Reviewing the history of the development of artificial intelligence(AI)clearly reveals that brain science has resulted in breakthroughs in AI,such as deep learning.At present,although the developmental trend in AI and...Reviewing the history of the development of artificial intelligence(AI)clearly reveals that brain science has resulted in breakthroughs in AI,such as deep learning.At present,although the developmental trend in AI and its applications has surpassed expectations,an insurmountable gap remains between AI and human intelligence.It is urgent to establish a bridge between brain science and AI research,including a link from brain science to AI,and a connection from knowing the brain to simulating the brain.The first steps toward this goal are to explore the secrets of brain science by studying new brain-imaging technology;to establish a dynamic connection diagram of the brain;and to integrate neuroscience experiments with theory,models,and statistics.Based on these steps,a new generation of AI theory and methods can be studied,and a subversive model and working mode from machine perception and learning to machine thinking and decision-making can be established.This article discusses the opportunities and challenges of adapting brain science to AI.展开更多
The National Natural Science Foundation of China is one of the major funding agencies for neuro rehabilitation research in China.This study reviews the frontier directions and achievements in the field of neurorehabil...The National Natural Science Foundation of China is one of the major funding agencies for neuro rehabilitation research in China.This study reviews the frontier directions and achievements in the field of neurorehabilitation in China and wo rldwide.We used data from the Web of Science Core Collection(WoSCC) database to analyze the publications and data provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China to analyze funding information.In addition,the prospects for neurorehabilitation research in China are discussed.From 2010 to 2022,a total of 74,220 publications in neurorehabilitation were identified,with there being an overall upward tendency.During this period,the National Natural Science Foundation of China has funded 476 research projects with a total funding of 192.38 million RMB to support neuro rehabilitation research in China.With the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China has made some achievements in neurorehabilitation research.Research related to neurorehabilitation is believed to be making steady and significant progress in China.展开更多
With the development of brain science,new breakthrough points have been discovered in more and more fields including philosophy.The philosophy is a mode of thinking and brain science explores the mystery of thinking b...With the development of brain science,new breakthrough points have been discovered in more and more fields including philosophy.The philosophy is a mode of thinking and brain science explores the mystery of thinking by researching functions of human brain,which provides a broader vision for the study of the essential difference between the Chinese and western modes of thinking and philosophical thoughts.For better development of Chinese philosophy,the whole brain civilization must be founded,so that Chinese and western cultures should learn from each other to tackle further challenges.展开更多
Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence(AI)have indicated that inspirations from the brain can effectively improve the level of intelligence for AI computational models,even if just local and partial inspirations.N...Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence(AI)have indicated that inspirations from the brain can effectively improve the level of intelligence for AI computational models,even if just local and partial inspirations.Nevertheless,realizing and exceeding intelligence at a human level still needs a deeper investigation and inspirations from the brain.The goal of brain-inspired intelligence is to achieve human intelligence inspired from brain neural mechanism and cognitive behavior mechanism.To this end,in this paper we introduce the relationship between AI and neuroscience,the current status of brain-inspired intelligence,the future work in intelligent control systems,and its profound influence in other fields.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To identify global research trends in three therapies for children with cerebral palsy. DATA RETRIEVAL: We performed a bibliometric analysis of studies on therapies for children with cerebral palsy from 2...OBJECTIVE: To identify global research trends in three therapies for children with cerebral palsy. DATA RETRIEVAL: We performed a bibliometric analysis of studies on therapies for children with cerebral palsy from 2002 to 2011 retrieved from Web of Science. SELECTION CRITERIA: Inclusion criteria: (a) peer-reviewed published articles on botulinum toxin, constraint-induced movement therapy, or acupuncture for children with cerebral palsy indexed in Web of Science; (b) original research articles, reviews, meeting abstracts, proceedings papers, book chapters, editorial material, and news items; and (c) publication between 2002 and 2011. Exclusion criteria: (a) articles that required manual searching or telephone access; (b) documents that were not published in the public domain; and (c) a number of corrected papers from the total number of articles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Number of publications on the three therapies; (2) annual publication output, distribution by journals, distribution by institution, and top-cited articles on botulinum toxin; (3) annual publication output, distribution by journal, distribution by institution, and top-cited articles on constraint-induced movement therapy; (4) annual publication, distribution by journal, distribution by institution, and top-cited articles on acupuncture. RESULTS: This analysis, based on Web of Science articles, identified several research trends in studies published over the past 10 years of three therapies for children with cerebral palsy. More articles on botulinum toxin for treating children with cerebral palsy were published than the articles regarding constraint-induced movement therapy or acupuncture. The numbers of publications increased over the 10-year study period. Most papers appeared in journals with a focus on neurology, such as Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology and Journal of Child Neurology.Research institutes publishing on botulinum toxin treatments for this population are mostly in the Netherlands, the United States of America, and Australia; those publishing on constraint-induced movement therapy are mostly in Australia and the United States of America; and those publishing on acupuncture are mostly in China, Sweden and the United States of America.CONCLUSION: Analysis of literature and research trends indicated that there was no one specific therapy to cure cerebral palsy. Further studies are still necessary.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Glioma is the most common intracranial tumor and has a poor patient prognosis. The presence of brain tumor stem cells was gradually being understood and recognized, which might be beneficial for the treat...BACKGROUND: Glioma is the most common intracranial tumor and has a poor patient prognosis. The presence of brain tumor stem cells was gradually being understood and recognized, which might be beneficial for the treatment of glioma. OBJECTIVE: To use bibliometric indexes to track study focuses on glioma stem cell, and to investigate the relationships among geographic origin, impact factors, and highly cited articles indexed in Web of Science. METHODS: A list of citation classics for glioma stem cells was generated by searching the database of Web of Science-Expanded using the terms "glioma stem cell" or "glioma, stem cell'" or "brain tumor stem cell". The top 63 cited research articles which were cited more than 100 times were retrieved by reading the abstract or full text if needed. Each eligible article was reviewed for basic information on subject categories, country of origin, journals, authors, and source of journals. Inclusive criteria: (1) articles in the field of glioma stem cells which was cited more than 100 times; (2) fundamental research on humans or animals, clinical trials and case reports; (3) research article; (4) year of publication: 1899-2012; and (5) citation database: Science Citation Index-Expanded. Exclusive criteria: (1) articles needing to be manually searched or accessed only by telephone; (2) unpublished articles; and (3) reviews, conference proceedings, as well as corrected papers. RESULTS: Of 2 040 articles published, the 63 top-cited articles were published between 1992 and 2010. The number of citations ranged from 100 to 1 754, with a mean of 280 citations per article. These citation classics came from nineteen countries, of which 46 articles came from the United States. Duke University and University of California, San Francisco led the list of classics with seven papers each. The 63 top-cited articles were published in 28 journals, predominantly Cancer Research and Cancer Cell, followed by Cell Stem Cell and Nature. CONCLUSION: Our bibliometric analysis provides a historical perspective on the progress of glioma stem cell research. Articles originating from outstanding institutions of the United States and published in high-impact journals are most likely to be cited.展开更多
Biophysics as an immense spectrum comprehended by one of the most commonly applied borderland mental process embracing from the nature,through living systems up to spiritual processes brings it along inevitable that t...Biophysics as an immense spectrum comprehended by one of the most commonly applied borderland mental process embracing from the nature,through living systems up to spiritual processes brings it along inevitable that the reader will join issue here and there with the deductions of this book but in actual fact it was just one of the goals of this work.To get hold of the biophysical view is not an easy task,because it applies mathematical apparatus to biological systems;on the other hand as a reward it guides to fascinating results,recognizing theoretically which conformity of rules are valid on principle in the Universe in the inanimate-living-spiritual triple system from the lowest to the highest organizational level.In this way one can make up the reader’s claim to consider systematically those problems arising from the various fields of science and life in the countless variety of interrelations and in their very different consequences.展开更多
Artificial intelligence(AI) systems surpass certain human intelligence abilities in a statistical sense as a whole, but are not yet the true realization of these human intelligence abilities and behaviors. There are d...Artificial intelligence(AI) systems surpass certain human intelligence abilities in a statistical sense as a whole, but are not yet the true realization of these human intelligence abilities and behaviors. There are differences, and even contradictions, between the cognition and behavior of AI systems and humans. With the goal of achieving general AI, this study contains a review of the role of cognitive science in inspiring the development of the three mainstream academic branches of AI based on the three-layer framework proposed by David Marr, and the limitations of the current development of AI are explored and analyzed. The differences and inconsistencies between the cognition mechanisms of the human brain and the computation mechanisms of AI systems are analyzed. They are found to be the cause of the differences and contradictions between the cognition and behavior of AI systems and humans. Additionally, eight important research directions and their scientific issues that need to focus on braininspired AI research are proposed: highly imitated bionic information processing, a large-scale deep learning model that balances structure and function, multi-granularity joint problem solving bidirectionally driven by data and knowledge, AI models that simulate specific brain structures, a collaborative processing mechanism with the physical separation of perceptual processing and interpretive analysis, embodied intelligence that integrates the brain cognitive mechanism and AI computation mechanisms,intelligence simulation from individual intelligence to group intelligence(social intelligence), and AI-assisted brain cognitive intelligence.展开更多
In Advances in Pure Mathematics (www.scirp.org/journal/apm), Vol. 1, No. 4 (July 2011), pp. 136-154, the mathematical structure of the much discussed problem of probability known as the Monty Hall problem was mapped i...In Advances in Pure Mathematics (www.scirp.org/journal/apm), Vol. 1, No. 4 (July 2011), pp. 136-154, the mathematical structure of the much discussed problem of probability known as the Monty Hall problem was mapped in detail. It is styled here as Monty Hall 1.0. The proposed analysis was then generalized to related cases involving any number of doors (d), cars (c), and opened doors (o) (Monty Hall 2.0) and 1 specific case involving more than 1 picked door (p) (Monty Hall 3.0). In cognitive terms, this analysis was interpreted in function of the presumed digital nature of rational thought and language. In the present paper, Monty Hall 1.0 and 2.0 are briefly reviewed (§§2-3). Additional generalizations of the problem are then presented in §§4-7. They concern expansions of the problem to the following items: (1) to any number of picked doors, with p denoting the number of doors initially picked and q the number of doors picked when switching doors after doors have been opened to reveal goats (Monty Hall 3.0;see §4);(3) to the precise conditions under which one’s chances increase or decrease in instances of Monty Hall 3.0 (Monty Hall 3.2;see §6);and (4) to any number of switches of doors (s) (Monty Hall 4.0;see §7). The afore-mentioned article in APM, Vol. 1, No. 4 may serve as a useful introduction to the analysis of the higher variations of the Monty Hall problem offered in the present article. The body of the article is by Leo Depuydt. An appendix by Richard D. Gill (see §8) provides additional context by building a bridge to modern probability theory in its conventional notation and by pointing to the benefits of certain interesting and relevant tools of computation now available on the Internet. The cognitive component of the earlier investigation is extended in §9 by reflections on the foundations of mathematics. It will be proposed, in the footsteps of George Boole, that the phenomenon of mathematics needs to be defined in empirical terms as something that happens to the brain or something that the brain does. It is generally assumed that mathematics is a property of nature or reality or whatever one may call it. There is not the slightest intention in this paper to falsify this assumption because it cannot be falsified, just as it cannot be empirically or positively proven. But there is no way that this assumption can be a factual observation. It can be no more than an altogether reasonable, yet fully secondary, inference derived mainly from the fact that mathematics appears to work, even if some may deem the fact of this match to constitute proof. On the deepest empirical level, mathematics can only be directly observed and therefore directly analyzed as an activity of the brain. The study of mathematics therefore becomes an essential part of the study of cognition and human intelligence. The reflections on mathematics as a phenomenon offered in the present article will serve as a prelude to planned articles on how to redefine the foundations of probability as one type of mathematics in cognitive fashion and on how exactly Boole’s theory of probability subsumes, supersedes, and completes classical probability theory. §§2-7 combined, on the one hand, and §9, on the other hand, are both self-sufficient units and can be read independently from one another. The ultimate design of the larger project of which this paper is part remains the increase of digitalization of the analysis of rational thought and language, that is, of (rational, not emotional) human intelligence. To reach out to other disciplines, an effort is made to describe the mathematics more explicitly than is usual.展开更多
基金the Consulting Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(2019-XZ-9)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61327902)the Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Z181100003118014).
文摘Reviewing the history of the development of artificial intelligence(AI)clearly reveals that brain science has resulted in breakthroughs in AI,such as deep learning.At present,although the developmental trend in AI and its applications has surpassed expectations,an insurmountable gap remains between AI and human intelligence.It is urgent to establish a bridge between brain science and AI research,including a link from brain science to AI,and a connection from knowing the brain to simulating the brain.The first steps toward this goal are to explore the secrets of brain science by studying new brain-imaging technology;to establish a dynamic connection diagram of the brain;and to integrate neuroscience experiments with theory,models,and statistics.Based on these steps,a new generation of AI theory and methods can be studied,and a subversive model and working mode from machine perception and learning to machine thinking and decision-making can be established.This article discusses the opportunities and challenges of adapting brain science to AI.
文摘The National Natural Science Foundation of China is one of the major funding agencies for neuro rehabilitation research in China.This study reviews the frontier directions and achievements in the field of neurorehabilitation in China and wo rldwide.We used data from the Web of Science Core Collection(WoSCC) database to analyze the publications and data provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China to analyze funding information.In addition,the prospects for neurorehabilitation research in China are discussed.From 2010 to 2022,a total of 74,220 publications in neurorehabilitation were identified,with there being an overall upward tendency.During this period,the National Natural Science Foundation of China has funded 476 research projects with a total funding of 192.38 million RMB to support neuro rehabilitation research in China.With the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China has made some achievements in neurorehabilitation research.Research related to neurorehabilitation is believed to be making steady and significant progress in China.
文摘With the development of brain science,new breakthrough points have been discovered in more and more fields including philosophy.The philosophy is a mode of thinking and brain science explores the mystery of thinking by researching functions of human brain,which provides a broader vision for the study of the essential difference between the Chinese and western modes of thinking and philosophical thoughts.For better development of Chinese philosophy,the whole brain civilization must be founded,so that Chinese and western cultures should learn from each other to tackle further challenges.
基金supported by the General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61876021)the General Program of Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.4212037)。
文摘Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence(AI)have indicated that inspirations from the brain can effectively improve the level of intelligence for AI computational models,even if just local and partial inspirations.Nevertheless,realizing and exceeding intelligence at a human level still needs a deeper investigation and inspirations from the brain.The goal of brain-inspired intelligence is to achieve human intelligence inspired from brain neural mechanism and cognitive behavior mechanism.To this end,in this paper we introduce the relationship between AI and neuroscience,the current status of brain-inspired intelligence,the future work in intelligent control systems,and its profound influence in other fields.
文摘OBJECTIVE: To identify global research trends in three therapies for children with cerebral palsy. DATA RETRIEVAL: We performed a bibliometric analysis of studies on therapies for children with cerebral palsy from 2002 to 2011 retrieved from Web of Science. SELECTION CRITERIA: Inclusion criteria: (a) peer-reviewed published articles on botulinum toxin, constraint-induced movement therapy, or acupuncture for children with cerebral palsy indexed in Web of Science; (b) original research articles, reviews, meeting abstracts, proceedings papers, book chapters, editorial material, and news items; and (c) publication between 2002 and 2011. Exclusion criteria: (a) articles that required manual searching or telephone access; (b) documents that were not published in the public domain; and (c) a number of corrected papers from the total number of articles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Number of publications on the three therapies; (2) annual publication output, distribution by journals, distribution by institution, and top-cited articles on botulinum toxin; (3) annual publication output, distribution by journal, distribution by institution, and top-cited articles on constraint-induced movement therapy; (4) annual publication, distribution by journal, distribution by institution, and top-cited articles on acupuncture. RESULTS: This analysis, based on Web of Science articles, identified several research trends in studies published over the past 10 years of three therapies for children with cerebral palsy. More articles on botulinum toxin for treating children with cerebral palsy were published than the articles regarding constraint-induced movement therapy or acupuncture. The numbers of publications increased over the 10-year study period. Most papers appeared in journals with a focus on neurology, such as Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology and Journal of Child Neurology.Research institutes publishing on botulinum toxin treatments for this population are mostly in the Netherlands, the United States of America, and Australia; those publishing on constraint-induced movement therapy are mostly in Australia and the United States of America; and those publishing on acupuncture are mostly in China, Sweden and the United States of America.CONCLUSION: Analysis of literature and research trends indicated that there was no one specific therapy to cure cerebral palsy. Further studies are still necessary.
文摘BACKGROUND: Glioma is the most common intracranial tumor and has a poor patient prognosis. The presence of brain tumor stem cells was gradually being understood and recognized, which might be beneficial for the treatment of glioma. OBJECTIVE: To use bibliometric indexes to track study focuses on glioma stem cell, and to investigate the relationships among geographic origin, impact factors, and highly cited articles indexed in Web of Science. METHODS: A list of citation classics for glioma stem cells was generated by searching the database of Web of Science-Expanded using the terms "glioma stem cell" or "glioma, stem cell'" or "brain tumor stem cell". The top 63 cited research articles which were cited more than 100 times were retrieved by reading the abstract or full text if needed. Each eligible article was reviewed for basic information on subject categories, country of origin, journals, authors, and source of journals. Inclusive criteria: (1) articles in the field of glioma stem cells which was cited more than 100 times; (2) fundamental research on humans or animals, clinical trials and case reports; (3) research article; (4) year of publication: 1899-2012; and (5) citation database: Science Citation Index-Expanded. Exclusive criteria: (1) articles needing to be manually searched or accessed only by telephone; (2) unpublished articles; and (3) reviews, conference proceedings, as well as corrected papers. RESULTS: Of 2 040 articles published, the 63 top-cited articles were published between 1992 and 2010. The number of citations ranged from 100 to 1 754, with a mean of 280 citations per article. These citation classics came from nineteen countries, of which 46 articles came from the United States. Duke University and University of California, San Francisco led the list of classics with seven papers each. The 63 top-cited articles were published in 28 journals, predominantly Cancer Research and Cancer Cell, followed by Cell Stem Cell and Nature. CONCLUSION: Our bibliometric analysis provides a historical perspective on the progress of glioma stem cell research. Articles originating from outstanding institutions of the United States and published in high-impact journals are most likely to be cited.
文摘Biophysics as an immense spectrum comprehended by one of the most commonly applied borderland mental process embracing from the nature,through living systems up to spiritual processes brings it along inevitable that the reader will join issue here and there with the deductions of this book but in actual fact it was just one of the goals of this work.To get hold of the biophysical view is not an easy task,because it applies mathematical apparatus to biological systems;on the other hand as a reward it guides to fascinating results,recognizing theoretically which conformity of rules are valid on principle in the Universe in the inanimate-living-spiritual triple system from the lowest to the highest organizational level.In this way one can make up the reader’s claim to consider systematically those problems arising from the various fields of science and life in the countless variety of interrelations and in their very different consequences.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62221005, 61936001, and 62376045)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China (Grant Nos. cstc2021ycjhbgzxm0013)the Project of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, China (Grant No. HZ2021008)。
文摘Artificial intelligence(AI) systems surpass certain human intelligence abilities in a statistical sense as a whole, but are not yet the true realization of these human intelligence abilities and behaviors. There are differences, and even contradictions, between the cognition and behavior of AI systems and humans. With the goal of achieving general AI, this study contains a review of the role of cognitive science in inspiring the development of the three mainstream academic branches of AI based on the three-layer framework proposed by David Marr, and the limitations of the current development of AI are explored and analyzed. The differences and inconsistencies between the cognition mechanisms of the human brain and the computation mechanisms of AI systems are analyzed. They are found to be the cause of the differences and contradictions between the cognition and behavior of AI systems and humans. Additionally, eight important research directions and their scientific issues that need to focus on braininspired AI research are proposed: highly imitated bionic information processing, a large-scale deep learning model that balances structure and function, multi-granularity joint problem solving bidirectionally driven by data and knowledge, AI models that simulate specific brain structures, a collaborative processing mechanism with the physical separation of perceptual processing and interpretive analysis, embodied intelligence that integrates the brain cognitive mechanism and AI computation mechanisms,intelligence simulation from individual intelligence to group intelligence(social intelligence), and AI-assisted brain cognitive intelligence.
文摘In Advances in Pure Mathematics (www.scirp.org/journal/apm), Vol. 1, No. 4 (July 2011), pp. 136-154, the mathematical structure of the much discussed problem of probability known as the Monty Hall problem was mapped in detail. It is styled here as Monty Hall 1.0. The proposed analysis was then generalized to related cases involving any number of doors (d), cars (c), and opened doors (o) (Monty Hall 2.0) and 1 specific case involving more than 1 picked door (p) (Monty Hall 3.0). In cognitive terms, this analysis was interpreted in function of the presumed digital nature of rational thought and language. In the present paper, Monty Hall 1.0 and 2.0 are briefly reviewed (§§2-3). Additional generalizations of the problem are then presented in §§4-7. They concern expansions of the problem to the following items: (1) to any number of picked doors, with p denoting the number of doors initially picked and q the number of doors picked when switching doors after doors have been opened to reveal goats (Monty Hall 3.0;see §4);(3) to the precise conditions under which one’s chances increase or decrease in instances of Monty Hall 3.0 (Monty Hall 3.2;see §6);and (4) to any number of switches of doors (s) (Monty Hall 4.0;see §7). The afore-mentioned article in APM, Vol. 1, No. 4 may serve as a useful introduction to the analysis of the higher variations of the Monty Hall problem offered in the present article. The body of the article is by Leo Depuydt. An appendix by Richard D. Gill (see §8) provides additional context by building a bridge to modern probability theory in its conventional notation and by pointing to the benefits of certain interesting and relevant tools of computation now available on the Internet. The cognitive component of the earlier investigation is extended in §9 by reflections on the foundations of mathematics. It will be proposed, in the footsteps of George Boole, that the phenomenon of mathematics needs to be defined in empirical terms as something that happens to the brain or something that the brain does. It is generally assumed that mathematics is a property of nature or reality or whatever one may call it. There is not the slightest intention in this paper to falsify this assumption because it cannot be falsified, just as it cannot be empirically or positively proven. But there is no way that this assumption can be a factual observation. It can be no more than an altogether reasonable, yet fully secondary, inference derived mainly from the fact that mathematics appears to work, even if some may deem the fact of this match to constitute proof. On the deepest empirical level, mathematics can only be directly observed and therefore directly analyzed as an activity of the brain. The study of mathematics therefore becomes an essential part of the study of cognition and human intelligence. The reflections on mathematics as a phenomenon offered in the present article will serve as a prelude to planned articles on how to redefine the foundations of probability as one type of mathematics in cognitive fashion and on how exactly Boole’s theory of probability subsumes, supersedes, and completes classical probability theory. §§2-7 combined, on the one hand, and §9, on the other hand, are both self-sufficient units and can be read independently from one another. The ultimate design of the larger project of which this paper is part remains the increase of digitalization of the analysis of rational thought and language, that is, of (rational, not emotional) human intelligence. To reach out to other disciplines, an effort is made to describe the mathematics more explicitly than is usual.