Development and Application of an Instrument for Analysis of Bone Structure on Radiographs

An instrument used for quantitative assessment of trabecular structure of radius on radiograph including trabecular number and trabecular width was developed using a microdensitometer and a single-chip microcomputer. The device is characterized by its high sensitivity, good reproducibility, convenience and economy. The results obtained with the instrument were significantly correlated to actual bone mineral content, This device can be used for the diagnosis of osteoporosis, fluorosis, rickets and bone damages caused by cadmium.

Fabrication of NiTi Shape Memory Alloys with Graded Porosity to Imitate Human Long-bone Structure

Replacement of damaged long bones is still a significant challenge in surgery. In the present study, a NiTi Shape Memory Alloy （SMA） constructed with graded porosity imitating human long bone structure was fabricated via a dedicated moulding procedure. The outer layer （porosity 14 %） and inner layer （porosity 52 %） of the bone-like graded NiTi alloy were found to be co-axial very well with the interface with a good metallurgical bonding. Moreover, the compression strength and elastic modulus of the graded-porosity NiTi SMAs were found to be 360.6 MPa and 6.7 GPa, respectively, which have been improved by its coaxiality compared with the one with poor coaxiality. The graded-porosity NiTi SMAs exhibit resembling mechanical performance as human long-bones, and are considered to be better implant candidates for long bone replacement.

Biomimetic Lightweight Design of Legged Robot Hydraulic Drive Unit Shell Inspired by Geometric Shape of Fish Bone Rib Structure

The lightweight design of hydraulic quadruped robots,especially the lightweight design of the leg joint Hydraulic Drive Unit(HDU),can improve the robot's response speed,motion speed,endurance,and load capacity.However,the lightweight design of HDU is a huge challenge due to the need for structural strength.This paper is inspired by the geometric shape of fish bones and biomimetic reinforcing ribs on the surface of the HDU shell are designed to increase its strength and reduce its weight.First,a HDU shell with biomimetic fish bone reinforcing ribs structure is proposed.Then,the MATLAB toolbox and ANSYS finite element analysis module are used to optimize the parameters of the biomimetic reinforcing ribs structure and the overall layout of the shell.Finally,the HDU shell is manufactured using additive manufacturing technology,and a performance testing platform is built to conduct dynamic and static performance tests on the designed HDU.The experimental results show that the HDU with biomimetic fish bone reinforcing ribs has excellent dynamic performance and better static performance than the prototype model,and the weight of the shell is reduced by 20%compared to the prototype model.This work has broad application prospects in the lightweight and high-strength design of closed-pressure vessel components.

Osteoporosis Prediction for Trabecular Bone using Machine Learning: A Review

Trabecular bone holds the utmost importance due to its significance regarding early bone loss.Diseases like osteoporosis greatly affect the structure of the Trabecular bone which results in different outcomes like high risk of fracture.The objective of this paper is to inspect the characteristics of the Trabecular Bone by using the Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)technique.These characteristics prove to be quite helpful in studying different studies related to Trabecular bone such as osteoporosis.The things that were considered before the selection of the articles for the systematic review were language,research field,and electronic sources.Only those articles written in the English language were selected as it is the most prominent language used in scientific,engineering,computer science,and biomedical researches.This literature review was conducted on the articles published between 2006 and 2020.A total of 62 research papers out of 1050 papers were extracted which were according to our topic of review after screening abstract and article content for the title and abstract screening.The findings from those researches were compiled at the end of the result section.This systematic literature review presents a comprehensive report on scientific researches and studies that have been done in the medical area concerning trabecular bone.

Treatment of proximal humeral fractures accompanied by medial calcar fractures using fibular autografts:A retrospective,comparative cohort study

BACKGROUND Severe proximal humerus comminuted fractures are often accompanied by medial calcar comminuted fractures and loss of medial support,which are important factors that lead to internal fixation failure.The appropriate treatment for proximal humerus comminuted fractures has not been established.Therefore,this study assessed the outcomes of using a fibular autograft with locking plates to treat severe proximal humerus comminuted fractures.AIM To investigate the outcomes of using a fibular autograft with locking plates to treat severe proximal humerus comminuted fractures.METHODS This retrospective,comparative cohort study included two groups of patients.Group 1 comprised 22 patients and group 2 comprised 25 patients with complete follow-up data.Group 1 was treated with a fibular autograft with open reduction and locking plates to enable internal fixation.Group 2 was treated with open reduction and locking plates to enable internal fixation.The intraoperative blood loss volume from the shoulder wound,operative time,shoulder wound pain,bone fracture healing time,Constant-Murley score of the shoulder joint,preoperative Holden walking function score,Mallet score of the shoulder joint,and humeral neck-shaft angle during surgery of the two groups were compared,and the differences were analysed using an independent sample t-test.RESULTS Group 1 had a shorter mean operative time than group 2(2.25±0.30 h vs 2.76±0.44 h;P=0.000).Group 1 had a lower shoulder wound pain score on the first day after surgery than group 2(7.91±1.15 points vs 8.56±1.00 points;P=0.044).Group 1 had a shorter fracture healing time than group 2(2.68±0.48 mo vs 3.64±0.64 mo;P=0.000).Group 1 had higher Constant-Murley scores of the shoulder joint at 3,6,and 12 mo after surgery than group 2(76.64±4.02 points vs 72.72±3.02 points,86.36±3.53 points vs 82.96±3.40 points,and 87.95±2.77 points vs 84.68±2.63 points,respectively;P=0.000,0.002,and 0.000,respectively).Group 1 had higher Mallet scores of the shoulder joint at 3,6,and 12 mo after surgery than group 2(10.32±0.57 points vs 9.96±0.54 points,13.36±1.00 points vs 12.60±0.87 points,and 13.91±0.75 points vs 13.36±0.70 points,respectively;P=0.032,0.007,and 0.013,respectively).CONCLUSION Using locking plates with a fibular autograft can recreate medial support,facilitate fracture healing,and improve shoulder function;therefore,this may be an effective treatment option for severe proximal humerus comminuted fractures.

Calcitonin and vitamin D3 have high therapeutic potential for improving diabetic mandibular growth

The goal of this study was to assess the effect of the intermittent combination of an antiresorptive agent （calcitonin） and an anabolic agent （vitamin D3） on treating the detrimental effects of Type 1 diabetes mellitus （DM） on mandibular bone formation and growth. Forty 3-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups： the control group （normal rats）, the control C＋D group （normal rats injected with calcitonin and vitamin D3）, the diabetic C＋D group （diabetic rats injected with calcitonin and vitamin D3） and the diabetic group （uncontrolled diabetic rats）. An experimental DM condition was induced in the male Wistar rats in the diabetic and diabetic C＋ D groups using a single dose of 60 mg.kg-1 body weight of streptozotocin. Calcitonin and vitamin D3 were simultaneously injected in the rats of the control C＋D and diabetic C＋D groups. All rats were killed after 4 weeks, and the right mandibles were evaluated by micro-computed tomography and histomorphometric analysis. Diabetic rats showed a significant deterioration in bone quality and bone formation （diabetic group）. By contrast, with the injection of calcitonin and vitamin D3, both bone parameters and bone formation significantly improved （diabetic C＋ D group） （P 〈 0.05）. These findings suggest that these two hormones might potentially improve various bone properties.

Hierarchical porous carbon derived from animal bone as matric to encapsulated selenium for high performance Li-Se battery

Animal bone was employed as raw material to prepare hierarchical porous carbon by KOH activation. Rare metal selenium（Se） was encapsulated into hierarchical porous carbon successfully for the cathode material of Li–Se battery, achieving the transformation of waste into energy,protecting environment and reducing the spread of the disease. Animal bone porous carbon（ABPC） acquires a specific surface area of 1244.7903 m^2·g^-1 and a pore volume of 0.594184 cm^3·g^-1. The composite Se/ABPC with 51 wt%Se was tested as a novel cathode for Li–Se batteries. The results show that Se/ABPC exhibits high specific capacity,good cycling stability and current-rate performance; at 0.1C,the composite Se/ABPC delivers a high reversible capacity of 705 mAh·g^-1 in the second cycle and 591 mAh·g^-1 after 98 cycles. Even at the current density of 2.0C, it can still maintain at a reversible capacity of 485 mAh·g^-1. The excellent electrochemical properties benefit from the high electron conductivity and the carbon with unique hierarchical porous structure. ABPC can be a promising carbon matrix for Li–Se batteries.