The steel corrosion in concrete is widely reported over the last two to three decades. Much effort has been devoted to researching the causes and mechanisms of reinforcement corrosion and to the questions of durabilit...The steel corrosion in concrete is widely reported over the last two to three decades. Much effort has been devoted to researching the causes and mechanisms of reinforcement corrosion and to the questions of durability for concrete structures, but relatively little attention has been devoted to the problem of assessing the effect of bond loss due to corrosion on the structural behavior of corroded elements. From the test results on corroded specimens, the mechanism of degradation in bond behavior between corroded bars and concrete, and the effects of bond loss on structural performances are summarized. Results show that corrosion level, cover depth-W-bar diameter ratio, surface condition of re/nforcement, stirrups, etc. can influence the bond behavior of corroded bars. In addition, the deterioration in bond due to corrosion may induce reduction in bearing capacity, degradation of serviceability, and the loss in ductility for steel-corroded concrete members.展开更多
This study intends to find out the correlation between the cover depth and the bond characteristics of UHPC through pull-out tests of UHPC specimens with different cover depths and bond tests of rebar using flexural m...This study intends to find out the correlation between the cover depth and the bond characteristics of UHPC through pull-out tests of UHPC specimens with different cover depths and bond tests of rebar using flexural members. In this experimental study, specimens are fabricated with the lap-splice length as test variable in relation with the calculation of the lap-splice length for 180- MPa UHPC. Moreover, specimens are also fabricated with the cover depth as test variable to evaluate the effect of the cover depth on the UHPC flexural members. The load-displacement curves are analyzed for each of these test variables to compute the lap-splice length proposed in the K-UHPC structural design guideline and to evaluate the influence of the cover depth on the flexural members. As a result, the stability of the structural behavior can be significantly enhanced by increasing slightly the cover depth specification of the current UHPC Structure Design Guideline from the maximum value between 1.5 times of rebar diameter and 20 mm to the maximum value between 1.5 times of rebar diameter and 25 mm.展开更多
The operation of reinforced concrete structures is directly associated with the adhesion between the steel bar and the concrete,which allows the internal forces to be transferred to the reinforcement during the ...The operation of reinforced concrete structures is directly associated with the adhesion between the steel bar and the concrete,which allows the internal forces to be transferred to the reinforcement during the process of loading the structural elements.The modification of the concrete composition,with the introduction of recycled aggregate from construction and demolition waste(CDW),affects the steel-concrete interface and can modify the bonding stress,which is also influenced by the type and diameter of the bar used.In this work,the influence of the recycled fine aggregate(RFA)and types of steel bar on the steel-concrete bond was experimentally evaluated using the pullout test.Conventional concrete and recycled concrete,with RFA replacement level of 25%,were produced.Two types of steel rebars(i.e.,plain and deformed)with diameters of 10.0 and 16.0 mm were considered in this paper.The results indicate a reduction in the adhesion stress with the introduction of recycled aggregate,but this trend is influenced by the diameter of the bar used.The use of ribbed bars modifies the stress bon-slip behavior,with an increase in the average bond strength,which is also observed with the reduction of the diameter of the bar.展开更多
The mechanical behavior of inherently anisotropic shale rocks under Brazilian test conditions are investigated in this study based on experimental studies and numerical simulations. The effects of the weak lamination ...The mechanical behavior of inherently anisotropic shale rocks under Brazilian test conditions are investigated in this study based on experimental studies and numerical simulations. The effects of the weak lamination planes and interlayer bonding force of these layers on the failure strength and fracture patterns are studied systematically. Numerical simulations using particle flow code in two dimensions based on the discrete element method showed a good agreement with the experimental results in the failure strength and fracture patterns. The shale revealed strong anisotropic behavior with the failure strength perpendicular to the lamination plane greater than failure strength parallel to lamination plane. The failure strength of the different interlayer bonding force against the layer orientations changed significantly. Four types of fracture patterns were observed: curved fracture, broken-linear fracture, layeractivated fracture, and central-linear fracture. The observed fracture patterns are either or a combination of tensile and/or shear fractures. Increase in interlayer bonding strength decreased the quantity of micro cracks and this directly led to reduction in the anisotropic behavior. Overall the layer orientation and interlayer bonding force of the shale thus play a very important role in the anisotropic behavior of the shale.展开更多
Repair and reinformcement of aged civil steel structures is one of the important issues for maintaining and using them for a long term. For repair and reinforcement of deteriorated civil steel structures due to fatigu...Repair and reinformcement of aged civil steel structures is one of the important issues for maintaining and using them for a long term. For repair and reinforcement of deteriorated civil steel structures due to fatigue and corrosion, patch plate reinforcement is widely applied. Bolting is generally used because of easy quality control and many construction achievements. However, bolting has downsides including holes made and weight increase. Welding is considered to overcome these demerits but in reality the application of welding is unsatisfactory due to the possibility of fatigue crack occurring from the welded part. In this study, a patch plate strengthening system of welded joint assisted with bonding has been proposed. The compressive behaviors of weld-bond jointed specimen were investigated by a series of experiments and FE analysis. It was confirmed that use of welding and bonding was effective to enhance compressive strength of specimen, due to better load-carrying capacity of patch plate compared with sole use of welding.展开更多
The curing behavior of lignin-based phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resin with different contents of nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates (5, 10 ...The curing behavior of lignin-based phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resin with different contents of nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates (5, 10 and 20°C/min) and the bonding property was evaluated by the wet shear strength and wood failure of two-ply plywood panels after soaking in water (48 hours at room temperature and followed by 1-hour boiling). The test results indicated that the NCC content had little influence on the peak temperature, activation energy and the total heat of reaction of LPF resin at 5 and 10°C/min. But at 20°C/min, LPF0.00% (LPF resin without NCC) showed the highest total heat of reaction, while LPF0.25% (LPF resin containing 0.25% NCC content) and LPF0.50% (LPF resin containing 0.50% NCC content) gave the lowest value. The wet shear strength was affected by the NCC content to a certain extent. With regard to the results of one-way analysis of variance, the bonding quality could be improved by NCC and the optimum NCC content ranged from 0.25% to 0.50%. The wood failure was also affected by the NCC content, but the trend with respect to NCC content was not clear.展开更多
Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries(PIBs) are the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries, and thus have drawn intensive research attention. Porous carbon materials from different precu...Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries(PIBs) are the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries, and thus have drawn intensive research attention. Porous carbon materials from different precursors have been widely used as anode materials owing to their compatible storage effectiveness of both larger radii sodium and potassium ions. However, the differential bonding behaviors of Na and K ions with porous carbon-based anode are the significant one worth investigating, which could provide a clean picture of alkali ions storage mechanism. Therefore, in this work, we prepare a porous carbon network derived from sawdust(SDC) wastes, to further analyze the differences on sodium and potassium ions storage behaviors in terms of bond-forming process. It is found that, as-prepared SDC anodes could deliver stable sodium and potassium storage capacities, however, there are notable distinctions in terms of electrochemical behaviors and diffusion processes. By virtue of ex-situ XRD and Raman spectroscopy, the phase transition reaction of potassium ions could be well-observed, and the results shows that the multiple intercalated compounds was formed in SDC network during ions insertion, further resulting in slower diffusion kinetics and larger resistance compared to non-bonded process of sodium ions storage. This study provides more insights into the differences between sodium and potassium ions storage, as well as the energy storage mechanism of porous carbon as anodes for secondary batteries.展开更多
The aim of the investigations presented here was to understand how the stiffness of the adhesive affects the failure of ceramic tiles adhered to metallic backings. The working hypothesis was that varying the adhesive ...The aim of the investigations presented here was to understand how the stiffness of the adhesive affects the failure of ceramic tiles adhered to metallic backings. The working hypothesis was that varying the adhesive stiffness could have the same effect on the ballistic performance as a variation of the adhesive thickness.Two different projectile/target combinations were utilized for ballistic tests in order to generate extremely different loading conditions. With targets consisting of 6 mm aluminum oxide ceramic and 6 mm aluminum backing, complete penetration occurred in each test with 7.62 mm tungsten carbide core AP ammunition at an impact velocity of 940 m/s. In contrast, with ceramic tiles of 20 mm thickness on 13 mm steel backing,no penetration of the ceramic occurred at the impact of a 7.62 mm ball round at 840 m/s.Four different types of adhesive(high-strength till high-flexible) were tested in both configurations. The elongation of the adhesive layer, the deformation of the metallic backing and the failure of the ceramics were observed by means of a high-speed camera during the projectile/target interaction.The results of the ballistic tests showed that a higher fracture strain caused a larger deformation of the backing compared to adhesives, which exhibit a high tensile strength and low fracture strains.The experimental results indicate that the damage behavior of the ceramic/metal composites depends on the absolute elongation of the adhesive layer. This can be controlled either by the thickness or the stiffness of the bonding layer.展开更多
A new Co(Ⅱ) coordination polymer, [Co(1,4-chdc)(L)(H2O)]n(1), was synthesized under hydrothermal condition(1,4-H2chdc = 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, L = 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1 H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline...A new Co(Ⅱ) coordination polymer, [Co(1,4-chdc)(L)(H2O)]n(1), was synthesized under hydrothermal condition(1,4-H2chdc = 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, L = 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1 H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline). Its crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 1 crystallizes in triclinic, space group P1 with a = 8.790(5), b = 10.486(5), c = 13.305(5)A, α = 87.391(5), β = 82.925(5), γ = 81.841(5)°, V = 1204.2(10)A^3, Z = 2, C27H23FN4O5Co, Mr = 561.42, Dc = 1.548 g/cm^3, F(000) = 578, μ(Mo Ka) = 0.769 mm^-1, R = 0.0415 and wR = 0.1043. In 1, each 1,4-chdc anion bridges two neighboring Co(Ⅱ) atoms to give a chain structure. The L ligands are attached on one side of the chain through chelating the Co(Ⅱ) atoms, and are stacked with those of an adjacent chain through π-π interactions, yielding a double-chain structure. The double-chain structures are linked into a supramolecular layer structure through N–H…O hydrogen-bonding interactions between the adjacent double-chain structures. Moreover, the thermal behavior of 1 was also studied.展开更多
基金The Liaoning Province CommunicationDepartment Key Science Foundation (No.0101)
文摘The steel corrosion in concrete is widely reported over the last two to three decades. Much effort has been devoted to researching the causes and mechanisms of reinforcement corrosion and to the questions of durability for concrete structures, but relatively little attention has been devoted to the problem of assessing the effect of bond loss due to corrosion on the structural behavior of corroded elements. From the test results on corroded specimens, the mechanism of degradation in bond behavior between corroded bars and concrete, and the effects of bond loss on structural performances are summarized. Results show that corrosion level, cover depth-W-bar diameter ratio, surface condition of re/nforcement, stirrups, etc. can influence the bond behavior of corroded bars. In addition, the deterioration in bond due to corrosion may induce reduction in bearing capacity, degradation of serviceability, and the loss in ductility for steel-corroded concrete members.
文摘This study intends to find out the correlation between the cover depth and the bond characteristics of UHPC through pull-out tests of UHPC specimens with different cover depths and bond tests of rebar using flexural members. In this experimental study, specimens are fabricated with the lap-splice length as test variable in relation with the calculation of the lap-splice length for 180- MPa UHPC. Moreover, specimens are also fabricated with the cover depth as test variable to evaluate the effect of the cover depth on the UHPC flexural members. The load-displacement curves are analyzed for each of these test variables to compute the lap-splice length proposed in the K-UHPC structural design guideline and to evaluate the influence of the cover depth on the flexural members. As a result, the stability of the structural behavior can be significantly enhanced by increasing slightly the cover depth specification of the current UHPC Structure Design Guideline from the maximum value between 1.5 times of rebar diameter and 20 mm to the maximum value between 1.5 times of rebar diameter and 25 mm.
基金The authors would like to thank the CAPES which sponsored the first author.
文摘The operation of reinforced concrete structures is directly associated with the adhesion between the steel bar and the concrete,which allows the internal forces to be transferred to the reinforcement during the process of loading the structural elements.The modification of the concrete composition,with the introduction of recycled aggregate from construction and demolition waste(CDW),affects the steel-concrete interface and can modify the bonding stress,which is also influenced by the type and diameter of the bar used.In this work,the influence of the recycled fine aggregate(RFA)and types of steel bar on the steel-concrete bond was experimentally evaluated using the pullout test.Conventional concrete and recycled concrete,with RFA replacement level of 25%,were produced.Two types of steel rebars(i.e.,plain and deformed)with diameters of 10.0 and 16.0 mm were considered in this paper.The results indicate a reduction in the adhesion stress with the introduction of recycled aggregate,but this trend is influenced by the diameter of the bar used.The use of ribbed bars modifies the stress bon-slip behavior,with an increase in the average bond strength,which is also observed with the reduction of the diameter of the bar.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 41572310,41272351,and 41227901)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grants XDB10030301 and XDB10030304)
文摘The mechanical behavior of inherently anisotropic shale rocks under Brazilian test conditions are investigated in this study based on experimental studies and numerical simulations. The effects of the weak lamination planes and interlayer bonding force of these layers on the failure strength and fracture patterns are studied systematically. Numerical simulations using particle flow code in two dimensions based on the discrete element method showed a good agreement with the experimental results in the failure strength and fracture patterns. The shale revealed strong anisotropic behavior with the failure strength perpendicular to the lamination plane greater than failure strength parallel to lamination plane. The failure strength of the different interlayer bonding force against the layer orientations changed significantly. Four types of fracture patterns were observed: curved fracture, broken-linear fracture, layeractivated fracture, and central-linear fracture. The observed fracture patterns are either or a combination of tensile and/or shear fractures. Increase in interlayer bonding strength decreased the quantity of micro cracks and this directly led to reduction in the anisotropic behavior. Overall the layer orientation and interlayer bonding force of the shale thus play a very important role in the anisotropic behavior of the shale.
文摘Repair and reinformcement of aged civil steel structures is one of the important issues for maintaining and using them for a long term. For repair and reinforcement of deteriorated civil steel structures due to fatigue and corrosion, patch plate reinforcement is widely applied. Bolting is generally used because of easy quality control and many construction achievements. However, bolting has downsides including holes made and weight increase. Welding is considered to overcome these demerits but in reality the application of welding is unsatisfactory due to the possibility of fatigue crack occurring from the welded part. In this study, a patch plate strengthening system of welded joint assisted with bonding has been proposed. The compressive behaviors of weld-bond jointed specimen were investigated by a series of experiments and FE analysis. It was confirmed that use of welding and bonding was effective to enhance compressive strength of specimen, due to better load-carrying capacity of patch plate compared with sole use of welding.
文摘The curing behavior of lignin-based phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resin with different contents of nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates (5, 10 and 20°C/min) and the bonding property was evaluated by the wet shear strength and wood failure of two-ply plywood panels after soaking in water (48 hours at room temperature and followed by 1-hour boiling). The test results indicated that the NCC content had little influence on the peak temperature, activation energy and the total heat of reaction of LPF resin at 5 and 10°C/min. But at 20°C/min, LPF0.00% (LPF resin without NCC) showed the highest total heat of reaction, while LPF0.25% (LPF resin containing 0.25% NCC content) and LPF0.50% (LPF resin containing 0.50% NCC content) gave the lowest value. The wet shear strength was affected by the NCC content to a certain extent. With regard to the results of one-way analysis of variance, the bonding quality could be improved by NCC and the optimum NCC content ranged from 0.25% to 0.50%. The wood failure was also affected by the NCC content, but the trend with respect to NCC content was not clear.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52302222)Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province (No.20230508177RC)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Nos.2022M720704,2023T160094)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2412022QD038)。
文摘Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries(PIBs) are the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries, and thus have drawn intensive research attention. Porous carbon materials from different precursors have been widely used as anode materials owing to their compatible storage effectiveness of both larger radii sodium and potassium ions. However, the differential bonding behaviors of Na and K ions with porous carbon-based anode are the significant one worth investigating, which could provide a clean picture of alkali ions storage mechanism. Therefore, in this work, we prepare a porous carbon network derived from sawdust(SDC) wastes, to further analyze the differences on sodium and potassium ions storage behaviors in terms of bond-forming process. It is found that, as-prepared SDC anodes could deliver stable sodium and potassium storage capacities, however, there are notable distinctions in terms of electrochemical behaviors and diffusion processes. By virtue of ex-situ XRD and Raman spectroscopy, the phase transition reaction of potassium ions could be well-observed, and the results shows that the multiple intercalated compounds was formed in SDC network during ions insertion, further resulting in slower diffusion kinetics and larger resistance compared to non-bonded process of sodium ions storage. This study provides more insights into the differences between sodium and potassium ions storage, as well as the energy storage mechanism of porous carbon as anodes for secondary batteries.
文摘The aim of the investigations presented here was to understand how the stiffness of the adhesive affects the failure of ceramic tiles adhered to metallic backings. The working hypothesis was that varying the adhesive stiffness could have the same effect on the ballistic performance as a variation of the adhesive thickness.Two different projectile/target combinations were utilized for ballistic tests in order to generate extremely different loading conditions. With targets consisting of 6 mm aluminum oxide ceramic and 6 mm aluminum backing, complete penetration occurred in each test with 7.62 mm tungsten carbide core AP ammunition at an impact velocity of 940 m/s. In contrast, with ceramic tiles of 20 mm thickness on 13 mm steel backing,no penetration of the ceramic occurred at the impact of a 7.62 mm ball round at 840 m/s.Four different types of adhesive(high-strength till high-flexible) were tested in both configurations. The elongation of the adhesive layer, the deformation of the metallic backing and the failure of the ceramics were observed by means of a high-speed camera during the projectile/target interaction.The results of the ballistic tests showed that a higher fracture strain caused a larger deformation of the backing compared to adhesives, which exhibit a high tensile strength and low fracture strains.The experimental results indicate that the damage behavior of the ceramic/metal composites depends on the absolute elongation of the adhesive layer. This can be controlled either by the thickness or the stiffness of the bonding layer.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21607051)
文摘A new Co(Ⅱ) coordination polymer, [Co(1,4-chdc)(L)(H2O)]n(1), was synthesized under hydrothermal condition(1,4-H2chdc = 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, L = 2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1 H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline). Its crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 1 crystallizes in triclinic, space group P1 with a = 8.790(5), b = 10.486(5), c = 13.305(5)A, α = 87.391(5), β = 82.925(5), γ = 81.841(5)°, V = 1204.2(10)A^3, Z = 2, C27H23FN4O5Co, Mr = 561.42, Dc = 1.548 g/cm^3, F(000) = 578, μ(Mo Ka) = 0.769 mm^-1, R = 0.0415 and wR = 0.1043. In 1, each 1,4-chdc anion bridges two neighboring Co(Ⅱ) atoms to give a chain structure. The L ligands are attached on one side of the chain through chelating the Co(Ⅱ) atoms, and are stacked with those of an adjacent chain through π-π interactions, yielding a double-chain structure. The double-chain structures are linked into a supramolecular layer structure through N–H…O hydrogen-bonding interactions between the adjacent double-chain structures. Moreover, the thermal behavior of 1 was also studied.