Linear Global Temperature Correlation to Carbon Dioxide Level, Sea Level, and Innovative Solutions to a Projected 6°C Warming by 2100

Too many climate committees, conferences, articles and publications continue to suggest a one and a half (1.5°C) to two degrees (2°C) Celsius as an achievable global limit to climate changes without establishment of any causal link to the proposed anti-warming mechanism. A comprehensive review has found instead that observationally informed projections of climate science underlying climate change offer a different outlook of five to six-degree (5°C - 6°C) increase as “most accurate” with regard to present trends, climate history and models, yielding the most likely outcome for 2100. The most causative triad for the present warming trend from 1950 to the present is identified in this paper: 1) the tripling (3×) of world population;2) the quadrupling (4×) of carbon emissions;and 3) the quintupling (5×) of the world energy consumption. This paper presents a quantitative, linear global temperature correlation to carbon dioxide levels that has great predictive value, a short temporal feedback loop, and the finding that it is also reversible. The Vostok ice core temperature and CO2 values for the past 400,000 years, with past sea level estimates have produced the sufficiently evidential “Hansen’s Graph”. Detailed analysis results in an equation for global average temperature change and an indebted, long-term sea level rise, from even a 20 ppm of CO2 change above 290 ppm, commonly taken as a baseline for levels before 1950. Comparison to the well-known 800,000 year old Dome C ice core is also performed. The best-performing climate change models and observational analysis are seen to project more warming than the average model often relied upon. World atmosphere, temperature, and sea level trends for 2100 and beyond are analyzed. A laboratory experiment proves the dramatic heat-entrapment capability of CO2 compared to pure air, which yields insights into the future global atmospheric system. Policy-relevant climate remediation, including gigaton carbon capture, zero and negative emissions and positive individual action, are reviewed and updated, with recommendations.

茶树Copine家族基因CsBON3的克隆与表达分析

Copine蛋白是一类包含2个C2(N端)和1个vWA(C端)保守域的Ca^(2+)依赖蛋白或磷脂结合蛋白,在胞内信号转导中发挥重要作用。基于序列相似性分析,从茶树转录组数据库中筛选出1条与Copine家族基因高度同源的EST序列。经测序验证该序列包含1 746 bp的完整ORF,编码581个氨基酸。同源比对显示该基因与拟南芥At BON3序列相似度最高(65%),将其命名为CsBON3(Gen Bank登录号为KY435900)。生物信息学分析显示,CsBON3蛋白分子量为63.66 k D,理论等电点为5.48;具有Copine家族蛋白特有的保守结构域;属亲水性蛋白,无信号肽位点,非分泌性蛋白,无跨膜结构域。表达分析表明,CsBON3在茶树花和根系中表达量最高,茎干和成熟叶中表达量最低。低温(4℃)处理茶树1 d后,其表达被显著上调;在生长阶段,该基因表达量高于休眠阶段;同时在接种炭疽菌的茶树叶片中,该基因也被快速上调,表明该基因可能与茶树低温、生长发育及抗病相关。

TOPK抑制剂HI-TOPK-032对胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤BON-1细胞体外恶性表型的影响

目的杀伤性T细胞来源的蛋白激酶(T-lymphokine activated killer cell-originated protein kinase,TOPK)高表达与肿瘤增殖、凋亡、侵袭和转移密切相关。本研究旨在探讨使用TOPK抑制剂HI-TOPK-032对胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤细胞BON-1体外恶性表型的抑制作用。方法通过蛋白免疫印迹实验检测人正常胰腺导管上皮细胞和不同胰腺肿瘤细胞系中TOPK的蛋白表达水平;CCK-8实验检测HI-TOPK-032对BON-1细胞增殖的影响;克隆形成实验检测HI-TOPK-032对BON-1细胞体外克隆形成的影响;Transwell实验检测HI-TOPK-032对BON-1细胞迁移和侵袭能力的影响;流式细胞仪检测HI-TOPK-032对BON-1细胞周期的影响;Annexin V检测HI-TOPK-032对BON-1细胞凋亡和坏死的影响。结果与正常胰腺导管上皮细胞相比,胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤细胞BON-1中TOPK蛋白表达显著上调;在体外实验中,与对照组相比,在含1、2.5、5μmol/L浓度的HI-TOPK-032培养基中,BON-1细胞增殖能力依次减弱(22.2±8.2)%、(90.4±1.0)%、(89.7±0.9)%(P<0.001),克隆形成依次减少(19.1±2.1)%、(42.5±5.7)%、(87.0±5.6)%(P<0.001),迁移能力依次减弱(9.3±5.6)%、(70.5±4.0)%、(87.5±3.5)%(P<0.01),侵袭能力依次减弱(23.0±4.2)%、(60.7±5.4)%、(93.6±3.0)%(P<0.01);在含2.5、5μmol/L浓度HI-TOPK-032培养基中,G0/G1期的BON-1细胞比例分别增加(12.2±2.0)%、(18.3±1.4)%(P<0.001),在5μmol/L浓度时,S期的细胞比例减少(18.4±6.1)%(P<0.01),在2.5、5μmol/L浓度时,G2/M期的细胞比例分别减少(17.6±8.6)%、(16.4±4.5)%(P<0.001);HI-TOPK-032促进BON-1细胞凋亡和坏死,凋亡依次增加(60.6±30.9)%、(79.5±27.5)%、(165.8±34.9)%(P<0.05),5μmol/L浓度时,坏死显著增加,增加(385.8±67.3)%(P<0.001)。结论TOPK靶向抑制剂HI-TOPK-032显著抑制BON-1细胞的体外恶性表型,抑制效果呈剂量依赖式。HI-TOPK-032能调控BON-1细胞周期,促进凋亡和坏死。TOPK抑制剂HI-TOPK-032可能在胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的靶向治疗中发挥重要作用。

RTSE DRUGDGON MONASTERY ATYPICAL BON RELIGION MONASTERY

My First Visit to Rtse Drugdgon Monastery I first heard about Bon religion through a friend ten years ago.Having heard from him how people refer to Bon religion as an"evil religion"and sometimes a"black religion",I became quite terrified.In fact,Bon religion was actually the original Tibetan religion. Piously I prayed:"If one day I visit Tibet,please do not let me encounter Bon religion!"

A BON RELIGION VILLAGE

Editor’s Note: This writer went to Tibet in the summer of 1994, and visited Wenbu in Nyima County, a village dating back to ancient times.

Effect of KCI on Growth of Carbon Fibers During Carbonization of Phenolic Resin

Effects of the KCI additions （1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of the phenolic resin mass ） on phase composition and microstructure of the resin carbon and the growth mechanism of carbon fibers were investigated by using commercial liquid phenolic resin as carbon source and micron-scaled KCl us catalyzer, mixing, hexamethylene- tetramine solidification treating, carbon-embedded firing at 1 000 ℃ for 3 h in order to accelerate the graphitization of phenolic resin during carbonization. The results show that the graphitization degree of resin carbon is im- proved by catalysis of KCl, numerous carbon fibers with 30 - 200 nm in diameter and 10 - 20 μm in length and sheet-like carbon in situ grow in resin carbon. The opti- mal addition of KCl is 5% when lots of carbon fibers can be found in resin carbon, and doo2 diffraction peak of graphite appears obviously in the XRD pattern. The growth mechanism of carbon fiber is that the molten KCl at high temperatures absorbs carbonaceous gas from the decomposition of phenolic resin, accelerating the diffu- sion of solid C atoms in liquid KCl ; after the dissolution of C saturates, carbon atoms separate continuously in lo- cal parts to form carbon fibers or flakes ; meanwhile, the concentration gradient formed by local carbon atoms in the melt offers growth drive for the separation of carbon fibers or flakes on KCl surface.

STUDY ON THE SEQUENCE STRUCTURE OF SBR BY ^(13)C—NMR METHOD Ⅰ. ASSIGNMENT FOR UNSATURAT CARBONS SPECTRA

The sequence structures of emulsion-processed SBR and solution-processed (by lithium catalyst) SBR were investigated by ^(13)C-NMR spectroscopy. Seventeen peaks within unsaturated carbon region were recorded under the adopted experimental conditions. Assignments for these peaks were made by empirical-parameter-evaluation method.

Detection and Delineating of Hydrocarbon Contaminants by Using Time and Frequency Analysis of Ground Penetrating Radar

This paper provides the results of using ground penetrating radar (GPR) method to detect hydrocarbon products (diesel and gasoline) in a controlled lab test. The work addresses the environmental problem generated by the uncontrolled leakage of hydrocarbon products and the subsequent contamination of plumes in the subsoil. Most of the research proposes the geophysical techniques to evaluate the plumes but some controversial were discussed on how it affected the electrical and dielectric response depending on the excitation of the non-invasive method. The present work focuses on a comparative analysis of some signal attributes of the GPR traces to determine under what premises the detection is properly done. These signal attributes were from the time and frequency domain as attenuation coefficient, instantaneous amplitude and frequency have been considered to analyze three different soil samples. The laboratory tests consist of buried liquid (total hydrocarbon of petroleum, so called TPH) bags in the soil sample boxes reveal the range of target detection and consistency of data on the controlled test regarding the dielectric soil characterization and the delimiting position and depth. Instantaneous amplitude and time-frequency shift are revealed as promising signal attributes to accurate detection of the TPH presence. Numerical simulation data were also carried out to interpret the signal reflections on radargrams and to confirm experimental trends and the benefits of using the above signal attributes in time-frequency domain.

Exogenous carbon monoxide attenuates inflammatory responses in the small intestine of septic mice

AIM:To determine whether the carbon monoxide(CO)-releasing molecules(CORM)-liberated CO suppress inflammatory responses in the small intestine of septic mice.METHODS:The C57BL/6 mice(male,n = 36;weight 20 ± 2 g) were assigned to four groups in three respective experiments.Sepsis in mice was induced by cecal ligation and puncture(CLP)(24 h).Tricarbonyldichlororuthenium(Ⅱ) dimer(CORM-2)(8 mg/kg,i.v.) was administrated immediately after induction of CLP.The levels of inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-1(IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-)] in tissue homogenates were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The levels of malondialdehyde(MDA) in the tissues were determined.The levels of nitric oxide(NO) in tissue homogenate were measured and the expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) in the small intestine were also assessed.NO and IL-8 levels in the supernatants were determined after the human adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)(10 g/mL) for 4 h in vitro.RESULTS:At 24 h after CLP,histological analysis showed that the ileum and jejunum from CLP mice induced severe edema and sloughing of the villous tips,as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells into the mucosa.Semi-quantitative analysis of histological samples of ileum and jejunum showed that granulocyte infiltration in the septic mice was significantly increased compared to that in the sham group.Administration of CORM-2 significantly decreased granulocyte infiltration.At 24 h after CLP,the tissue MDA levels in the midileum and mid-jejunum significantly increased compared to the sham animals(103.68 ± 23.88 nmol/mL vs 39.66 ± 8.23 nmol/mL,89.66 ± 9.98 nmol/mL vs 32.32 ± 7.43 nmol/mL,P < 0.01).In vitro administration of CORM-2,tissue MDA levels were significantly decreased(50.65 ± 11.46 nmol/mL,59.32 ± 6.62 nmol/mL,P < 0.05).Meanwhile,the tissue IL-1 and TNF-levels in the mid-ileum significantly increased compared to the sham animals(6.66 ± 1.09 pg/mL vs 1.67 ± 0.45 pg/mL,19.34 ± 3.99 pg/mL vs 3.98 ± 0.87 pg/mL,P < 0.01).In vitro administration of CORM-2,tissue IL-1 and TNF-levels were significantly decreased(3.87 ± 1.08 pg/mL,10.45 ± 2.48 pg/mL,P < 0.05).The levels of NO in mid-ileum and mid-jejunum tissue homogenate were also decreased(14.69 ± 2.45 nmol/mL vs 24.36 ± 2.97 nmol/mL,18.47 ± 2.47 nmol/mL vs 27.33 ± 3.87 nmol/mL,P < 0.05).The expression of iNOS and ICAM-1 in the mid-ileum of septic mice at 24 h after CLP induction significantly increased compared to the sham animals.In vitro administration of CORM-2,expression of iNOS and ICAM-1 were significantly decreased.In parallel,the levels of NO and IL-8 in the supernatants of Caco-2 stimulated by LPS was markedly decreased in CORM-2-treated Caco-2 cells(2.22 ± 0.12 nmol/mL vs 6.25 ± 1.69 nmol/mL,24.97 ± 3.01 pg/mL vs 49.45 ± 5.11 pg/mL,P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:CORM-released CO attenuates the inflammatory cytokine production(IL-1 and TNF-),and suppress the oxidative stress in the small intestine during sepsis by interfering with protein expression of ICAM-1 and iNOS.

Inhibitory effects of carbon dioxide insufflation on pneumoperitoneum and bowel distension after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

AIM:To evaluate the inhibitory effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation on pneumoperitoneum and bowel distension after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG).METHODS:A total of 73 consecutive patients who were undergoing PEG were enrolled in our study.After eliminating 13 patients who fitted our exclusion criteria,60 patients were randomly assigned to either CO2 (30 patients) or air insufflation (30 patients) groups.PEG was performed by pull-through technique after threepoint fixation of the gastric wall to the abdominal wall using a gastropexy device.Arterial blood gas analysis was performed immediately before and after the procedure.Abdominal X-ray was performed at 10 min and at 24 h after PEG to assess the extent of bowel distension.Abdominal computed tomography was performed at 24 h after the procedure to detect the presence of pneumoperitoneum.The outcomes of PEG for 7 d postprocedure were also investigated.RESULTS:Among 30 patients each for the air and the CO2 groups,PEG could not be conducted in 2 patients of the CO2 group,thus they were excluded.Analyses of the remaining 58 patients showed that the patients' backgrounds were not significantly different between the two groups.The elevation values of arterial partial pressure of CO2 in the air group and the CO2 group were 2.67 mmHg and 3.32 mmHg,respectively (P = 0.408).The evaluation of bowel distension on abdominal X ray revealed a significant decrease of small bowel distension in the CO2 group compared to the air group (P < 0.001) at 10 min and 24 h after PEG,whereas there was no significant difference in large bowel distension between the two groups.Pneumoperitoneum was observed only in the air group but not in the CO2 group (P = 0.003).There were no obvious differences in the laboratory data and clinical outcomes after PEG between the two groups.CONCLUSION:There was no adverse event associated with CO2 insufflation.CO2 insufflation is considered to be safer and more comfortable for PEG patients because of the lower incidence of pneumoperitoneum and less distension of the small bowel.

中国生物多样性监测网络建设:从CForBio到Sino BON

生物多样性监测网络的建设在近年来得到了快速发展,特别是在联合国《生物多样性公约》爱知目标（2011–2020生物多样性战略规划,www.cbd.int/sp/）的推动下（马克平,2011a）,从全球到区域和国家尺度,都在加强生物多样性监测工作,以期为生物多样性保护及其进展评估提供翔实可靠的数据（马克平,2011b）。

西非Termit盆地石油地质特征及成藏主控因素

西非Termit盆地是中国石油在非洲极为重要的勘探开发区块。在充分利用钻井、分析化验和地震资料基础上,开展了Termit盆地石油地质特征和成藏主控因素研究,研究表明:①Ter-mit盆地历经前裂谷期、同裂谷期、后裂谷期三大构造演化阶段,同裂谷期发育早晚两期裂谷作用形成中生代—新生代叠置裂谷盆地,宏观具有“东西分带、南北分块”的构造结构特征,控制圈闭的形成与分布。②发育上白垩统Yogou组分布广(18000 km^(2))、厚度大(600~1400 m)、成熟度适中(Ro值为0.7%~1.3%)的海相烃源岩,配置上白垩统Yogou组顶部发育的海相三角洲、古近系Sokor1组辫状河三角洲砂体,及古近系Sokor2组区域性分布的泥岩盖层,形成了上、下两套成藏组合;③明确古近系、白垩系成藏主控因素,古近系为“下生上储”的次生油气藏,油气平面和垂向分布受生烃灶、区域盖层、油源断层和优势沉积相控制,白垩系为“自生自储”原生油藏,油气富集受区域构造活动强度和白垩系内幕构造控制。④构建了基于海相广覆式烃源岩的跨世代油气成藏模式,明确Dinga断阶带、Fana凸起和Araga地堑是古近系油气勘探的有利区带,造活动相对较弱的Moul凹陷及Dinga断阶带南部是白垩系油气勘探的有利区带。地质认识指导勘探部署,在尼日尔Termit盆地获得了重大勘探突破,累计探明石油地质储量超7亿t,为中国石油海外油气增储上产奠定了坚实的基础。

中国科技金融与制造业高质量发展的关系研究

科技金融为企业进行技术研发与创新提供资金支持,因而对于制造业高质量发展具有重要影响。同时,它的出现也是制造业发展到一定阶段的结果。因此,制造业的发展质量也会影响科技金融的发展水平。本文在阐述科技金融与制造业高质量发展相互关系的基础上,首先运用熵值法对中国科技金融与制造业高质量发展水平进行评价,然后运用VAR模型对两者之间的相互关系进行研究。结果表明,中国科技金融发展水平与制造业高质量发展水平都在不断提高;科技金融对制造业高质量发展具有一定的显著影响,但是影响程度还需要再提高;而制造业高质量发展对于科技金融没有显著影响。本文提出提高科技金融产品服务能力、扩大其覆盖范围、转变制造业发展模式、拓宽制造业企业融资渠道等对策建议。

长期自由大气CO_(2)富集下稻田土壤有机碳分布结构与红外光谱特征研究

为探究野外自由大气CO_(2)浓度长期升高对不同深度农田土壤碳、氮含量和分布的影响,依托中国FACE(Free-air CO_(2) enrichment)系统平台,以15年试验区的土壤为研究样本,分析不同深度土壤总碳和全氮含量的变化,基于湿筛法区分颗粒态有机质(POM)和矿质结合态有机质(MAOM),并通过傅里叶红外光谱法研究不同深度土壤有机碳官能团的变化。结果表明:FACE处理有提高0~15、15~30 cm土壤总碳、全氮含量的趋势,其中0~15 cm土壤总碳、全氮含量较对照分别增加12.52%和14.32%,而15~30 cm分别增加21.74%和33.33%。0~15、15~30 cm土壤POM和MAOM的碳、氮含量均高于30~45、45~60 cm土壤,且土壤总碳、全氮更多地分布于MAOM中。FACE处理极显著增加0~15 cm土层POM的碳、氮含量,其增幅分别为25.92%和24.45%;极显著提高0~15和15~30 cm土层MAOM的碳、氮含量,增幅分别为0~15 cm的32.62%(碳)和59.52%(氮)以及15~30 cm的42.34%(碳)和31.06%(氮)。FACE处理与对照各深度土壤有机碳红外特征峰形态基本一致,但主要吸收峰相对强度存在差异。与对照相比,FACE显著减小45~60 cm土壤芳香族官能团(1630 cm-1)的峰面积,增加0~15、15~30 cm土壤但降低30~45、45~60 cm土壤吸收峰峰面积的比值。综上,长期FACE处理有提高表层土壤总碳、全氮含量的趋势,其增量碳、氮更多地分布于MOAM中,同时提高表层土壤有机碳化学结构的稳定性,有利于表层土壤固碳。

计及改进生物质燃气和阶梯碳交易的综合能源系统低碳经济调度

为了推动生物质能开发利用并提高综合能源系统运行能效,提出一种含改进生物质燃气BNG(biomass natural gas)和阶梯碳交易的综合能源低碳经济调度模型。首先,构建考虑二阶变压吸附的生物质燃气模型;其次,将生物质燃气耦合电转气和碳捕集系统,从而实现二氧化碳的利用与封存。然后,完善生物质燃气参与后的阶梯碳交易模型,以综合能源系统经济运行成本最小构建目标函数进行优化求解。最后,通过设置不同场景进行分析,验证所提模型能够有效提高系统的经济性以及低碳性。

青海都兰哇沿水库墓葬中的苯教因素考——兼论M23墓主身份

以2014年青海都兰哇沿水库吐蕃时期墓葬考古发掘成果为基础,结合敦煌藏文苯教相关写卷内容与研究成果,认为哇沿水库墓葬中发现的大量动物骨骼,殉牲坑、羊肩胛卜骨等具有较为浓厚的吐蕃时期苯教文化因素。尤其是在M23中集中出现的大量陶灯、羊肩胛卜骨、墨绘人像羊胛骨等遗物均为用于占卜或祭祀的工具,进而认为其墓主人身份应是主持殡丧仪轨的苯教祭司。