Evaluation of Nutritional Value and Safety of Black Soldier Flies Fed on Dead Pig Meat and Bone Meal

[Objectives]This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value and safety of black soldier flies fed with dead pig meat and bone meal(DPMBM)and to explore the resource utilization of DPMBM.[Methods]The general nutrient composition,amino acids,fatty acids and mineral elements of black soldier fly meal(BSLM)were detected and analyzed.[Results]The results showed that the contents of moisture,crude protein,crude fat and ash in BSLM were 3.42%,42.31%,34.04%and 5.40%,respectively.The contents of total amino acids(TAA),essential amino acids(∑EAA)and non-essential amino acids(∑NEAA)and umami amino acids(∑DAA),the EAA/TAA value and the EAA/NEAA value were 37.93%,13.08%,24.85%,13.43%,34.47%,52.61%,respectively.A total of eight kinds of saturated fatty acids and seven kinds of unsaturated fatty acids were detected,accounting for 63.65%and 32.67%of the total fatty acids.Among the major mineral elements,the content of Ca was the highest,followed by K,Mg and Na.Among the trace mineral elements,the content of Mn was the highest,followed by Fe,Zn,Cu,Ni,Cr,Cd,As,Pb,Se,Sn,Ti,Sb and Hg.The contents of heavy metal mineral elements in BSLM were far lower than the limits specified in Hygienical Standard for Feeds.[Conclusions]In conclusion,BSLM has high nutritional value and good safety of heavy metals,and thus great potential for development and utilization as a high quality dietary protein,fat and mineral elements source.

Comparative Nutritional Analysis on Fish Meal and Meat and Bone Meal of Harmless Treatment of Dead Pig Carcass

In order to explore the resource utilization of the harmless treatment product(pork meat and bone meal,abbreviated PM)of pigs died of non-communicable diseases,the general nutritional components and amino acid composition of PM and fish meal were determined and compared.The results showed that the contents of moisture,crude protein,crude fat and ash in PM and fish meal were 3.25%and 8.92%,66.65%and 66.67%,13.52%and 8.23%,18.25%and 21.50%,respectively.The contents of essential amino acids(EAA)in PM and fish meal were 19.94%and 22.35%,respectively.For PM and fish meal,the first limiting amino acid was Met(methionine)+Cys(cysteine),and the second limiting amino acid was Lys(lysine);their essential amino acid indexes(EAAI)were 66.60 and 77.04,respectively;and their delicious amino acid(DAA)contents were 26.89%and 23.15%,respectively.In summary,the meat and bone meal of pigs died of non-communicable diseases has the characteristics of high protein and low ash contents,and has certain development and utilization potential as a recycled waste resource,especially in aquatic feed to replace fish meal.

A Study on the Meat and Bone Meal and Poultry By-product Meal as Protein Substitutes of Fish Meal in Practical Diets for Litopenaeus vannamei Juveniles

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of meat and bone meal (MBM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) as the replacement of fish meal in the diets on the growth performance, survival and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of Litopenaeus vannamei. The basal diets were formulated with 22% fish meal and other ingredients which provided about 40% protein and 9% lipid in the diet. The experimental diets included MBM or PBM to replace 0, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of total fish meal respectively. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric in gross terms. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performance and ADC among the treatments fed with the diets in which 0-60% fish meal had been replaced with MBM, while the percent weight gain (WG, %), body length gain (BLG, %) and ADC significantly decreased when the MBM was up to 80% of the fish meal. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performance and ADC among all the treatments fed with the diets in which 0-80% fish meal had been replaced with PBM.

A Study on the Meat and Bone Meal or Poultry By-product Meal as Protein Substitutes of Fishmeal in Concentrated Diets for Paralichthys olivaceus

研究被进行在生长表演，幸存和日语的明显的消化的好坏系数(模数转换器) 上在食谱作为鱼粉的代替评估肉和骨头饭和家禽副产品饭(PBM )(MBM ) 的效果挣扎(Paralichthys olivaceus ) 。试验性的食谱包括了 0% ， 20% ， 40% ， 60% 和 80% 全部的鱼粉的 MBM 或 PBMreplacement 分别地。所有食谱是 iso 含氮的并且 isocaloric。 Theresults 证明没有重要差别( P 】 0.05 )，在生长，在处理之中的性能用鱼粉的0%-60% MBM 代替喂了百分比重量获得( WG ，%)，身体长度获得( BLG ，%)并且当鱼粉被80% MBM 代替时，模数转换器显著地减少。Theresult 也证明没有重要差别(P 】 0.05 ) 在生长，在所有处理之中的性能和模数转换器与 0% 用食谱喂了 - 有 PBM 的鱼粉的 80% 代替。

Protein digestive dynamics of meat and bone meals in broiler chickens

This study determined the variations in protein digestibilities and digestion rates in broiler chickens offered diets containing 7 different meat and bone meals(MBM).A total of 252 male Ross 308 broiler chickens were offered 7 atypical diets largely based on maize and MBM from 24 to 28 d post-hatch.Each experimental diet was offered to 6 replicates with 6 birds per replicate cage.Excreta were collected in their entirety from 25 to 27 d post-hatch and on 28 d post-hatch.Digesta samples were collected from the proximal jejunum,distal jejunum,proximal ileum and distal ileum.Apparent digestibilities of protein were determined in each segment and apparent digestibilities of amino acids were measured in the distal ileum.There were significant differences in apparent protein digestibility coefficients in the proximal jejunum(P=0.006),where broiler chickens offered the high ash beef meal(diet 7)generated the lowest protein digestibility in the proximal jejunum(0.318).Similarly,there were significant differences in apparent digestibility coefficients in the distal jejunum(P<0.001)and distal ileum(P<0.001)but not in the proximal ileum.More pronounced differences were found in the disappearance rate of protein and there were significant differences in all 4 segments of the small intestine(P<0.001).Broiler chickens offered the high ash beef meal had the lowest protein disappearance rate(P<0.001).No difference was observed in the predicted protein digestion rate(P=0.486)but chickens offered the high ash beef meal had the lowest potential digestible protein(0.662,P=0.034)whereas the highest potential digestible protein(0.739)was detected in diet 5(containing a beef meal).This study contributed to the establishment of a preliminary database to include digestion rates of starch and protein into practical diet formulation.

Over-processed meat and bone meal and phytase effects on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis: Part 2. Inositol phosphate esters hydrolysis, intestinal permeability, hematology,jejunal gene expression and intestinal morphology

This study investigated the hypothesis that feeding broilers over-processed meat and bone meal(MBM)would impair gut health in the absence of phytase and in turn,affect inositol phosphate(inositol xphosphate,IPx:IP3,IP4,IP5 and IP6)ester hydrolysis,intestinal permeability,hematology,jejunal gene expression and intestinal morphology during necrotic enteritis(NE).Ross 308 male broilers(n=768)were assigned to one of 8 dietary treatments in a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement,with 6 replicate pens per diet and 16 birds per pen in a completely randomized design.Factors were:NE challenge(no or yes),phytase level(500 or 5,000 FTU/kg)and MBM processing(as-received or over-processed).For the NE challenge,half of the birds were challenged with field strains of Eimeria spp.on d 9 and 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15.A 3-way challenge,phytase and MBM processing interaction was detected for IP5(P<0.05)and IP6(P<0.05)levels in the ileum.Birds fed low phytase had increased IP5 and IP6 in unchallenged birds only when diets contained over-processed MBM.Challenge with NE increased intestinal permeability as measured by serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran(FITC-d;P<0.001),increased white blood cells(WBC;P<0.001),decreased mean corpuscular volume(MCV;P<0.001)and mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH;P<0.05),and decreased crypt-tovilli ratio(P<0.05).The over-processed MBM reduced the villi-to-crypt ratio(P<0.05).A 3-way challenge x phytase x MBM processing interaction was detected for mucin 2(MUC-2)expression(P<0.05)where only in unchallenged birds fed over-processed MBM did high phytase reduce MUC-2 expression.A lower expression of aminopeptidase N(APN;P<0.001)and vitamin D receptor(VDR;P<0.001)were recorded in NE challenged birds.In conclusion,NE has a negative impact on the gut and hematology of broilers,but its effect on phytate hydrolysis is minimal.

Over-processed meat and bone meal and phytase effects on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis:Part 1.Performance,intestinal lesions and pH,bacterial counts and apparent ileal digestibility

This feeding study investigated the hypothesis that over-processing of meat and bone meal(MBM)would impair the performance,gut health and ileal digestibility of nutrients in birds challenged with necrotic enteritis(NE).The effect of phytase(500 vs.5,000 FTU/kg)was also examined using manufacturers recommended matrix values for 500 FTU for both levels.Ross 308 male broilers(n=768)were assigned to 8 diets,with 6 replicate pens per diet and 16 birds per replicate pen using a randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments.Factors were NE challenge(no or yes),MBM(as received or overprocessed),and phytase level(500 or 5,000 FTU/kg).Half of the birds were challenged with 5,000 oocysts of field strains of Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria brunetti,and 2,500 oocysts of Eimeria maxima on d 9 and 10^8 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15 post-hatch.Challenge×MBM interactions were detected for weight gain(WG),feed conversion ratio(FCR)and feed intake(FI)at d 14,21 and 28,showing that challenged birds fed over-processed MBM had decreased WG(P<0.05)and FI(P<0.05)at d 14,increased FCR(P<0.05)at d 21 and decreased WG(P<0.05)and FI(P>0.05)at d 28.Birds fed low phytase had increased livability(P<0.05)at d 42.The challenge increased the prevalence and severity of NE induced lesions in the jejunum(P<0.05)and ileum(P<0.05).The birds fed over-processed MBM had decreased pH in the jejunum(P<0.05)and ileum(P<0.05)at d 16.High phytase increased apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of Ca(P<0.05)and P(P<0.05),and over-processed MBM increased AID of carbon(C;P<0.05)and Ca(P<0.05)at d 29.The challenge increased the caecal counts of Lactobacillus spp.(P<0.05)and C.perfringens(P<0.05)at d 16.The results indicated that supplementation of diets with high phytase reduces the negative impact on performance from over-processed MBM during NE as a result of increased nutrient digestibility.

Thermochemical pretreatment of meat and bone meal and its effect on methane production

Since the solubilization of meat and bone meal(MBM)is a prerequisite in many MBM disposal approaches,enhancement of the solubilization by means of thermochemical pretreatment was investigated in this study at two temperatures(55℃and 131℃)and six sodium hydroxide(NaOH)concentrations(0,1.25,2.5,5,10 and 20 g/L).The MBM volatile solid(VS)reduction ratio was up to 66%and 70%at 55℃and 131℃,respectively.At the same temperature,the VS reduction ratio increased with the increase in the dosage of NaOH.The study on the methane(CH4)production potential of pretreated MBM shows that the addition of NaOH at 55℃did not cause the inhibition of the succeeding CH4 production process.However,CH4 production was inhibited by the addition of NaOH at 131℃.The CH4 production potential was in the range of 389 to 503 mL CH4/g VS MBM and 464 to 555 mL CH4/g VS MBM at 55℃and 131℃,respectively.

Over-processed meat and bone meal and phytase effects on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis:Part 3.Bone mineralization and litter quality

This study was conducted to determine the effect of necrotic enteritis(NE),phytase level and meat and bone meal(MBM)processing on bone mineralization of broilers and litter quality.Ross 308 male broiler chicks(n=768)were allotted to 48 pens with 16 birds each.There were 8 dietary treatments in a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement.Factors were NE challenge(no or yes),phytase level(500 or 5,000 FTU/kg),and MBM(as-received or over-processed).Half of the birds were challenged with field strains of Eimeria spp.at d 9 and 108 CFU per mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15.The middle toe,tibia and femur of 2 birds per pen were excised at d 16 and 29 for determination of ash,breaking strength(BS)and bone mineralization.At d 42,all were assessed for hock burns and litter was scored and assessed for dry matter(DM).At d 16,challenged birds had lower toe ash(P<0.01),femur ash(P<0.001),tibia ash(P<0.001)and tibial BS(P<0.001)than unchallenged birds.At d 16,challenged birds fed high phytase and over-processed MBM had higher toe Mn than those fed low phytase and as-received MBM.At d 29 unchallenged birds fed high phytase and as-received MBM had a higher toe Mn than those fed over-processed MBM.At d 16,a phytase×MBM interaction was detected for femur Zn concentration(P<0.05),where a higher level of Zn was observed in the high phytase group fed over-processed MBM.At d 16,tibial Ca(P<0.05)and P(P<0.05)were lower in the chal-lenged whereas the femur K(P<0.001),Mn(P<0.01)and Na(P<0.001)were higher in the chal-lenged at d 16.At d 42,challenged birds had higher litter DM(P=0.058)and fewer hock burns than those unchallenged(P<0.05).In conclusion,NE impaired bone traits but high phytase and over-processed MBM increased bone mineral contents.Cases of hock burns may be lower under NE in-cidences due to lower livability of birds reducing litter wetness.

The influence of meat-and-bone meal and exogenous phytase on growth performance, bone mineralisation and digestibility coefficients of protein(N),amino acids and starch in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of meat-and-bone meal(MBM) and phytase inclusion on growth performance, bone mineralisation and apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients in broiler chickens offered wheat-based diets. The feeding study comprised 7 dietary treatments: positive control(PC, 9.0% Ca and 4.5% available phosphorous [AvP] in starter, 7.0% Ca and 3.5% AvP in finisher); negative control(NC, 7.2% Ca and 3.0% AvP in starter, 5.2% Ca and 2.0% AvP in finisher) diets incorporating a 3 × 2 factorial array of 3 MBM inclusions(0, 60, 120 g/kg) and 2 levels of phytase supplementation(0 and 1,000 FYT/kg). Each treatment was allocated to 6 replicated pens with 30 birds per pen in an environmentally-controlled deep litter facility. A total of 1,260 one-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were offered starter diets from 1 to 14 days post-hatch and finisher diets from 15 to 36 days posthatch. There were significant(P < 0.05) interactions between MBM inclusions and phytase supplementation on weight gain and feed intake in starter diets. Phytase significantly increased weight gain in diets without MBM and did not influence weight gain in diets with 60 and 120 g/kg MBM. Collectively,increasing MBM inclusion significantly reduced weight gain in starter diets(P < 0.0001). There were dietary interactions(P < 0.01) on toe ash where phytase significantly improved toe ash in diet without MBM and did not influence toe ash in the other two groups of negative control diets. There were no dietary treatment interactions on apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of starch and protein except that diets without MBM had significantly(P < 0.01) lower ileal starch digestibility and diets with 120 g/kg MBM had significantly(P < 0.0001) lower ileal protein digestibility. No dietary influence on ileal fat digestibility was observed. There were dietary interactions on ileal digestibilities of isoleucine, valine and glycine. Phytase significantly increased glycine digestibility in diets with 60 and 120 g/kg MBM but not in diets without MBM, Including 120 g/kg MBM significantly(P < 0.01) depressed apparent digestibility coefficients of 13 ex 16 amino acids in the distal ileum. This study demonstrated the negative impacts of MBM on amino acid digestibility and growth performance. Also, responses to phytase were more pronounced in diets without MBM, which may have been due to their relatively lower available P and higher phytate concentrations in comparison to diets containing MBM.

Long-Term Animal Feeding Trial of the Refined Konjac Meal Ⅰ. Effects of the Refined Konjac Meal on the Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism and the Bone in Rat

Effects of refined konjac meal (RKM) on the calcium and phosphorus metabolism and bone parameters were observed in rats of both sexes fed with food containing 1% of RKM for 18 months. A comparable group of rats fed on basic diet only was used as a control.Results obtained indicate that all the measured parameters (serum calcium and phosphorus level, femur weight and its calcium and phesphorus content, and the osteometry of the tibia) showed no significant difference between the experimental and the control groups.Thus there is no adverse effect either on the calcium and phosphorus metabolism or on the bone after a long-term intake at a moderate dosage.

饲料中添加貉肉骨粉对育成期雄性蓝狐生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平貉肉骨粉对育成期雄性蓝狐生产性能的影响。选取(30±5)日龄、初始体重为(1.90±0.32)kg的健康雄性蓝狐90只,随机分为6组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂添加量3.00%(Ⅱ组)、6.00%(Ⅲ组)、9.00%(Ⅳ组)、12.00%(Ⅴ组)和15.00%(Ⅵ组)貉肉骨粉的日粮。预试期7 d,正试期80 d。在正试期第55~57天进行消化代谢试验,消化试验结束后采血,检测血清生化指标。结果表明:①Ⅴ组末体重、平均日增重显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P<0.05),料重比显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。②Ⅳ组的干物质、粗蛋白消化率显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅵ组(P<0.05);Ⅴ组粗脂肪消化率显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ组(P<0.05)。③各试验组氮摄入量、氮沉积均显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅵ组净蛋白利用率显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P<0.05),Ⅴ组蛋白质生物学价值显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。④Ⅴ组血清三酰甘油水平显著低于Ⅳ组(P<0.05)。综合各项指标,饲粮中貉肉骨粉添加量为12.00%时,育成期蓝狐获得较高的生产性能。

貉肉骨粉营养成分分析

为解决蛋白质饲料原料短缺和价格上涨的问题,对貉肉骨粉的营养成分、卫生与安全性进行了评估,为其作为新的动物性蛋白质饲料资源提供数据支持。试验以貉肉骨粉为材料,与狐肉骨粉、进口牛肉骨粉和进口鱼粉进行对比,测定了常规营养成分、氨基酸含量、重金属元素含量、农药残留和微生物污染情况。结果表明:①貉肉骨粉干物质含量显著高于狐肉骨粉和进口鱼粉(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著高于进口牛肉骨粉和进口鱼粉(P<0.05);②貉肉骨粉的必需氨基酸含量显著高于进口牛肉骨粉(P<0.05),非必需氨基酸含量高于其他试验材料;③貉肉骨粉符合饲料卫生标准,未检出六六六和滴滴涕,重金属含量和微生物指标均符合要求。因此,貉肉骨粉具有开发成为新型蛋白质饲料原料的潜力。

狐肉骨粉安全性能评价

试验使用狐屠体生产肉骨粉,旨在研究狐屠体制作肉骨粉的可行性,评价狐肉骨粉安全性。试验分别从我国13个狐主要养殖区中随机选取处于取皮期、体重15 kg左右健康蓝狐3只(共39只)。狐屠体(含内脏和趾爪),经过绞碎、高压水解、脱脂、烘干、粉碎等程序制作成肉骨粉,分别测定常规营养成分、重金属、兽药残留以及犬瘟热病毒,进行安全性评价。结果表明,肉骨粉中的粗蛋白含量在55%~67%之间,符合《饲料用骨粉及肉骨粉》一级指标中粗蛋白的要求。铅、砷、汞、镉、铬重金属元素含量符合国标对肉骨粉卫生安全标准的要求。磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、青霉素、土霉素和庆大霉素符合食品中对兽药最大残留限量的标准要求。研究表明,狐肉骨粉的营养价值丰富,卫生和安全指标满足蛋白质饲料原料标准。

三种不同填充物在PVP入路治疗胸腰椎OVCF中的应用研究

目的探究不同填充物在经皮椎体成形术(PVP)入路治疗胸腰椎单节段骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCF)的应用研究。方法前瞻性选取2022年6月至2023年5月在珠海市中西医结合医院接受PVP入路治疗的胸腰椎OVCF患者190例,根据信封法对患者进行分组:对照组(n=65)、研究1组(n=41)、研究2组(n=84)。对照组患者行双侧骨水泥注入,研究1组患者行一侧骨水泥,一侧骨粉注入,研究2组患者行双侧混合骨水泥与骨粉注入,对患者进行6个月的随访。记录患者术前、术后1 d、术后3个月、术后6个月的Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评分、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、Cobb角情况及术前、末次随访时的椎体后凸角度(KA)、椎体前缘高度(ABH)和椎体中间高度(MBH)、骨密度水平,记录患者随访期内并发症发生情况。结果术后1 d、3个月、6个月,3组患者的ODI评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中研究1组、研究2组患者的ODI评分均低于对照组,研究2组的ODI评分低于研究1组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组患者术后3、6个月的VAS评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后1 d,3组患者VAS评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中研究1组、研究2组患者的VAS评分低于对照组,研究2组的VAS评分低于研究1组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后1 d、3个月、6个月,3组患者的Cobb角比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中研究1组、研究2组患者的Cobb角小于对照组,研究2组的Cobb角小于研究1组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。末次随访时,3组KA、ABH、MBH比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中研究1组、研究2组患者的KA低于对照组,ABH、MBH高于对照组,且研究2组的KA低于研究1组,ABH、MBH高于研究1组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访期间,研究2组患者总并发症发生率为3.57%,低于对照组(12.31%)、研究1组(24.39%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在PVP入路治疗胸腰椎OVCF中,相比于单独使用骨水泥和部分使用骨粉,混合骨水泥与骨粉方案能够获得更好的功能恢复和疼痛缓解效果,同时改善椎体角度和骨密度指标,并降低术后并发症和邻椎骨折的风险。

可吸收生物膜复合人工合成骨粉填充在牙种植患者中的应用效果

目的探讨可吸收生物膜复合人工合成骨粉填充在牙种植中的效果。方法开展前瞻性随机对照试验。选取2020年1月至2022年4月在陕西中医药大学附属医院因牙列缺损就诊的98例单颗前牙缺失伴唇侧骨缺损患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组,各49例。对照组男29例、女20例,年龄(40.95±8.03)岁,给予口腔修复膜复合人工合成骨粉填充;研究组男26例、女23例,年龄(41.37±7.86)岁,给予可吸收生物膜复合人工合成骨粉填充。对比两组患者种植体植入成功率(种植3个月、6个月、12个月)、种植体牙周健康情况(种植前、种植12个月)、种植体唇侧骨壁厚度(种植后即刻、种植12个月)、骨缺损再生情况(种植3个月)、种植体龈沟液因子(种植前、种植3个月)及并发症发生情况。采用t检验、χ2检验。结果两组患者种植3个月、6个月、12个月的种植成功率比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。种植前,两组患者牙周袋深度、附着丧失水平及牙龈沟出血指数比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);种植12个月,研究组牙龈沟出血指数、牙周袋深度、附着丧失水平均低于对照组[(1.01±0.16)比(1.13±0.19)、(2.19±0.36)mm比(2.41±0.42)mm、(2.01±0.32)mm比(2.23±0.38)mm],差异均有统计学意义(t=3.382、2.784、3.100,均P<0.05)。种植后即刻,两组患者1 mm、4 mm、7 mm、10 mm位点的唇侧骨厚度比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);种植12个月,研究组1 mm、4 mm、7 mm、10 mm位点的唇侧骨厚度均高于对照组[(2.21±0.36)mm比(2.03±0.34)mm、(2.32±0.41)mm比(2.07±0.38)mm、(2.39±0.41)mm比(2.13±0.38)mm、(2.62±0.41)mm比(2.31±0.45)mm],差异均有统计学意义(t=2.545、3.130、3.256、3.565,均P<0.05)。研究组种植3个月的植骨高度、成骨高度均高于对照组[(2.71±0.43)mm比(2.42±0.39)mm、(2.62±0.41)mm比(2.29±0.37)mm],差异均有统计学意义(t=3.497、4.183,均P<0.05)。种植前,两组患者血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、骨形成蛋白-2(BMP-2)水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);种植3个月,研究组VEGF、BMP-2水平均高于对照组[(46.58±7.12)mg/L比(39.56±6.28)mg/L、(486.57±62.18)ng/L比(429.84±59.67)ng/L],差异均有统计学意义(t=5.176、4.608,均P<0.05)。两组患者并发症发生率比较[10.20%(5/49)比8.16%(4/49)],差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.122,P=0.727)。结论可吸收生物膜复合人工合成骨粉填充在牙种植中可改善种植体牙周健康情况,减少患者术后骨量丢失,促进骨缺损再生。

乌鸡骨粉甜面酱制作工艺研究与开发

在甜面酱制作原材料中添加乌鸡骨粉,在自制甜面酱发酵菌剂发酵作用下,制作出一种新型甜面酱。新工艺制作甜面酱的感官指标和理化指标,均优于传统发酵方法制作的甜面酱。通过添加乌鸡骨粉,增加了甜面酱中的动物性营养成分,提高了风味物质的含量。

貉肉骨粉对冬毛期雄性蓝狐生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、氮代谢和血清生化指标的影响

试验旨在探究日粮中使用不同水平貉肉骨粉替代鱼粉对冬毛期蓝狐生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、氮代谢及血清生化指标的影响。选取120日龄、初始体重为(6.33±0.03)kg的健康雄性蓝狐90只,随机分为6组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别用3%(Ⅱ组)、6%(Ⅲ组)、9%(Ⅳ组)、12%(Ⅴ组)和15%(Ⅵ组)的貉肉骨粉替代基础饲粮中鱼粉。预试期7 d,正试期80 d。结果表明:①各组末体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比差异不显著(P>0.05),Ⅴ组体长显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ组(P<0.05),Ⅴ组鲜皮长显著高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。②Ⅴ组干物质表观消化率显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05),Ⅵ组粗蛋白表观消化率显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),各组粗脂肪表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。③各组氮摄入量、粪氮排出量、尿氮排出量、氮沉积、净蛋白利用效率和蛋白质生物学价值差异不显著(P>0.05)。④Ⅴ组血清尿素氮(BUN)含量显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组(P<0.05),各组血清白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、胆固醇(CHO)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、三酰甘油(TG)及葡萄糖(GLU)的含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。综合各项指标,在冬毛期蓝狐饲料中使用貉肉骨粉,添加量为12%时各项指标最优。

基于种植牙愈合过程模拟上颌后牙种植体选择的生物力学分析

背景:临床试验表明种植体的直径、形状等都会影响种植效果,但是种植体的长度对不同种植类型的影响目前仍然存在争议。目的:从愈合过程模拟角度出发,采用有限元方法分析种植后不同种植体的力学差异。方法:采用CAD软件建立3种种植体(常规种植体、短种植体及超短种植体)及骨粉几何模型,模拟上颌16牙(第一磨牙)缺失,建立上颌窦内提升术模型,划分网格、施加边界条件后建立有限元模型。术后3-5个月在邻牙加载,6-9个月在种植体加载,求解后对植体及其周围的软硬组织进行生物力学分析,以寻求最佳种植体。结果与结论:①施加垂直载荷时,3种种植体的位移均小于100μm,最大位移均出现在种植体颈部;常规种植体在整个愈合周期内的位移变化最小,在邻牙加载时,短种植体和超短种植体的最大位移值近似,在种植体加载时二者位移值差距增大;②施加舌侧载荷时,3种种植体的位移均超过了100μm,最大位移均出现舌侧,在邻牙加载时,常规种植体位移值最大;在种植体加载时,超短种植体位移远超过常规种植体和短种植体;③施加远中载荷时,3种种植体的最大位移均出现在种植体颈部,并且种植体的位移均大于施加垂直、舌侧载荷时的位移,在邻牙加载时,常规种植体的位移大于短种植体、超短种植体;在种植体加载时,3种种植体间的位移差异明显减小,最大位移均出现在种植体颈部;④对在种植体施加舌侧与远中侧载荷时,超短种植体组牙槽骨上的应力分别为81.62,73.35 MPa,其余组牙槽骨应力均小于53 MPa;⑤结果显示,在种植修复时应首选常规种植体,其次是短种植体,最后是超短种植体,倾斜载荷比垂直载荷更容易造成种植失败。

不同有机肥对雪茄各部位烟叶养分吸收及产质量的影响

为探究丹江口雪茄烟叶主产区适宜的有机肥种类,选取黄腐酸、鱼骨粉、花生饼、菜籽饼共4种有机肥开展大田试验,研究其对茄衣烟叶养分吸收及产质量的影响。研究结果表明:增施有机肥能显著提高下部和中部烟叶产量,增幅分别为40.5%~61.0%和17.7%~33.2%,以黄腐酸和鱼骨粉处理增产效果较好;而仅黄腐酸和鱼骨粉处理对上部叶有显著的增产作用,能分别增产19.6%和38.8%。增施有机肥能显著提高烟叶的产量和产值,提高上等烟和中上等烟比例;产量和产值以鱼骨粉处理效果最显著,上等烟比例以菜籽饼处理最高,中上等烟比例以花生饼处理最高,总的经济效益以鱼骨粉处理最好。增施有机肥能显著提高烟叶养分含量和养分积累量,烟叶的氮、磷、钾总积累量表现为鱼骨粉处理(105.76 kg/hm^(2))>黄腐酸处理(102.27 kg/hm^(2))>花生饼处理(90.23 kg/hm^(2))>菜籽饼处理(87.22 kg/hm^(2))>不施有机肥处理(64.76 kg/hm^(2))。对于烟叶的化学成分,增施有机肥各处理均能提高烟叶的烟碱、总氮、还原糖、总糖、钾含量,降低氯含量,平衡烟叶的氮碱比(总氮/烟碱)、钾氯比和两糖比(还原糖/总糖),以鱼骨粉处理各部位烟叶化学成分最为协调,其次是黄腐酸、菜籽饼处理。鱼骨粉处理还能增加烟叶颜色的均匀性,消除颗粒物,提高烟叶的外观质量。综合以上分析,试验条件下对于茄衣烟叶宜施用无机肥配施鱼骨粉1500 kg/hm^(2)。