Immunomodulatory and anticancer activity of Bombax ceiba Linn leaf extract

Objective:To evaluate the immunomodulatory and anticancer activity of the methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves in vitro and in vivo.Methods:The antioxidant property of methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves was determined by measuring hydrogen peroxide scavenging and DPPH scavenging activity.The effect on cellular immunity in vivo was determined by measuring neutrophil adhesion,carbon clearance,sheep red blood cell induced DTH response and cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression.In vitro anticancer activity was evaluated on human leukaemia cell line(HL-60)by MTT assay,caspase-3 activity,and cell cycle study.Results:The methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves showed antioxidant activity and significantly increased neutrophil adhesion,carbon clearance from blood,DTH response and cyclophosphamideinduced myelosuppression.The MTT assay showed a significant increase in the death of HL-60 cell line.A rise in caspase-3 activity and sub-G1 population in the presence of methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves was observed.Conclusions:The methanolic extract of leaves of Bombax ceiba L possesses anticancer activity,immunomodulatory activity,and antioxidant properties,proving its therapeutic usefulness in the treatment of immuno-compromised diseases and cancers.

A Comparative Phytochemical and Biological Study between Different Solvent Extracts of <i>Bombax ceiba </i>Roots Available in Bangladesh

Use of different solvent systems for extraction of plant materials may cause variation in their bioactivities. The present study was conducted to evaluate the presence of different phytoconstituents and to compare in vitro bioactivities of petroleum ether, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol extracts of Bombax ceiba (B. ceiba) roots available in Bangladesh. Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted using specific standard procedure. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content was also carried out. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities were investigated using disc diffusion method and brine shrimp lethality bioassay, respectively. All the experiments were carried out from February 2016 to September 2016. Phytochemical evaluation revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and steroids. The methanol extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and had the highest phenolic (187.42 ± 3.77 mg/g, GAE) and flavonoid content (74.67 ± 4 mg/g, QE) followed by the DCM and petroleum ether extracts. The extracts showed positive correlation between DPPH radical scavenging activity with the phenolic and flavonoid content. All the extracts showed mild to moderate in vitro antibacterial activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 7 mm to 13 mm. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the observed LC50 values for petroleum ether, DCM and methanol extracts were 70.72 μg/ml, 37.72 μg/ml and 22.58 μg/ml, respectively which revealed strong cytotoxic potential of the extracts compared to the positive control. The results indicated that B. ceiba roots could be a very potent source of natural radical scavenger and cytotoxic agent.

木棉(Bombax ceiba)名称辨析与栽培应用

对木棉的名称进行科学考证,阐述木棉的分布与栽培应用史,综述其在种质资源、纤维应用、药用、观赏及其他应用等方面的研究进展。

The effects of climate and land use change on the potential distribution and nesting habitat of the Lesser Adjutant in Nepal

Climate change and land use change pose a threat to the world’s biodiversity and have significant impacts on the geographic distribution and composition of many bird species,but little is known about how they affect threatened large-sized waterbird species that rely on agricultural landscapes.To address this gap,we investigated how climate and land use changes influence the distribution and nesting habitats of the globally vulnerable Lesser Adjutant(Leptoptilos javanicus) in Nepal.Between 2012 and 2023,we collected distribution data from 24 districts and nesting site information from 18 districts.In a nation-wide breeding survey conducted in 2020,we documented a total of 581 fledglings from 346 nests in 109 colonies.The ensemble model predicted a current potential distribution of 15%(21,637 km2) and a potential nesting habitat of 13%(19,651 km2) for the species in Nepal.The highest predicted current suitable distribution and nesting habitat was in Madhesh Province,while none was predicted in Karnali Province.The majority of this predicted distributional and nesting habitat falls on agricultural landscapes(>70%).Our model showed a likely range expansion of up to 15%(21,573 km2) for the distribution and up to 12%(17,482 km2) for the nesting habitat under SSP5-8.5 scenarios for the 2070s.The range expansion is expected to occur mainly within the current distribution and breeding range(Tarai and some regions of Siwalk),particularly in Lumbini and Sudurpashchim provinces,and extend to the northern portions(Siwalik and Mid-hill regions) in other provinces.However,the current Protected Areas and Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas are inadequate for providing optimal habitats for the species.Although the model suggests range expansion,the use of such novel habitats is primarily contingent on the availability and protection of large-sized trees(particularly Bombax ceiba,observed in 65% of colonies) in agricultural regions where nesting occurs.Therefore,our research suggests that agricultural landscapes should be prioritized in management plans for the conservation of the Lesser Adjutant in Nepal.

不同生境下木棉幼苗叶性状和光合特性研究

植物的叶性状和光合特性会调整权衡分配机制以适应异质生境。以云南勐腊、元江两地的2 a生木棉幼苗为研究对象,实地测定叶面积、叶宽、叶鲜重、叶片含水量等10个叶功能性状和净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等6个光合参数,分析其在不同生境下的差异和相互关系,探讨光合特性对叶性状的响应。结果显示:不同生境下的木棉幼苗叶性状和光合特性之间存在差异(P<0.05),并具有显著相关性(P<0.05,P<0.01);叶性状各观测指标对木棉光合特性具有较强影响,其中叶宽、叶鲜重、比叶面积和饱和重对木棉幼苗光合指标的解释率较高,是影响木棉幼苗光合特性的主要叶性状指标。结果表明,在不同生境下植物叶性状与光合特性的差异性与响应关系显示了植物在应对环境变化下不同的生存策略。

木棉树形结构和叶性状对生境要素的响应研究

植物形态结构是植物本身与外部环境共同作用的结果。为了分析木棉树形结构与叶性状的相关关系,探索地形、土壤和气象要素对木棉生长的影响,以及揭示木棉的生长策略和适应机制,该文以云南省西双版纳国家级自然保护区内230棵木棉为研究对象,测定6个树形结构指标,8个叶性状指标以及所在区域地形、气象、土壤养分等生境要素,使用结构方程模型和变差分解分析各生境要素对木棉树形结构和叶性状的影响和解释度。结果表明:(1)木棉树形结构各观测指标之间、叶性状各观测指标之间存在相关性(P<0.05)。(2)生境要素各观测指标对木棉生长具有较强影响,其中年均降雨量、坡度、平均温度对木棉生长指标的解释率较高,是影响木棉生长的主要生境指标。(3)从标准化路径系数看,3个生境要素对木棉树形结构和叶性状影响具有一致性,均表现为地形要素>气象要素>土壤要素。(4)3个生境要素叠加解释了树形结构和叶性状分别为43.5%和12.3%,表现出树形结构对生境环境的响应大于叶性状对环境响应的特点。研究结果初步探明了木棉不同生长指标对环境要素的适应策略,为木棉在异质生境的培育、繁殖以及木棉人工林高效经营等提供了理论依据和实践参考。

怒江干热河谷木棉种子大小的变异格局

为揭示怒江干热河谷木棉种子大小的变异格局,在该气候区的不同生境采集木棉种子,测定种子生物量、直径用于量化种子大小,并借助回归模型分析种子大小随环境梯度的变化。结果显示:(1)在怒江干热河谷,木棉种子大小呈正态分布;(2)在不同干热区,种子大小依次为轻度干热区﹥中度干热区﹥重度干热区;(3)木棉种子随海拔升高而呈变小的趋势;(4)木棉种子大小的变异性随海拔(或干旱强度)上升不断减小。结论表明,木棉种子大小受到水热条件的选择压力,在稳定的水热环境中木棉种子更大,其大小的变异性也更高。

Single-cell RNA landscape of the special fiber initiation process in Bombax ceiba

As a new source of natural fibers,the Bombax ceiba tree can provide thin,light,extremely soft and warm fiber material for the textile industry.Natural fibers are an ideal model system for studying cell growth and differentiation,but the molecular mechanisms that regulate fiber initiation are not fully understood.In B.ceiba,we found that fiber cells differentiate from the epidermis of the inner ovary wall.Each initiated cell then divides into a cluster of fiber cells that eventually develop into mature fibers,a process very different from the classical fiber initiation process of cotton.We used high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)to examine the special characteristics of fiber initiation in B.ceiba.A total of 15567 high-quality cells were identified from the inner wall of the B.ceiba ovary,and 347 potential marker genes for fiber initiation cell types were identified.Two major cell types,initiated fiber cells and epidermal cells,were identified and verified by RNA in situ hybridization.A developmental trajectory analysis was used to reconstruct the process of fiber cell differentiation in B.ceiba.Comparative analysis of scRNAseq data from B.ceiba and cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)confirmed that the additional cell division process in B.ceiba is a novel species-specific mechanismfor fiber cell development.Candidate genes and key regulators that may contribute to fiber cell differentiation and division in B.ceiba were identified.This work reveals gene expression signatures during B.ceiba fiber initiation at a single-cell resolution,providing a new strategy and viewpoint for investigation of natural fiber cell differentiation and development.

Anti-microbial principles of selected remedial plants from Southern India

Objective:To examine the anti-bacterial activity of leaf extracts of Morus alba L.(Moraceae)and Piper betel L.(Piperaceae),and seed extracts of Bombax ceiba L.(Borabacaceae).Methods:We have partially purified plant extracts by solvent extraction method,and evaluated the effect of individual fractions on bacterial growth using Escherichia coli(E.coli),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) bacterial strains.Results:Compared with Morus and Bombax fractions,Piper fractions showed significant growth inhibition on all the three types of bacteria studied.The EtOAc-hexane fractions of Piper leaves exhibited significant antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) of 50 μg/mL culture against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.The EtOAc-fractions Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅳ inhibited bacterial colony formation on soft agar in addition to growth inhibition.A combination treatment of piper fractions with ampicillin resulted in significant growth inhibition in E.coli and P.aeruginosa,and combination with anticancer drug geldanamycin(2 μg/mL) showed selective growth inhibition against P.aeruginosa and S.aureus.Three major compounds,i.e.,eugenol,3-hexene-ol and stigmasterol,were primarily identified from Piper betel leaf extractions.Among the individual compounds,eugenol treatment showed improved growth inhibition compared with stigmasterol and 3-hexene-ol.Conclusions:We are reporting potential anti-bacterial compounds from Piper betel against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria either alone or in combination with drug treatment.

不同生境的木棉幼苗生长及光合特性

以广布于元江干热河谷和勐腊热带雨林地区的木棉(Bombax ceiba Linnaeus)幼苗为研究对象,通过分别测定两地木棉幼苗生长量、幼苗各器官生物量分配比以及光合参数等,探讨不同生境下木棉幼苗的生长特征及光合特性。结果表明:除地径增长量外,干热河谷元江地区木棉幼苗的生长性状增长量(P<0.05)及根系发达程度(49.04%)显著高于勐腊地区;此外,除蒸腾速率(T_(r))外,元江地区木棉幼苗光合作用及光能利用率弱于勐腊地区;生长性状与光合特性具有复杂关系,其中株高、地径的增长量与胞间CO_(2)摩尔分数(C_(i))呈现显著正相关(P<0.05),且木棉幼苗对干旱环境具有强适应性。

异质生境下不同径级木棉的表型可塑性研究

植物的表型可塑性不仅能揭示生境影响,还能研判其生长策略。为研究在异质生境下木棉(Bombax ceiba)的表型可塑性差异及其生态适应性,采用Pearson相关分析、LSD差异分析及方差分析法,分析干热河谷和热带雨林地区不同径级木棉的树高、枝下高、冠幅和叶面积等表型数据。研究表明:随着胸径的增加两地木棉叶面积减小,而其他特征均呈增大趋势。西双版纳木棉的树高、叶面积始终大于元江,而枝下高和冠幅在Ⅰ径级和Ⅱ径级木棉时小于元江,随着胸径的增加西双版纳又大于元江。说明光热条件对Ⅰ径级和Ⅱ径级木棉影响较强,而Ⅲ径级木棉对水分的响应更明显,体现了木棉在不同生境下的表型构造的权衡关系。通过研究木棉在不同生境及生长阶段的表型结构和生长策略,可为把握其在异质环境下的生存策略提供科学依据。

干热河谷木棉丛枝菌根真菌鉴定及多样性分析

采集5个不同水热条件流域的木棉根系及根际土壤样品,通过形态学及分子生物学方法鉴定AMF的种类并分析其多样性及不同流域之间的差异性。结果表明,AMF种类分布于7科7属17种,多样性指数从高到低依次为金沙江流域、元江流域、澜沧江流域、怒江流域和珠江流域,表明干旱程度越高,AMF孢子密度越大。属于横断山脉的地区具有相似的AMF物种组成,属于云贵高原的珠江流域具有特殊的AMF组成。主成分分析发现,纬度、海拔、年均降水量、年均蒸发量是影响AMF多样性的第1主成分,经度、年均温度为第2主成分。研究认为与经纬度有关的地带性气候和与海拔有关的局部地形对干热河谷的AMF多样性产生了直接的影响。

木棉花多糖提取工艺优化

为了更好地开发利用木棉花多糖,研究选取了料液比、提取时间、提取温度3个因素,通过单因素试验和L_(9)(3^(3))正交试验,以木棉花多糖提取率为考察指标,优化了木棉花多糖的提取工艺。结果表明:木棉花多糖的最佳提取工艺为料液比1∶30(g/mL)、提取温度70℃、提取时间15 min,在该条件下木棉花的多糖提取率为(11.84±0.12)%。该提取工艺提取率高,重复性好,并且比微波提取成本更低,更适合木棉花多糖提取的工业化生产。

Antihyperglycemic,antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of standard ethanol extract of Bombax ceiba leaves in high-fat-diet-and streptozotocin-induced Type 2 diabetic rats

The present study aimed at exploring the therapeutic potential of standard extract of Bombax ceiba L.leaves(BCE) in type 2 diabetic mellitus(T2DM).Oral administration of BCE at doses of 70,140,and 280 mg·kg^(-1),to the normal rats and the high-fat-diet-and streptozotocin-induced T2 DM rats were carried out.Effects of BCE on blood glucose,body weight,and a range of serum biochemical parameters were tested,and histopathological observation of pancreatic tissues was also performed.HPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS/MS analysis indicated that the chemical composition of BCE mainly contained mangiferin,isoorientin,vitexin,isomangiferin,isovitexin,quercetin hexoside,2'-trans-O-cumaroyl mangiferin,and nigricanside.BCE caused a significant decrease in the concentrations of fasting blood glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin,total cholesterol,triglyceride,low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,serum insulin,and malondialdehyde,and increases in oral glucose tolerance,high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,and superoxide dismutase in the T2 DM model rats.Moreover,considerable pancreatic β-cells protection effect and stimulation of insulin secretion from the remaining pancreatic β-cells could be observed after BCE treatment.The results indicated that BCE exhibited an excellent hypoglycemic activity,and alleviated dyslipidemia which is associated with T2 DM.Antioxidant activity and protecting pancreatic β-cells are the possible mechanisms involved in anti-diabetic activity of BCE.

Effects of ethanol extract of Bombax ceiba leaves and its main constituent mangiferin on diabetic nephropathy in mice

The present study was designed to explore the mechanism by which ethanol extract of Bombax ceiba leaves(BCE) and its main constituent mangiferin(MGF) affect diabetic nephropathy by combating oxidative stress. Oral administration of BCE and MGF to normal and streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic mice were carried out. Fasting blood glucose, 24-h urinary albumin, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were tested, histopathology, and immunohistochemical analysis of kidney tissues were performed. Moreover, mesangial cells were treated with BCE and MGF for 48 h with or without 25 mmol·L^(-1) of glucose. Immunofluorescence, Western blot and apoptosis analyses were used to investigate their regulation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function. BCE and MGF ameliorated biochemical parameters and restored STZ-induced renal injury in the model mice. In vitro study showed that high glucose stimulation increased oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in mesangial cells. BCE and MGF limited mitochondrial membrane potential(Δψm) collapse by inhibiting Nox4, mitochondrially bound hexokinase II dissociation, and subsequent ROS production, which effectively reduced oxidative stress, cleaved caspase-3 expression and cell apoptosis. Our work indicated that BCE and MGF had protective effects on diabetic caused kidney injury and prevented oxidative stress in mesangial cells by regulation of hexokinase II binding and Nox4 oxidase signaling.

木棉皮抗消化道肿瘤活性部位筛选及抑制肿瘤转移机制

为筛选木棉皮醇提物抗消化道肿瘤活性部位,探究其抑制敏感肿瘤细胞增殖、转移作用机制,通过采用CCK-8(cell counting kit-8)法考查木棉皮醇提物不同极性萃取部位对人肝癌HepG2细胞、人胃癌SGC7901细胞、人结肠癌SW480细胞和人胰腺癌PANC-1细胞这4种肿瘤细胞的抑制作用,筛选出木棉皮醇提物抗肿瘤的活性部位和敏感细胞。采用细胞划痕实验、Transwell实验和细胞黏附实验,研究木棉皮醇提物抗肿瘤活性部位对敏感肿瘤细胞迁移、侵袭和黏附能力的影响。定量聚合酶链反应法(quantitative polymerase chain reaction,qPCR)检测基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)基因的mRNA转录水平。结果表明,木棉皮醇提物不同极性萃取部位中石油醚部位对人胃癌SGC7901细胞和人肝癌HepG2细胞的抑制率最大,且对人胃癌SGC7901细胞最为敏感。随着木棉皮醇提物石油醚部位浓度增加,在24、48、72 h时间段人胃癌SGC7901细胞的迁移面积相对于空白组有所减小(P<0.05)。与空白组相比,木棉皮醇提物石油醚萃取部位有抑制肿瘤细胞侵袭能力且在一定浓度范围呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05);随着木棉皮醇提物石油醚萃取部位浓度增加,细胞黏附抑制率逐渐提高(P<0.05)。木棉皮醇提物石油醚萃取部位可明显抑制MMP-2和MMP-9基因的mRNA转录水平(P<0.05)。可见,木棉皮醇提物石油醚萃取部位可通过调控MMP-2和MMP-9基因表达抑制人胃癌SGC7901细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭和黏附,提示该部位可能有抑制转移性胃癌细胞引起的继发性肿瘤作用。

接种丛枝菌根真菌后干旱胁迫对木棉根区土壤和体内养分的影响

生长在干热河谷的木棉普遍具有丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)共生系统,这是否是它对干旱环境适应的策略之一?为揭示AMF是否促进木棉吸收养分能力从而提高其抗旱能力,采用盆栽试验对接种和不接种丛枝菌根真菌木棉幼苗进行干旱胁迫处理,测定不同处理下木棉根区土壤养分及植株营养成分含量。结果表明:中度干旱胁迫下,接菌提高了植株根区土壤AK、NO3--N含量而降低了TN、TP含量,在干旱胁迫第30、60、90d时,AK、NO3--N含量分别比未接菌株多37.35%、20.48%、17.77%和173.61%、285.94%、84.62%,TN、TP分别比未接菌株少19.18、2.53、6.32 mg/kg和20.13、29.00、31.40 mg/kg。接菌提高了根茎中TP含量,分别比未接菌株多183.09、292.42 mg/kg,提高了根茎叶中TK含量,分别超出未接菌株189.43、164.79、77.99 mg/kg。重度干旱胁迫下,接菌提高了根区土壤TK、AK、NH_4^+-N含量,干旱胁迫30、60、90 d时,分别比未接菌株多0.40、0.90、0.58 mg/kg,49.53%、68.58%、58.43%和55.72%、393.49%、16.13%。干旱胁迫后期(60、90 d)接菌降低了根区土壤AP含量,分别比未接菌株少15.7%、38.49%。接菌株根茎TP含量大于未接菌株,分别超出9.75、52.78 mg/kg,接菌提高了根茎中TK含量,分别比未接菌株多26.86、45.76、173.30 mg/kg。此外接菌明显降低了植株根区NH_4^+-N含量,中度和重度干旱胁迫下,接菌株和未接菌株降幅分别为3.48、0.10和2.44、0.70 mg/kg。由此可见,接菌改善了木棉植株根区土壤和植株体内营养元素含量,这将为进一步研究木棉的抗旱机理提供理论依据。

木棉树皮的化学成分

采用硅胶、凝胶等柱色谱方法对木棉Bombax ceiba L．干燥树皮的化学成分进行分离纯化，通过NMR，MS等波谱技术鉴定化合物结构，分离鉴定了13个化合物，分别为：羽扇豆醇（1），羽扇豆酮（2），白桦脂酸（3），泽屋萜（4），齐墩果酸（5），3-oxooleanolicacid（6），cleomiscosin A（7），（±）-lyoniresinol（8），链甾醇（9），豆甾-3，6-双酮（10），（＋）-lasiodiploidin（11），aurantiamide acetate（12），（2S，3S，4R，10E）-2-[（2月）-2-hydmxytetmcosanoylamino]-10-octadecene-1，3，4-triol（13）。其中3，4，6，7-13均为首次从该植物中分离得到。

木棉叶化学成分研究(Ⅱ)

目的:对木棉叶化学成分进行研究。方法:采用各种分离手段进行分离,根据波谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果:从木棉叶中共分离纯化了11个化合物,分别鉴定为:蒲公英赛醇乙酸酯(1)、角鲨烯(2)、蒲公英赛酮(3)、β-谷甾醇棕榈酸酯(4)、蒲公英赛醇(5)、4-甲基-豆甾-7-烯-3-醇(6)、1H-吲哚-3-羧酸(7)、6-氧-棕榈酰-胡萝卜苷(8)、12β-羟基-孕烷-4,16-二烯-3,20-二酮(9)、loliolide(10)、5-羟甲基-糠醛(11)。结论:所有化合物均为首次从该属植物中分离得到。

不同施肥处理对木棉叶片光合特性和幼苗生长的影响

采用L25（53）正交实验设计设置不同氮、磷和钾肥施用量及配比﹝单株施用量分别为CO（NH2）22.0、4.0、6.0、8.0和10.0 g,Ca（H2PO4）24.0、6.0、8.0、10.0和12.0 g,KCl 0.6、1.2、1.8、2.4和3.0 g﹞,并设置不同复合肥施用量（单株施用量分别为10、20、30、40和50 g）,比较了施肥后第1至第3个月木棉（ Bombax ceiba Linn.）幼苗叶片光合指标﹝包括净光合速率（ Pn）、水分利用效率（ WUE）、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（ Fv/Fm ）和叶绿素相对含量（ SPAD）﹞和幼苗生长指标（包括株高增长量、地径增长量和叶面积增长量）的变化。结果表明：总体来看,不同施肥处理组木棉幼苗叶片的Pn和WUE值升高,幼苗的株高增长量、地径增长量和叶面积增长量增加,但不同施肥处理对叶片Fv/Fm和SPAD值的影响较小；复合肥对叶片光合生理特性和幼苗生长的影响也较小。在施肥后的第1至第3个月,单株施用量氮肥4.0或6.0 g,磷肥4.0或8.0 g,钾肥1.2、1.8或3.0 g处理组幼苗叶片的Pn和WUE值显著高于对照（不施肥）和大多数处理组；单株施用量氮肥4.0或6.0 g、磷肥4.0-12.0 g、钾肥1.2-3.0 g处理组幼苗的株高增长量、地径增长量和叶面积增长量也均较高。综合分析结果显示：氮肥对木棉幼苗光合生理特性及生长的影响最大,钾肥次之,磷肥最小。综合考虑Pn值、WUE值、株高增长量、地径增长量和叶面积增长量,木棉苗期的适宜单株施肥量为N 1.84或2.76 g、P2 O50.72-2.16 g和K2 O 0.72-1.80 g。