COVID-19 mortality paradox(United States vs Africa):Mass vaccination vs early treatment

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)mortality rate in 55 African countries is almost 4.5 times lower than in the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)despite Africa having over 4.2 times more people.This mortality paradox is also evident when comparing Nigeria,a heavily populated,poorly vaccinated and weakly mandated country to Israel,a small,highly vaccinated and strictly mandated country.Nigeria has almost 4 times lower COVID mortality than Israel.In this Field of Vision perspective,I explain how this paradox has evolved drawing upon my academic,clinical and social experience.Since April 2020,I’ve developed and been using the Egyptian immune-modulatory Kelleni’s protocol to manage COVID-19 patients including pediatric,geriatric,pregnant,immune-compromised and other individuals suffering from multiple comorbidities.It’s unfortunate that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is still evolving accompanied by more deaths.However in Africa,we’ve been able to live without anxiety or mandates throughout the pandemic because we trust science and adopted early treatment using safe,and effective repurposed drugs that have saved the majority of COVID-19 patients.This article represents an African and Egyptian tale of honor.

Solving the Olbers’s Paradox, Explaining the “Red-Shift”, and Challenging the Relativities by “Sun Matters Theory” and “Sun Model of Universe”, an Evolution of the Einstein’s Static Universe Model

Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.

Braess模型与城市网络的空间复杂化探讨

B raess交通网络模型是经典的图论模型,但该模型同时具有很强的地理学色彩。B raess借助一个简单的网络揭示了出人意料的地理现象:增加交通路线有时反而降低运输效率。从理论地理学的角度对B raess网络进行了数学抽象,然后利用规划理论、图论和微分方程解析等方法揭示出区域-城市地理系统的空间复杂化两个重要动因:空间相互作用和宏观对称破坏。

管理中的Nash平衡与Braess悖论现象

本文给出了交通规划、经济贸易以及其它管理中的一些Nash平衡和Braess悖论实例,分析了Nash平衡和Braess悖论现象及其本质特征,指出它们在管理工作中具有普遍性和潜在应用性。

基于复杂网络的Braess悖论现象

通过将复杂网络理论应用于城市交通中,分析当存在大量居民起讫点及路段时,城市交通中的Braess悖论现象。利用MATLAB建立一个双层城市交通网络,基于Braess悖论现象的成因,对城市交通网络进行交通配流;在此基础上,通过采用MATLAB对城市交通流进行仿真,研究当改变路段实际通行能力、新增居民起讫点或路段时,城市交通网络中的Braess悖论现象,确定造成该现象的路段,提供改善城市交通的方案。

非合作交通网络中的Braess悖论及其避免

平衡交通流网络中存在一种看似矛盾的Braess悖论现象,即在交通网络中增加一条通路反而会降低网络性能。本文分析了悖论产生的机理,指出Braess悖论的出现是由于非合作网络中Nash平衡点不在Pareto边界上,并通过实例分析说明交通规划时应该尽量避免设计出可能导致Braess悖论发生的路网结构,而对于现有交通网络中存在的Pareto悖论现象,可以通过控制和诱导等策略使交通流的分配达到Pareto最优,从而避免悖论发生。

车辆动态导航中Braess悖论的解决方法及其算法设计

对导致 Braess悖论的用户行为趋同性进行分析 ,指出对动态导航用户多样化个性需求的忽视是其发生的根源 ,提出对用户个性化需求的充分考虑是解决 Braess悖论的关键。随后建立起体现用户个性化需求的数学模型 ,并据此设计了无约束动态 K最短路算法和有约束多目标优化动态 K最优路算法 ,用于实现对 Braess悖论的有效解决。

城市路网设计中Braess诡异发生条件新析

对城市道路网络设计中Braess诡异发生条件进行分析,指出Pas,Principio和Penchi-na的分析忽视了新增道路对相交道路路阻函数参数的影响,低估了Braess诡异出现的可能性.分析表明,在以城市交通网络为研究对象时,新增道路会带来相交道路自由流行程时间和拥挤时间的增加,而如将这一影响引入Braess诡异发生条件分析中时,Braess诡异出现的可能性将大大增加,应当在城市交通网络设计中引起重视.

拥挤交通网络的Braess’悖论现象

在拥挤交通网络中,路段阻抗不仅与本路段车流量有关,也受其它路段车流量影响.本文讨论拥挤交通网络中同时考虑本路段和其它路段流量影响时Braess’悖论的性质及在系统最优分配下新增路段的作用.利用用户平衡(UE)和系统最优(SO)条件,计算得出Braess’悖论发生时交通需求具体范围及SO分配下新增路段有意义的交通需求具体范围,研究其它路段车流量对悖论产生概率影响及对SO分配下新增路段是否起作用的影响,讨论其它路段对UE分配和SO分配网络总阻抗差距的影响.结果表明,悖论发生概率,SO分配下新增路段起作用的概率及两种交通分配网络总阻抗的差距都受其它路段不同程度的影响,这为城市交通网络规划拓宽了思路.

Braess悖论及其对偶形式的博弈论分析

用博弈论的基本原理来分析Braess悖论及其对偶形式,提出了一种更直接更简洁的建模方法.首次提出了Braess悖论的对偶形式,通过建立Braess悖论的非合作博弈模型,可以得知:在车流量一定的情况下,增加路段有可能使路网中通行时间增加.同样,通过建立Braess悖论对偶形式的非合作博弈模型可知:在路网不变的情况下,增加车流量有可能使路网中通行时间减少,并详细分析了这种现象的特征及原因,提出了解决措施.

The seeming paradox of adenosine receptors as targets for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: agonists or antagonists?

Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, and its incidence is relatively high among elderly people, affecting about 1-2% of the population between 60-65 years old and rising dramatically （about 30%） in people aged 80 years or older （Selkoe, 2002）. Nowadays, considering the increasing mean lifespan of populations in developed countries, the disease is becoming more and more a health concern, and the search for an effective cure has turned into＂a real need＂.

Resolution of Grandi’s Paradox as Extended to Complex Valued Functions

Grandi’s paradox, which was posed for a real function of the form 1/(1+ x), has been resolved and extended to complex valued functions. Resolution of this approximately three-hundred-year-old paradox is accomplished by the use of a consistent truncation approach that can be applied to all the series expansions of Grandi-type functions. Furthermore, a new technique for improving the convergence characteristics of power series with alternating signs is introduced. The technique works by successively averaging a series at different orders of truncation. A sound theoretical justification of the successive averaging method is demonstrated by two different series expansions of the function 1/(1+ ex ) . Grandi-type complex valued functions such as 1/(i + x) are expressed as consistently-truncated and convergence-improved forms and Fagnano’s formula is established from the series expansions of these functions. A Grandi-type general complex valued function is introduced and expanded to a consistently truncated and successively averaged series. Finally, an unorthodox application of the successive averaging method to polynomials is presented.

Parrondo's paradox for chaos control and anticontrol of fractional-order systems

We present the generalized forms of Parrondo＇s paradox existing in fractional-order nonlinear systems. The gener- alization is implemented by applying a parameter switching （PS） algorithm to the corresponding initial value problems associated with the fractional-order nonlinear systems. The PS algorithm switches a system parameter within a specific set of N 〉 2 values when solving the system with some numerical integration method. It is proven that any attractor of the concerned system can be approximated numerically. By replacing the words ＂winning＂ and ＂loosing＂ in the classical Parrondo＇s paradox with ＂order＂ and ＂chaos＂, respectively, the PS algorithm leads to the generalized Parrondo＇s paradox： chaos1 ＋ chaos2 ＋..- ＋ chaosN = order and order1 ＋ order2 ＋.-. ＋ orderN = chaos. Finally, the concept is well demon- strated with the results based on the fractional-order Chen system.

Large eustachian valve fostering paradoxical thromboembolism:passive bystander or serial partner in crime?

Catheter-based closure of patent foramen ovale(PFO)is more effective than medical therapy in the prevention of recurrent stroke[1].It is likely that a proportion of patients evaluated for potential transcatheter PFO closure has actually different anatomical variants particularly common in the right atrium such as eustachian valve,Chiari network,Thebesian valve and Crista Terminalis.Notably,the eustachian valve may represent an increased risk factor for left circulation thromboembolism beyond that associated with PFO size and shunting.Such patients may benefit the most from percutaneous closure procedure.

A Resolution of the Black Hole Information Paradox via Transfinite Set Theory

A black hole is essentially a relativistic as well as a quantum object. Therefore the information paradox of black holes is a consequence of the clash between these two most fundamental theories of modern physics. It is logical to conclude that a resolution of the problem requires some form of a quantum gravity theory. The present work proposes such a resolution using set theory and pointless spacetime geometry.

Radial Electric Field in Tokamak Plasmas as a Physical Consequence of Ehrenfest’s Paradox

A simplified form and some possible theoretical resolutions of the so-called Ehrenfest’s Paradox are described. A relation between physical consequences of this relativistic paradox and charge density ρ of tokamak plasma is shown. Plasma experiments which could resolve the Ehrenfest’s Paradox are presented.

Resolution of Hardy’s Paradox within Spacetime Physics and the Ithaca Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

By religiously adhering to physics in spacetime and taking the final verdict of N.D. Mermin’s Ithaca interpretation of quantum mechanics seriously, Hardy’s paradox is completely resolved. It is then concluded that logical and mathematically consistent physical theories must be put in spacetime related formalism such as noncommutative geometry and E-infinity theory to avoid quantum paradoxes. At a minimum, we should employ the philosophy behind consistent quantum interpretation such as that of the famous Ithaca interpretation of D. Mermin.

Coral reef ecological pump for gathering and retaining nutrients and exporting carbon:a review and perspectives

How coral reefs with high productivity and biodiversity can flourish in oligotrophic tropical oceans has inspired substantial research on coral reef ecosystems.Increasing evidence shows that similar to water in an oasis in the desert,there are stable nutrient supplies to coral reefs in oligotrophic oceans.Here,with emphasis on the fluxes of organic matter,we summarize at the ecosystem level(1)the multiple input pathways of external nutrients,(2)the storage of nutrients in reef organisms,(3)the efficient retaining and recycling of dissolved and particulate organic matter within coral reef ecosystems,(4)the distinctly high phytoplankton productivity and biomass inside and near oceanic coral reefs,and(5)the export of reef-related organic carbon to adjacent open oceans.These properties enable coral reefs to function as ecological“pumps”for gathering nutrients across ecosystems and space,retaining and recycling nutrients within the ecosystem,supporting high phytoplankton productivity,and exporting organic carbon to adjacent open oceans.Particularly,the high phytoplankton productivity and biomass make waters around coral reefs potential hotspots of carbon export to ocean depths via the biological pump.We demonstrate that organic carbon influx is vital for coral reef ecosystems’carbon budget and carbon export.The concept of the coral reef ecological pump provides a framework to improve the understanding of the functioning of the coral reef ecosystem and its responses to disturbance.Prospects of the coral reef ecological pump in coral reef studies are discussed in changing oceans driven by human activities and global change in the Anthropocene.

Hilbert’s First Problem and the New Progress of Infinity Theory

In the 19th century, Cantor created the infinite cardinal number theory based on the “1-1 correspondence” principle. The continuum hypothesis is proposed under this theoretical framework. In 1900, Hilbert made it the first problem in his famous speech on mathematical problems, which shows the importance of this question. We know that the infinitesimal problem triggered the second mathematical crisis in the 17-18th centuries. The Infinity problem is no less important than the infinitesimal problem. In the 21st century, Sergeyev introduced the Grossone method from the principle of “whole is greater than part”, and created another ruler for measuring infinite sets. The discussion in this paper shows that, compared with the cardinal number method, the Grossone method enables infinity calculation to achieve a leap from qualitative calculation to quantitative calculation. According to Grossone theory, there is neither the largest infinity and infinitesimal, nor the smallest infinity and infinitesimal. Hilbert’s first problem was caused by the immaturity of the infinity theory.

A Combined Heterotic String and Kähler Manifold Elucidation of Ordinary Energy,Dark Matter,Olbers’s Paradox and Pure Dark Energy Density of the Cosmos

We utilize the topological-geometrical structure imposed by the Heterotic superstring theory on spacetime in conjunction with the K3 Kähler manifold to explain the mysterious nature of dark matter and its coupling to the pure dark energy density of the cosmos. The analogous situations in the case of a Kerr black hole as well as the redundant components of the Riemannian tensor are pointed out and the final result was found to be in complete agreement with all previous theoretical ones as well as all recent accurate measurements and cosmic observations. We conclude by commenting briefly on the Cantorian model of Zitterbewegung and the connection between Olbers’s paradox and dark energy.