maxwell theory to directly calculate the energy and momentum of a radiation wave packet.We find that the energy of the wave packet is indeed proportional to its oscillation frequency.This allows us to derive the value of Planck's constant.Furthermore,we show that the emission and transmission of a photon follows the all-or-none principle.The "strength" of the wave packet can be characterized by ζ,which represents the integrated strength of the vector potential along a transverse axis.We reason that ζ should have a fixed cut-off value for all photons.Our results suggest that a wave packet can behave like a particle.This offers a simple explanation to the recent satellite observations that the cosmic microwave background follows closely the black-body radiation as predicted by Planck's law.展开更多
In this paper, we investigate the existence, uniqueness and the asymptotic equiv- alence of a linear system and a perturbed system of differential equations with piecewise alternately advanced and retarded argument of...In this paper, we investigate the existence, uniqueness and the asymptotic equiv- alence of a linear system and a perturbed system of differential equations with piecewise alternately advanced and retarded argument of generalized type (DEPCAG). This is based in the study of an equivalent integral equation with Cauchy and Green matrices type and in a solution of a DEPCAG integral inequality of Gronwall type. Several examples are also given to show the feasibility of results.展开更多
文摘We initially look at a non singular universe representation of entropy, based in part on what was brought up by Muller and Lousto. This is a gateway to bringing up information and computational steps (as defined by Seth Lloyd) as to what would be available initially due to a modified ZPE formalism. The ZPE formalism is modified as due to Matt Visser’s alternation of k (maximum) ~ 1/(Planck length), with a specific initial density giving rise to initial information content which may permit fixing the initial Planck’s constant, h, which is pivotal to the setting of physical law. The settings of these parameters depend upon NLED.
基金Polyolefin Elastomer Technology Development project(2020B-2619).
文摘The Henry’s law constant of volatiles in polymer systems is a crucial parameter reflecting the gas-liquid equilibrium,which is very important for devolatilization.In this research,polyolefin elastomer(POE)-cyclohexane and polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-hexane systems were studied,and the Henry’s law constant was obtained by measuring the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure when polymer solutions containing different mass fractions of volatiles reached a saturated state.The effects of temperature,type of volatiles,and polymer viscosity on the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of the volatiles were investigated.The results indicate that,with the increase of temperature and polymer viscosity,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of volatiles increase.As temperature increases,the solubility of gas in liquid decreases.The relationship between the Henry’s law constant and temperature is consistent with the Arrhenius law.In the PDMS-hexane system,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of n-hexane are higher than those of cyclohexane.The obtained Henry’s law constants can be used as a reference for perfecting the devolatilization process and improving the devolatilization effect.
文摘In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincare dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.
文摘In classical quantum theory, the Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that plays an important role. It comes into play as an indispensable physical constant in basic formulas for describing natural phenomena. However, relativity is not taken into account in this Rydberg formula for wavelength. If the special theory of relativity is taken into account, R<sub>∞</sub> can no longer be regarded as a physical constant. That is, we have continued to conduct experiments to this day in an attempt to determine the value of a physical constant, the Rydberg constant, which does not exist in the natural world.
文摘The Newton gravitational constant is considered a cornerstone of modern gravity theory. Newton did not invent or use the gravity constant;it was invented in 1873, about the same time as it became standard to use the kilogram mass definition. We will claim that G is just a term needed to correct the incomplete kilogram definition so to be able to make gravity predictions. But there is another way;namely, to directly use a more complete mass definition, something that in recent years has been introduced as collision-time and a corresponding energy called collision-length. The collision-length is quantum gravitational energy. We will clearly demonstrate that by working with mass and energy based on these new concepts, rather than kilogram and the gravitational constant, one can significantly reduce the uncertainty in most gravity predictions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91436209,21225314,and 91221304)Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB01020000)
文摘The Boltzmann constant kB is a fundamental physical constant in thermodynamics. The present CODATA recommended value of kB is 1.3806488(13) × 10^-23 J/K (relative uncertainty 0.91 ppm), which is mainly determined by acoustic methods. Doppler broadening thermometry (DBT) is an optical method which determines kBT by measuring the Doppler width of an atomic or molecular transition. The methodology and problems in DBT are reviewed, and DBT measurement using the sensitive cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is proposed. Preliminary measurements indicate that CRDS- based DBT measurement can potentially reach an accuracy at the 1 ppm level.
文摘The purpose of this work is to prove that only by applying a theoretically sound information approach to developing a model for measuring the Boltzmann constant, one can justify and calculate the value of the required relative uncertainty. A dimensionless parameter (comparative uncertainty) was proposed as a universal metric for comparing experimental measurements of Boltzmann constant and simulated data. Examples are given of applying the proposed original method for calculating the relative uncertainty in measuring the Boltzmann constant using an acoustic gas thermometer, dielectric constant gas thermometer, Johnson noise thermometer, Doppler broadening thermometer. The proposed approach is theoretically justified and devoid of the shortcomings inherent in the CODATA concept: a statistically significant trend, a cumulative value of consensus or a statistical control. We tried to show how a mathematical-expert formalism can be replaced by a simple, theoretically grounded postulate on the use of information theory in measurements.
文摘In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of the evolution of space-time as well as an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms. We find an explanation of the Hubble tension H<sub>0</sub>. Indeed, we have seen that this constant depends on the transceiver pair which can vary from the lowest observable value, from photons of the CMB (theoretical [km/s/Mpc]) to increasingly higher values depending on the earlier origin of the formation of the observed galaxy or cluster (ETG ~0.3 [Gy], ~74 [km/s/Mpc]). We have produced a theoretical table of the values of the constant according to the possible pairs of transmitter/receiver in the case where these galaxies follow the Hubble flow without large disturbance. The calculated theoretical values of the constant are in the order of magnitude of all values mentioned in past studies. Subsequently, we applied the models to 9 galaxies and COMA cluster and found that the models predict acceptable values of their distances and Hubble constant since these galaxies mainly follow the Hubble flow rather than the effects of a galaxy cluster or a group of clusters. In conclusion, we affirm that this Hubble tension does not really exist and it is rather the understanding of the meaning of this constant that is questioned.
文摘In Part I of this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe was derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according to which an electron is accelerated to a constant and relativistic speed at a distance L from a perfectly conducting plane. The charge of the electron was represented by a spherical charge distribution located within the Compton wavelength of the electron. Subsequently, the electron is incident on the perfect conductor giving rise to transition radiation. The energy associated with the transition radiation depends on the parameter L. It was shown that an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density will emerge when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the product of the radiated energy, and the time duration of emission is constrained by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. In this paper, a similar analysis is conducted with a chain of electrons oscillating sinusoidally and located above a conducting plane. In the thought experiment presented in this paper, the behavior of the energy radiated by the chain of oscillating electrons is studied in the frequency domain as a function of the length L of the chain. It is shown that when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the energy radiated within a single burst of duration of half a period of oscillation is constrained by the fact that electromagnetic energy consists of photons, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density emerges as a result. The derived inequality is given by where is the vacuum energy density. This result is consistent with the measured value of the vacuum energy density, which is 5.38 × 10<sup>-10</sup> J/m. The result obtained here is in better agreement with experimental data than the one obtained in Part I of this paper with time domain radiation.
文摘Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we explain the cosmological tension and the origin of the largest cosmic structures. We show that a change in value of strong coupling constant for cold baryonic matter leads to the disagreement in the galaxy clustering amplitude, quantified by the parameter S8. Within the same model we described the Hubble tension. We described also the mechanism that transforms the gravitational collapse into an explosion—it concerns the dynamics of virtual fields that lead to dark energy. Our calculations concern the Type Ia supernovae and the core-collapse supernovae. We calculated the quantized masses of the progenitors of supernovae, emitted total energy during explosion, and we calculated how much of the released energy was transferred to neutrinos. Value of the speed of sound in the strongly interacting matter measured at the LHC confirms that presented here model is correct. Our calculations show that the Universe is cyclic.
文摘For a set S of real numbers, we introduce the concept of S-almost automorphic functions valued in a Banach space. It generalizes in particular the space of Z-almost automorphic functions. Considering the space of S-almost automorphic functions, we give sufficient conditions of the existence and uniqueness of almost automorphic solutions of a differential equation with a piecewise constant argument of generalized type. This is done using the Banach fixed point theorem.
文摘This paper shows how the Flat Space Cosmology model correlates the recom-bination epoch CMB temperature of 3000 K with a cosmological redshift of 1100. This proof is given in support of the recent publication that the Tatum and Seshavatharam Hubble temperature formulae can be derived using the Stephan-Boltzmann dispersion law. Thus, as explained herein, the era of high precision Planck scale quantum cosmology has arrived.
文摘无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)系统具有安全、可靠、方便等优点。文章在分析WPT系统锂离子电池内阻及其典型充电方式的基础上,通过对WPT原理和谐振拓扑结构的研究,提出了基于LCC-S补偿式谐振拓扑的WPT系统。在电池等效负载变化的情况下,通过合理的参数设计,LCC-S补偿式谐振拓扑结构可以分别实现与负载无关的恒流模式和恒压模式,无需切换拓扑结构。在理论分析的基础上,设计了系统的参数,并通过MATLAB仿真系统搭建仿真模型,验证了研究中的恒流模式和恒压模式。
文摘Recent astronomical NASA observations indicates that visible matter contributes only to about 4% of the universe total energy density, meanwhile, dark matter and dark energy contributes to 26% and 70% of the universe total energy, respectively, with an average density close to 10–26 kg/m3. This paper proposes an equation of state of dark energy and dark matter as one unified entity. This equation is derived based on the ideal gas equation, Boltzmann constant, Einstein energy-mass principle and based on the assumption that dark energy and dark matter behave as a perfect fluid. This analysis presents what could be the most fundamental particle and quanta of dark matter and dark energy. Considering NASA’s Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer (CMB) which estimated that the sky has an average temperature close to 2.7251 Kelvin, then the equivalent mass and energy of the proposed fundamental particle is determined. It is found that this candidate particle has an equivalent mass of 4.2141 × 10–40 Kg which is equivalent to 3.7674 × 10–23 J. Surprisingly, this value has the same order of Boltzmann constant KB = 1.38 ×10–23 J/K. This candidate particle could be the most fundamental and lightest particle in Nature and serves as the basic block of matter (quarks and gluons). Moreover, assuming a uniform space dark energy/dark matter density, then the critical temperature at which the dark matter has a unity entity per volume is determined as 34.983 × 1012 K. Analytically, it proposes that at this trillion temperature scale, the dark matter particles unified into a new quark-hydron particle. Finally, tentative experimental verification can be con ducted using the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC).
文摘In this study,a two-dimensional approach is elaborated to study with the lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)the seepage of water in the pores of a soil.Firstly,the D2Q9 model is selected to account for the discrete velocity distribution of water flow.In particular,impermeability is considered as macroscopic boundary condition for the left and right domain sides,while the upper and lower boundaries are assumed to behave as pressure boundaries controlled by different densities.The micro-boundary conditions are implemented through the standard rebound strategy and a non-equilibrium extrapolation scheme.Matlab is used for the development of the related algorithm.Finally,the influence of porosity,permeability,osmotic pressure and other factors is assessed with regard to seepage characteristics and the ensuing results are compared with Darcy’s law.The computations show that,for fixed initial conditions,the pore structure has a certain influence on the local velocity of seepage,but the overall state is stable,and the average velocity of each layer is the same.The larger the pore passage is,the faster the flow velocity is,and vice versa.For low permeability,the numerical results are consistent with the Darcy's law.The greater the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of seepage,the greater the seepage rate.The relationship between them is linear(yet in good agreement with Darcy’s law).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40875072,20677002)
文摘Hydrogen peroxide is not only an important oxidant in itself; it also serves as both sink and temporary reservoir for other important oxidants including HOx (OH and HO2) radicals and O3 in the atmosphere. Its partitioning between gas and aqueous phases in the atmosphere, usually described by its Henry's law constant (KH), significantly influences its role in atmospheric processes. Large discrepancies between the KH values reported in previous work, however, have created uncertainty for atmospheric modelers. Based on our newly developed online instrumentation, we have re-determined the temperature and acidity dependence of KH for hydrogen peroxide at an air pressure of (0.960 ± 0.013) atm (1 atm = 1.01325 × 10^5 Pa). The results indicated that the temperature dependence of KH for hydrogen peroxide fits to the Van't Hoff equation form, expressed as lnKH = a/T - b, and a = -△H/R, where KH is in M/atm (M is mol/L), T is in degrees Kelvin, R is the ideal gas constant, and AH is the standard heat of solution. For acidity dependence, results demonstrated that the KH value of hydrogen peroxide appeared to have no obvious dependence on decreasing pH level (from pH 7 to pH 1). Combining the dependence of both temperature and acidity, the obtained a and b were 7024 ± 138 and 11.97 ± 0.48, respectively, AH was (58.40 ± 1.15) kJ/(K.mol), and the uncertainties represent σ. Our determined KH values for hydrogen peroxide will therefore be of great use in atmospheric models.
基金Project partially supported by the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong,China(Grant No.RGC 660207)the Macro-Science Program,Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,China(Grant No.DCC 00/01.SC01)
文摘The discovery of the Planck relation is generally regarded as the starting point of quantum physics.Planck's constant h is now regarded as one of the most important universal constants.The physical nature of h,however,has not been well understood.It was originally suggested as a fitting constant to explain the black-body radiation.Although Planck had proposed a theoretical justification of h,he was never satisfied with that.To solve this outstanding problem,we use the Maxwell theory to directly calculate the energy and momentum of a radiation wave packet.We find that the energy of the wave packet is indeed proportional to its oscillation frequency.This allows us to derive the value of Planck's constant.Furthermore,we show that the emission and transmission of a photon follows the all-or-none principle.The "strength" of the wave packet can be characterized by ζ,which represents the integrated strength of the vector potential along a transverse axis.We reason that ζ should have a fixed cut-off value for all photons.Our results suggest that a wave packet can behave like a particle.This offers a simple explanation to the recent satellite observations that the cosmic microwave background follows closely the black-body radiation as predicted by Planck's law.
文摘In this paper, we investigate the existence, uniqueness and the asymptotic equiv- alence of a linear system and a perturbed system of differential equations with piecewise alternately advanced and retarded argument of generalized type (DEPCAG). This is based in the study of an equivalent integral equation with Cauchy and Green matrices type and in a solution of a DEPCAG integral inequality of Gronwall type. Several examples are also given to show the feasibility of results.