Size-dependent effect on biaxial and shear nonlinear buckling analysis of nonlocal isotropic and orthotropic micro-plate based on surface stress and modified couple stress theories using differential quadrature method

The size-dependent effect on the biaxial and shear nonlinear buckling analysis of an isotropic and orthotropic micro-plate based on the surface stress, the modified couple stress theory （MCST）, and the nonlocal elasticity theories using the differential quadrature method （DQM） is presented. Main advantages of the MCST over the classical theory （CT） are the inclusion of the asymmetric couple stress tensor and the consideration of only one material length scale parameter. Based on the nonlinear von Karman assumption, the governing equations of equilibrium for the micro-classical plate consid- ering midplane displacements are derived based on the minimum principle of potential energy. Using the DQM, the biaxial and shear critical buckling loads of the micro-plate for various boundary conditions are obtained. Accuracy of the obtained results is validated by comparing the solutions with those reported in the literature. A parametric study is conducted to show the effects of the aspect ratio, the side-to-thickness ratio, Eringen＇s nonlocal parameter, the material length scale parameter, Young＇s modulus of the surface layer, the surface residual stress, the polymer matrix coefficients, and various boundary conditions on the dimensionless uniaxial, biaxial, and shear critical buckling loads. The results indicate that the critical buckling loads are strongly sensitive to Eringen＇s nonlocal parameter, the material length scale parameter, and the surface residual stress effects, while the effect of Young＇s modulus of the surface layer on the critical buckling load is negligible. Also, considering the size dependent effect causes the increase in the stiffness of the orthotropic micro-plate. The results show that the critical biaxial buckling load increases with an increase in G12/E2 and vice versa for E1/E2. It is shown that the nonlinear biaxial buckling ratio decreases as the aspect ratio increases and vice versa for the buckling amplitude. Because of the most lightweight micro-composite materials with high strength/weight and stiffness/weight ratios, it is anticipated that the results of the present work are useful in experimental characterization of the mechanical properties of micro-composite plates in the aircraft industry and other engineering applications.

Calculation and Analysis of TVMS Considering Profile Shifts and Surface Wear Evolution Process of Spur Gear

Profile shift is a highly effective technique for optimizing the performance of spur gear transmission systems.However,tooth surface wear is inevitable during gear meshing due to inadequate lubrication and long-term operation.Both profile shift and tooth surface wear(TSW)can impact the meshing characteristics by altering the involute tooth profile.In this study,a tooth stiffness model of spur gears that incorporates profile shift,TSW,tooth deformation,tooth contact deformation,fillet-foundation deformation,and gear body structure coupling is established.This model efficiently and accurately determines the time-varying mesh stiffness(TVMS).Additionally,an improved wear depth prediction method for spur gears is developed,which takes into consideration the mutually prime teeth numbers and more accurately reflects actual gear meshing conditions.Results show that consideration of the mutual prime of teeth numbers will have a certain impact on the TSW process.Furthermore,the finite element method(FEM)is employed to accurately verify the values of TVMS and load sharing ratio(LSR)of profile-shifted gears and worn gears.This study quantitatively analyzes the effect of profile shift on the surface wear process,which suggests that gear profile shift can partially alleviate the negative effects of TSW.The contribution of this study provides valuable insights into the design and maintenance of spur gear systems.

Electro-mechanical coupling wave propagating in a locally resonant piezoelectric/elastic phononic crystal nanobeam with surface effects

The model of a "spring-mass" resonator periodically attached to a piezoelectric/elastic phononic crystal(PC) nanobeam with surface effects is proposed, and the corresponding calculation method of the band structures is formulized and displayed by introducing the Euler beam theory and the surface piezoelectricity theory to the plane wave expansion(PWE) method. In order to reveal the unique wave propagation characteristics of such a model, the band structures of locally resonant(LR) elastic PC Euler nanobeams with and without resonators, the band structures of LR piezoelectric PC Euler nanobeams with and without resonators, as well as the band structures of LR elastic/piezoelectric PC Euler nanobeams with resonators attached on PZT-4, with resonators attached on epoxy, and without resonators are compared. The results demonstrate that adding resonators indeed plays an active role in opening and widening band gaps. Moreover, the influence rules of different parameters on the band gaps of LR elastic/piezoelectric PC Euler nanobeams with resonators attached on epoxy are discussed, which will play an active role in the further realization of active control of wave propagations.

Application of passive source surface-wave method in site engineering seismic survey

Site engineering seismic survey provides basic data for seismic effect analysis. As an important parameter of soil, shear-wave velocity is usually obtained through wave velocity testing in borehole. In this paper, the passive source surface-wave method is introduced into the site engineering seismic survey and practically applied in an engineering site of Shijingshan District. By recording the ubiquitous weak vibration on the earth surface, extract the dispersion curve from the surface-wave components using the SPAC method and obtain the shear-wave velocity structure from inversion. Over the depth of 42 m under- ground, it totally consists of five layers with interface depth of 3.31, 4.50, 7.23, 17.41, and 42.00 m; and shear-wave velocity of 144.0, 198.3, 339.4, 744.2, and 903.7 m/s, respectively. The inversion result is used to evaluate site classification, determine the maximum shear modulus of soil, provide basis for further seismic hazard analysis and site assessment or site zoning, etc. The result shows that the passive source surface-wave method is feasible in the site engineering seismic survey and can replace boreholes,shorten survey period, and reduce engineering cost to some extent.

Near-zone Direct and Indirect Topographic Effects Based on the Rectangular Prism and Surface Element

Helmert’s second method of condensation is an effective method for terrain reduction in the geoid and quasi-geoid determinations. Condensing the masses outside the geoid to a surface layer on the geoid produces several forms of topographic effects: direct effect on gravity, secondary indirect effect on gravity and indirect effects on the (quasi-) geoid, respectively. To strike a balance between computation accuracy and numerical efficiency, the global integration region of topographic effects is usually divided into near zone and far zone. We focus on the computation of near-zone topographic effects, which are functions of actual topographic masses and condensed masses. Since there have already been mature formulas for gravitational attraction and potential of actual topographic masses using rectangular prism model, we put forward surface element model for condensed masses. Afterwards, the formulas for near-zone direct and indirect effects are obtained easily by combining the rectangular prism model and surface element model. To overcome the planar approximation errors involved with the new formulas for near-zone topographic effects, the Earth’s curvature can be taken into account. It is recommended to apply the formulas based on the rectangular prism and surface element considering the Earth’s curvature to calculate near-zone topographic effects for high-accuracy demand to determine geoid and quasi-geoid.

On the Solar Climate of the Moon and the Resulting Surface Temperature Distribution

The solar climate of our Moon is analyzed using the results of numerical simulations and the recently released data of the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment (DLRE) to assess (a) the resulting distribution of the surface temperature, (b) the related global mean surface temperature Ts>, and (c) the effective radiation temperature Te often considered as a proxy for Ts> of rocky planets and/or their natural satellites, where Te is based on the global radiation budget of the well-known “thought model” of the Earth in the absence of its atmosphere. Because the Moon consists of similar rocky material like the Earth, it comes close to this thought model. However, the Moon’s astronomical features (e.g., obliquity, angular velocity of rotation, position relative to the disc of the solar system) differ from that of the Earth. Being tidally locked to the Earth, the Moon’s orbit around the Sun shows additional variation as compared to the Earth’s orbit. Since the astronomical parameters affect the solar climate, we predicted the Moon’s orbit coordinates both relative to the Sun and the Earth for a period of 20 lunations starting May 24, 2009, 00:00 UT1 with the planetary and lunar ephemeris DE430 of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology. The results revealed a mean heliocentric distance for the Moon and Earth of 1.00124279 AU and 1.00166376 AU, respectively. The mean geocentric distance of the Moon was 384792 km. The synodic and draconic months deviated from their respective means in a range of -5.7 h to 6.9 h and ±3.4 h, respectively. The deviations of the anomalistic months from their mean range between -2.83 d and 0.97 d with the largest negative deviations occurring around the points of inflection in the curve that represents the departure of the synodic month from its mean. Based on the two successive passages of the Sun through the ascending node of the lunar equator plane, the time interval between them corresponds to 347.29 days, i.e., it is slightly longer than the mean draconic year of 346.62 days. We computed the local solar insolation as input to the multilayer-force restore method of Kramm et al. (2017) that is based on the local energy budget equation. Due to the need to spin up the distribution of the regolith temperature to equilibrium, analysis of the model results covers only the last 12 lunations starting January 15, 2010, 07:11 UT1. The predicted slab temperatures, Tslab, considered as the realistic surface temperatures, follow the bolometric temperatures, Tbol, acceptably. According to all 24 DLRE datasets related to the subsolar longitude øss, the global averages of the bolometric temperature amounts to Tbol=201.1k± 0.6K. Based on the globally averaged emitted infrared radiation of FIR>=290.5W·m-2± 3.0W·m-2 derived from the 24 DLRE datasets, the effective radiative temperature of the Moon is Te, M>=Tbol>1/4=271.0k± 0.7K so that Tbol>≅0.742Te, M. The DLRE observations suggest that in the case of rocky planets and their natural satellites, the globally averaged surface temperature is notably lower than the effective radiation temperature. They differ by a factor that depends on the astronomical parameters especially on the angular velocity of rotation.

MorphologicaObservation of Specific Condensation Effect of Cholesterol on Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidyl Choline (DPPC) Monolayer by Dropping Method

Morphology of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC)-cholesterol (Chol) mixed monolayer formed on water surface by dropping method was investigated using surface tension measurement (STm), Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), and fluorescence microscopy (FM). STm showed strong condensation effect of Chol in fluidic DPPC monolayer. Excess area (Sex) from mean mixing state of DPPC and Chol was about twice larger than that by general compression method in the range from xC = 0.2 to 0.4 (xC: mole fraction of Chol). BAM and FM images showed clearly that the fluidic DPPC monolayer changed to condensed rigid monolayer due to the condensation effect of Chol. At more than xC = 0.3 DPPC-Chol mixed monolayer changed to condensed state similar to the Chol monolayer. These results support previous reports by compression method that Chol molecule demonstrates the strong condensation effect to the fluidic monolayer and also indicate that dropping method enables to form unique monolayer on the water surface.

AN EQUIVALENT CONTINUUM METHOD OF LATTICE STRUCTURES

An equivalent continuum method is developed to analyze the effective stiffness of three-dimensional stretching dominated lattice materials. The strength and three-dimensional plastic yield surfaces are calculated for the equivalent continuum. A yielding model is formulated and compared with the results of other models. The bedding-in effect is considered to include the compliance of the lattice joints. The predicted stiffness and strength are in good agreement with the experimental data, validating the present model in the prediction of the mechanical properties of stretching dominated lattice structures.

Effects of heat and mass transfer on nonlinear MHD boundary layer flow over a shrinking sheet in the presence of suction

This work is concerned with Magnetohydrodynamic viscous flow due to a shrinking sheet in the presence of suction. The cases of two dimensional and axisymmetric shrinking are discussed. The governing boundary layer equations are written into a dimensionless form by similarity transformations. The transformed coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations are numerically solved by using an advanced numeric technique. Favorability comparisons with previously published work are presented. Numerical results for the dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration profiles as well as for the skin friction, heat and mass transfer and deposition rate are obtained and displayed graphically for pertinent parameters to show interesting aspects of the solution.

Integrated lifting line/surface panel method for optimal propeller design with consideration of hub effect

An optimal marine propeller design method is proposed,which integrates the lifting line and surface panel method and is characterized by the use of the surface panel method to take the hub effect into consideration.By developing an integrated approach instead of an iterative method for the calculation of the interaction between the hub and the designed blades,the hub effects on the optimal circulation can be accounted for throughout the theoretical design procedure.This new integrated method provides a fast and accurate enough method to model the straight forward hub surface,in the optimal propeller design.A systematic design procedure from the basic design inputs to the blade geometry determination is performed and the designed propellers are validated by the surface panel method and the RANS method.The design and analysis cases are considered by different approaches with comparison and validation.And a comparative study including different hub geometries is also performed to reveal the mechanism of the hub effect on the distributions of the propeller optimal loads.

Surface Effect on Vibration of Timoshenko Nanobeam Based on Generalized Differential Quadrature Method and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Nanobeams have promising applications in areas such as sensors,actuators,and resonators in nanoelectromechanical systems(NEMS).Considering the effects of gyration inertia,surface layer mass,surface residual stress,and surface Young's modulus,this study develops the vibration equations of the Timoshenko nanobeam.The generalized differential quadrature(GDQ)method and molecular dynamics(MD)simulation are used to study the surface effect on vibration.For a rectangular cross section,surface residual stress and surface Young's modulus are all affected by the height of the cross section rather than by the length-height ratio.If surface layer mass is considered,then the first three natural frequencies all decrease relative to their counterparts in the case in which surface layer mass is ignored.Results show that the effect of gyration inertia on resonance frequency is negligible.Longitudinal vibration does not easily occur relative to the bending and rotation vibrations of nanobeams.In addition,the results obtained by the GDQ method fit those obtained by MD simulation for beams with length-height ratios of 4-8.This study provides insights into the mechanism of the vibration of short and deep nanobeams and sheds light on the quantitative design of the elements in NEMSs.

经筋针刺法联合益肾壮骨方治疗膝关节骨性关节炎的效果及表面肌电图分析

目的探究经筋针刺法联合益肾壮骨方治疗膝关节骨性关节炎(KOA)的效果及表面肌电图分析。方法选取2022年3月至2023年3月北京市鼓楼中医医院收治的74例KOA患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为观察组(37例)与对照组(37例)。对照组采用益肾壮骨方治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上联合经筋针刺法治疗。比较两组患者治疗前后的中医证候积分、膝关节功能(Lysholm评分)、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分与表面肌电图指标。结果治疗后,观察组中医证候积分各维度评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组VAS评分低于对照组,Lysholm评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组伸展Mean值高于对照组,协同收缩比率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论经筋针刺法联合益肾壮骨方能缓解膝关节骨性关节炎患者中医证候积分,降低疼痛程度,提高膝关节功能,改善患者表面肌电图指标,值得推广。

考虑强度速率衰减效应的地震滑坡SPH-FEM模拟

基于SPH和FEM耦合的数值计算方法,引入滑动面摩擦强度的速率衰减模型,提出了一种能够模拟地震诱发滑坡破坏过程的数值模拟方法。基于所提数值方法模拟了唐家山地震滑坡,模拟结果与现场勘查结果及室内试验现象较为一致。基于模拟的滑动面上摩擦系数的演化过程,将唐家山滑坡的发生分为4个阶段:启动阶段、摩擦衰减阶段、低摩擦滑移阶段和逐步稳定阶段。模拟结果表明速度增加和摩擦强度衰减的相互促进,是触发滑体的高速运动的根本原因。提出采用滑体上作用的动摩擦力fd和动下滑力Td的比值R作为判别指标用于判断大型滑坡的启动,当首次出现R小于1时认为滑动面发生整体贯通并出现失稳启动。基于滑动面不同位置摩擦系数的演化,揭示了滑坡启动中滑动面摩擦强度衰减和滑动面的渐进贯通过程,解释了地震作用与滑动面摩擦参数速率衰减效应共同作用触发大型滑坡发生破坏的内在机理。

基于响应面-遗传算法的文丘里蒸汽疏水阀结构优化设计

为优化文丘里蒸汽疏水阀内件结构,提高其自适应调节性能,以最大疏水范围比为目标,采用Central-Composite响应面设计和遗传算法对文丘里蒸汽疏水阀内件结构进行优化,并对优化前后结构进行分析.结果表明,通过代理模型进行优化设计,大大降低了有限元计算量,提升了优化效率,利用遗传算法得到最佳结构参数为:收缩角为20.8°、喉部长度为4.3mm、扩散角为4.6℃.收缩角、喉部长度和扩散角三个几何参数相互关联,扩散角是影响疏水范围比的最有效参数,其中扩散角对疏水范围比具有负向影响,喉长和收缩角对疏水范围比具有非线性影响,且收缩角对疏水范围比的影响最小.

铜电解阴极钛板碳化硅悬浮液超声波协同清洗研究

铜电解阴极钛板作为铜电解工艺的重要组成部分,其表面质量对电解质量和效率及钛板本身使用寿命有显著影响。针对此问题,采用碳化硅悬浮液超声波协同清洗技术对钛板进行简单、高效、环保的表面处理。通过铝箔腐蚀法探究了最佳清洗参数,分析了清洗过程中的协同效应及其作用机理。通过SEM+EDS和接触角测量仪对钛板表面清洁度、微观形貌和湿润性进行表征和评价。结果表明:距离换能器78 mm、碳化硅颗粒质量分数为0.05%,粒径为70 nm、p H值为中性、温度为55℃时清洗效果最佳;碳化硅悬浮液作为清洗介质,其协同效应可以明显提高清洗效率,改善钛板表面质量;清洗前后的对比表明,协同清洗能够有效地去除钛板表面的污染物,提高表面洁净度和湿润性,恢复钛板表面微观形貌及金属光泽。研究为优化钛板清洗工艺提供参考依据。

SURFACE EFFECTS ON ELASTIC FIELDS AROUND SURFACE DEFECTS

There are always severe stress concentrations around surface defects like grooves or bugles, which might induce the failure of solid materials and structures. In the present paper, we consider the elastic fields around nanosized bugles and grooves on solid surfaces. The influence of surface elasticity on the elastic deformation is addressed through a finite element method. It is found that when the size of defects shrinks to nanometer, the stress fields around such defects will be affected significantly by surface effects.

变形铂金板测定表面张力的校正方法

铂金板是平板法测量液体表面张力的关键元件,但频繁经历清洗和灼烧极易使其变形,导致测量结果不准确。更换新板不仅增加实验成本,也影响实验连续性。为此,提出了一种变形铂金板的校正方法。描述了平板法测量液体表面张力的工作原理,分析出影响变形铂金板测量不准确的原因在于其有效润湿长度不再等同于其周长;在此基础上建立了变形铂金板有效润湿长度的求解模型;设计了不同温度、不同试剂条件下使用变形铂金板测定表面张力实验,验证了该校正方法的准确性和有效性。结果表明,校正后变形铂金板所测得的表面张力与参考值的偏差在0.200 mN/m以内,相对偏差在0.50%以内,符合液体表面张力的测量需求。研究结果保证了变形铂金板测量表面张力的准确性,实现了铂金板的重复利用。

核桃壳木醋液植物生长促进剂响应面法配方优化

为优化以核桃壳木醋液为主的植物生长促进剂配方,在单因素试验的基础上,以核桃的叶面积为响应值,采用响应面法检测不同混合物比例对核桃的促生效果。结果表明,在木醋液体积分数0.5%(200倍液)、KH 2 PO 4质量浓度0.2%、过磷酸钙质量浓度1%、硼酸质量浓度0.2%、尿素质量浓度0.3%时,1年生核桃叶面积最大,达到82.77 cm^(2),与预测值(85.23 cm^(2))无显著差异,表明促生条件最佳。在回归方程中核桃壳木醋液对叶面积的影响最显著,可用于进一步制备核桃壳木醋液生长促进剂。

积雪草主要三萜类化合物测定方法的优化研究

【目的】建立以环糊精为流动相添加剂的高效液相色谱法测定积雪草药材中三萜类化合物积雪草苷、羟基积雪草苷和积雪草苷B的含量,为控制积雪草的质量提供依据。【方法】采用分子设计方法优选流动相添加剂-环糊精种类,效应面法分析环糊精浓度、流动相中乙腈的比例、流动相pH对分离的影响,优化色谱条件,测定积雪草中积雪草苷、羟基积雪草苷和积雪草苷B含量。【结果】优化后HPLC色谱测定方法以γ-环糊精为流动相添加剂,固定相为CAPCELLPAKC18柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-3mmol/L环糊精溶液(含0.10%磷酸)=20∶80(V/V),流速1.0mL/min,柱温25℃,检测波长205nm;羟基积雪草苷和积雪草苷B分离度为4.32;积雪草苷为200~2000ng,积雪草苷B为120~1200ng,羟基积雪草苷为200~2000ng内线性关系良好,方法精密度、重现性、稳定性和回收率良好。【结论】新HPLC色谱测定方法简便、准确、可靠,且经济环保,可用于测定积雪草药材中主要三萜类化合物。

综合物探技术在水利工程勘测中的应用

查明线路沿线低阻异常产生的原因是水利工程勘测的重点内容之一。以东莞市某引水工程勘测为例,采用岩心电阻率测量、高密度电法、天然源面波法等综合物探技术,查明引水管道沿线岩体的电阻率特征,分析低阻异常的地质成因。结果表明,引水管道沿线发育多个低阻异常区,主要由低阻岩体、断裂破碎带及大面积水体的旁侧效应引起;岩体往往因含金属矿物或破碎含水而具有低电阻率,而大面积水体的旁侧效应对高密度电法探测结果的影响也不容忽略。建议在水利工程中应用多种物探技术进行探测和相互验证,提高成果资料的可靠性,更好地指导工程建设。