Availability of basic life support courses for the general populations in India, Nigeria and the United Kingdom: An internet-based analysis

BACKGROUND:The number of lay people willing to attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)in real life is increased by effective education in basic life support(BLS).However,little is known about access of general public to BLS training across the globe.This study aimed to investigate availability and key features of BLS courses proposed for lay people in India,Nigeria and the United Kingdom(UK).METHODS:A Google search was done in December 2018,using English keywords relevant for community resuscitation training.Ongoing courses addressing BLS and suitable for any adult layperson were included in the analysis.On-site training courses were limited to those provided within the country's territory.RESULTS:A total of 53,29 and 208 eligible courses were found for India,Nigeria and the UK,respectively.In the UK,the number of courses per 10 million population(31.5)is 79 and 21 times higher than that in India(0.4)and Nigeria(1.5).Course geography is limited to 28%states and one union territory in India,30%states and the Federal Capital Territory in Nigeria.In the UK,the training is offered in all constituent countries,with the highest prevalence in England.Courses are predominantly classroom-based,highly variable in duration,group size and instructors'qualifications.For India and Nigeria,mean cost of participation is exceeding the monthly minimum wage.CONCLUSION:In contrast to the UK,the availability and accessibility of BLS courses are critically limited in India and Nigeria,necessitating immediate interventions to optimize community CPR training and improve bystander CPR rates.

Regeneration Potential of Woody Species at the Side of Secondary Roads Post-Logging of Loundoungou-Toukoulaka Forest Management Unit, Republic of the Congo

Natural regeneration is the basis of a dynamic and demographic balance of plant populations. The objective of this study was to assess the natural regeneration potential of woody species along secondary roads post-logging abandoned since 2008 and 2018. In the two Annual Allowable Cuts (AAC 2008 and AAC 2018), 24 regenerating sub-plots (i.e. 12 sub-plots for AAC 2008 and 12 sub-plots for AAC 2018) with a unit area of 5 m × 5 m were delimited with a total area of 0.06 ha (i.e. 0.03 ha for each AAC). The abundance and diversity of woody species were respectively inventoried and estimated. Two estimators of the specific richness were used to estimate the floristic diversity of each Annual Allowable Cuts (AAC). The results reveal globally 88 woody species in the AAC 2008 and 241 woody species in the AAC 2018, with respective average densities of 2933 stem/ha and 8033 stem/ha. There was a very highly significant difference between the mean densities of the two AAC (Kruskal-Wallis test;H = 2.36, p-value < 0.000). The results also highlight a great diversity and a relatively high abundance of woody species in the 2018 AAC compared to the 2008 AAC. Also, the spatial structuring of the sub-plots on the basis of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) demonstrates that the floristic composition of the two AAC is globally different. The study suggests silvicultural interventions and the long-term assessment of regenerating woody species along abandoned secondary roads in order to guarantee the sustainable management of their population.

Research on the Coverage of the Belt and Road Initiative and a Community with Shared Future for Mankind by Mainstream Media in the United States--Taking the three major mainstream media in the United States as an example

Since China put forward the Belt and Road Initiative and a community with shared future for mankind,mainstream media in the United States such as The Washington Post,The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal have given continuous reports.As the world’s superpower,the United States has a developed media system and a wide range of influence.The study extracted 173 valid texts from May 2015 to March 2020,among which only 5 reports were on a community with shared future for mankind.American media mainly reported from five aspects including economy,politics,cultural,security and environment,although there is no lack of certain sounds,there was more negative reports.It can provide a reference basis for our accurate response and creating a positive international public opinion environment that grasping the reporting trends on the Belt and Road Initiative and a community with shared future for mankind accurately.

The Basic Units of Living Things:A Cell

What is a cell?Definition,A cell is the basic unit of all living things.It is the unit of life.Some living things consistof only one cell.They are called unicellular(one-celled).Other living things consist of more thanone cell.They are called multicellular(many-celled).All plants and animals are multicellular.God provided his creation with a great variety of cells.Yet,as you will learn,all cells have somethings in common.Basic parts of a cell.

"Silk Road People-to-People Connectivity"Care for the Future Donation Ceremony Held in Nay Pyi Taw,Myanmar

On April 1Oth,“Silk Road People-to-People Connectivity”Care for the Future Activity and a donation ceremony of school sports goods were held at China-Myanmar Friendship School,Basic Education High School(BEHS)No.14,in Nay Pyi Taw,Myanmar.

Growth Habit of the Basic Oxysulfate Magnesium Whisker

The growth habit of the basic magnesium oxysulfate whisker was investigated based on the theoreticalmodelof anion coordination polyhedron growth units.It is found that typicalbasic magnesium oxysulfate whisker growth is consistent with anion tetrahedralcoordination incorporation rules.The growth units of basic magnesium oxysulfate whiskers are [Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） and HSO_4^-.[Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） is the favorable growth unit and whisker growth is in the direction of the [Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） combination.A plurality of [Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） s combine and become a larger dimensionalgrowth unit in a one-dimensionaldirection.Then HSO_4^- and larger dimensionalgrowth units connect as basic magnesium sulfate whiskers,according to the structuralcharacteristics of the basic magnesium sulfate whisker,which can guide the synthesis of magnesium hydroxide whisker.

Mapping regional forest management units:a road-based framework in Southeastern Coastal Plain and Piedmont

Management practices are one of the most important factors affecting forest structure and function.Landowners in southern United States manage forests using appropriately sized areas,to meet management objectives that include economic return,sustainability,and esthetic enjoyment.Road networks spatially designate the socioenvironmental elements for the forests,which represented and aggregated as forest management units.Road networks are widely used for managing forests by setting logging roads and firebreaks.We propose that common types of forest management are practiced in road-delineated units that can be determined by remote sensing satellite imagery coupled with crowd-sourced road network datasets.Satellite sensors do not always capture roadcaused canopy openings,so it is difficult to delineate ecologically relevant units based only on satellite data.By integrating citizen-based road networks with the National Land Cover Database,we mapped road-delineated management units across the regional landscape and analyzed the size frequency distribution of management units.We found the road-delineated units smaller than 0.5 ha comprised 64%of the number of units,but only0.98%of the total forest area.We also applied a statistical similarity test(Warren's Index)to access the equivalency of road-delineated units with forest disturbances by simulating a serious of neutral landscapes.The outputs showed that the whole southeastern U.S.has the probability of road-delineated unit of 0.44 and production forests overlapped significantly with disturbance areas with an average probability of 0.50.

Collapse-type shrinkage characteristics in plantation-grown eucalypts： I . Correlations of basic density and some structural indices with shrinkage and collapse properties

Collapse-type shrinkage is one of highly refractory drying defects inlow-medium density plantation-grown eucalypt wood used as solid wood products. Basic density (BD),microfibril angle (MFA), double fibre cell wall thickness (DWT), proportion of ray parenchyma (RP),unit cell wall shrinkage, total shrinkage and residual collapse, which are associated withcollapse-type shrinkage characteristics, were investigated by using simple regression method forthree species of collapse-susceptible Eucalyptus urophyll,, E. grandis and E. urophyllaxE.grandis,planted at Dong-Men Forest Farm in Guangxi autonomous region, China. The results indicated that:unit cell wall shrinkage had a extremely strong positive correlation with BD, moderately strongpositive correlation with DWT, and a weakly or moderately negative correlation with RP and MFA;total shrinkage was positively correlated with BD, DWT and RP and negatively related to MFA, but notable to be predicted ideally by any examined factors alone owing to lower R^2 value (R^2≤0.5712);residual collapse was negatively correlated with BD and DWT, linearly positively correlated withMFA, and had strongly positive linear correlation with RP. It is concluded that BD can be used assingle factor (R^2≥ 0.9412) to predicate unit cell wall shrinkage and RP is the relatively soundindicator for predicting residual collapse

SEIHCRD Model for COVID-19 Spread Scenarios,Disease Predictions and Estimates the Basic Reproduction Number,Case Fatality Rate,Hospital,and ICU Beds Requirement

We have proposed a new mathematical method,the SEIHCRD model,which has an excellent potential to predict the incidence of COVID-19 diseases.Our proposed SEIHCRD model is an extension of the SEIR model.Three-compartments have added death,hospitalized,and critical,which improves the basic understanding of disease spread and results.We have studiedCOVID-19 cases of six countries,where the impact of this disease in the highest are Brazil,India,Italy,Spain,the United Kingdom,and the United States.After estimating model parameters based on available clinical data,the modelwill propagate and forecast dynamic evolution.Themodel calculates the Basic reproduction number over time using logistic regression and the Case fatality rate based on the selected countries’age-category scenario.Themodel calculates two types of Case fatality rate one is CFR daily,and the other is total CFR.The proposed model estimates the approximate time when the disease is at its peak and the approximate time when death cases rarely occur and calculate how much hospital beds and ICU beds will be needed in the peak days of infection.The SEIHCRD model outperforms the classic ARXmodel and the ARIMA model.RMSE,MAPE,andRsquaredmatrices are used to evaluate results and are graphically represented using Taylor and Target diagrams.The result shows RMSE has improved by 56%–74%,and MAPE has a 53%–89%improvement in prediction accuracy.

Investigation of Automatic Speech Recognition Systems via the Multilingual Deep Neural Network Modeling Methods for a Very Low-Resource Language, Chaha

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) is vital for very low-resource languages for mitigating the extinction trouble. Chaha is one of the low-resource languages, which suffers from the problem of resource insufficiency and some of its phonological, morphological, and orthographic features challenge the development and initiatives in the area of ASR. By considering these challenges, this study is the first endeavor, which analyzed the characteristics of the language, prepared speech corpus, and developed different ASR systems. A small 3-hour read speech corpus was prepared and transcribed. Different basic and rounded phone unit-based speech recognizers were explored using multilingual deep neural network (DNN) modeling methods. The experimental results demonstrated that all the basic phone and rounded phone unit-based multilingual models outperformed the corresponding unilingual models with the relative performance improvements of 5.47% to 19.87% and 5.74% to 16.77%, respectively. The rounded phone unit-based multilingual models outperformed the equivalent basic phone unit-based models with relative performance improvements of 0.95% to 4.98%. Overall, we discovered that multilingual DNN modeling methods are profoundly effective to develop Chaha speech recognizers. Both the basic and rounded phone acoustic units are convenient to build Chaha ASR system. However, the rounded phone unit-based models are superior in performance and faster in recognition speed over the corresponding basic phone unit-based models. Hence, the rounded phone units are the most suitable acoustic units to develop Chaha ASR systems.

A Study on Water Demand Load Estimation by Using Unit of Living Water - Focused on Micro Water Supply Area in Daegu City

Water supply capability has been significantly reduced as water demand has been increased due to changes of the world's weather, causing the increase of drought frequency, and urbanization. In terms of water production, water can be secured by construction a dam or procuring substitute water. However, the study approaches in terms of management of water supply area to control the existing water efficiently. Therefore, water demand was estimated by buildings, by which water load of micro water supply area was calculated. As a result, the deviation of water demand for 1,357 micro water supply areas could be calculated while the alternatives to dissolve the spatial demand unbalance were suggested by two types. From the study, firstly, we could anticipate the total water supply demand from the total sum by filtration plants but it was not possible to anticipate the characteristics of distribution within urban areas. For this, the study attempted to anticipate the demand of each 250 thousands of buildings, comprehending the demand of micro areas. Secondly, based on the built results, we suggest the directions to dissolve the water demand unbalance between and among regions, which could be the foundation to suggest the concrete methodology in the future.

Optical transmission through basic-structural-unit superlattices

In this paper, by the transparent-component-decimation （TCD） method we obtain three kinds of new basic- components （BCs） through simplifying and decomposing the BCs of three-component Thue-Morse （3CTM） sequence. Based on these new BCs we propose a type of basic-structural-units （BSUs） and investigate the optical transmission of the one-dimensional （1D） superlattices composed of these BSUs. It is found that if the substrates of the 1D BSU superlattices are certain, the optical transmission at the central wavelength （CW） will be determined completely by the number and the type of BSUs and has nothing to do with the marshalling sequence. In particular, if the substrates are identical, the numbers of different types of BSUs are all the same and the middle two elements of BSUs constitute a cycle, then no matter whether the system is periodic, or quasiperiodic, or aperiodic, or unordered, or even random, it will be transparent at the CW. The conclusion is confirmed by the numerical results. Similar to the even layers of neighbourhood identical elements in TCD method, such a kind of optical BSU subsystem can also be decimated from the chain in the process of transmission investigation. There would be a potential application in the designing of some interesting optical devices.

路网环境下基于Unit模型的位置隐私保护方法

基于位置的服务(LBS)为人们的日常生活带来很大便利,然而由此引起的用户隐私泄露问题也同样受到人们的关注.用户向LBS提交查询时必须提供确切位置信息,攻击者可根据用户的位置信息推断出该用户的私人信息进而做出一些违背道德法律的事情.为解决这个问题,现有的大部分空间匿名技术将用户的位置进行泛化,然后再发送到LBS服务器.本文基于路网环境提出一种新的路网模型,并以该路网模型提出一种新的路网匿名方法.首先,针对路网环境提出Unit路网模型,将道路网络划分为小的匿名单元,然后对匿名单元采用希尔伯特编码进行排序,为后面产生匿名区域和匿名区域扩展打下基础.其次,提出基于Unit路网模型的位置隐私保护算法.为保证服务质量,匿名区域的总长度不能超过一定的长度限制.因此在扩展匿名区域的时候只考虑有活跃用户的匿名单元.第三,提出在匿名区域内添加假用户的方法来提高匿名成功率.最后,基于理论分析和实验验证,证明了上述算法的有效性.

Spatial Narrative and The Kite Runner

This article analyzes The Kite Runner with the help of spactial narrative. The novel will be analyzed from three angles—the function of spatial narrative, the basic unit of spatial narrative, the periphery of spatial narrative and the overall effect presented in the novel by using these narrative techniques.

Short-Term Traffic Flow Prediction Based on Road Network Topology

Accurate short-term traffic flow prediction plays a crucial role in intelligent transportation system (ITS), because it can assist both traffic authorities and individual travelers make better decisions. Previous researches mostly focus on shallow traffic prediction models, which performances were unsatisfying since short-term traffic flow exhibits the characteristics of high nonlinearity, complexity and chaos. Taking the spatial and temporal correlations into consideration, a new traffic flow prediction method is proposed with the basis on the road network topology and gated recurrent unit (GRU). This method can help researchers without professional traffic knowledge extracting generic traffic flow features effectively and efficiently. Experiments are conducted by using real traffic flow data collected from the Caltrans Performance Measurement System (PEMS) database in San Diego and Oakland from June 15, 2017 to September 27, 2017. The results demonstrate that our method outperforms other traditional approaches in terms of mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), symmetric mean absolute percentage error (SMAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE).

用True BASIC与dBASE Ⅲ联合开发管理软件的研究与实现

文章简要介绍了软件复用技术与多语言联合开发软件技术,阐述了用BASIC与dBASEⅢ联合开发管理软件时的调用与数据传递技术及其问题,讨论了True BASIC直接操纵管理(读结构、查找、读记录、追加、插入、修改、删除)dBASEⅢ数据库文件的方法、技巧与程序,指出这种技术与True BASIC自动转换并复用BASIC程序、“汇集”True BASIC程序在DOS下直接执行的·exe文件等,为用True BASIC与dBASEⅢ方便地开发管理软件铺平了道路。

Experimentation of a 1-pixel bit reconfigurable ternary optical processor

A detailed experiment of 1-pixel bit reconfigurable ternary optical processor （TOP） is proposed in the paper. 42 basic operation units （BOUs） and 28 typical logic operators of the TOP are realized in the experiment. Results of the test cases elaborately cover the every combination of BOUs and all the nine inputs of ternary processor. Both the experiment process and results analysis are given in this paper. The experimental results demonstrate that the theory of reconfiguring a TOP is valid and that the reconfiguration circuitry is effective.

路特固(ROADGOOD)——中国路基材料的发展方向

路特固(ROADGOOD)材料作为一种高科技的路基材料,在我国道路建设应用工程中已取得良好的效果。用这种高科技材料取代传统材料,建设坚固耐用四通八达的国家公路网,将会给我国公路建设事业带来巨大的效益。

基于Visual Basic 6.0的富水性评价

钻孔单位涌水量是评价含水层富水性的重要指标,新的《煤矿防治水规定》中给出了单位涌水量具体的标准计算方法,但计算过程极为繁琐。本文应用Visual Basic 6.0进行编程,将钻孔单位涌水量复杂的计算过程智能化,既减轻了工作负担,又避免了人工计算所带来的偏差。

Comprehensive Drafts of Woven Fabrics

The crux of this paper is based on the pattern drafting of woven fabrics. It is necessary because many textile designers or weavers cannot generate and develop their personal pattern drafts for weaving. It is obvious that they mainly copy other people’s designs to weave. This paper therefore has provided an easy and simple way to learn, focus and develop their original designs to weave. The practical production method is used to create, generate and develop the pattern drafts in this paper. The paper focuses on the components of the pattern draft which will surely help to forecast and have a view of the appearance of the design before it is woven on the cloth. In conclusion, the weaver will be able to record and document his/her original works for posterity.