The Levels of Plasma IL-1β,IL-6 of C57BL/6J Mice Treated with MPTP and Brain Lateralization

The work is to explore the relationship between the levels of cytokines(IL-1β and IL-6)in C57BL/6J mice treated with MPTP and brain lateralization.By using paw preference test,right-pawed,left-pawed mice models were established.Following single injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3,6-tetrahydropyrid(MPTP)(40 mg/kg)to impair dopaminergic neuron,enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)kits were used for detection of plasma levels of cytokines.The results showed that in saline treated C57BL/6J mice(control),there was no obvious difference observed between left-pawed and right-pawed mice in plasma levels of IL-1β and IL-6.In MPTP treated mice,there was no difference between level of IL-1β in left-pawed mice and that in right-pawed ones in statistics,that is,they were increased on day 1 and day 3,but decreased on day 6.The plasma level of IL-6 was lower in left-pawed than that in right-pawed mice (p<0.005)after MPTP treatment. On day 1 and day 3,the level of IL-6 was almost the same as control;on day 6,it was significantly increased, higher than that of control(p<0.001)in left-pawed mice.While in right-pawed mice,on day 1 and day 3,it was no different from control,too.And on day 6,it significantly increased in compared with control(p<0.005).In conclusion,the level of plasma IL-6 of C57BL/6J mice treated with MPTP increased.The variation of IL-6 was correlated to brain lateralization.Cellular & Molecular Immunology.2004;1(3):219-223.

Science Meets Philosophy:Metaphysical Gap&Bilateral Brain

The essay brings a summation of human efforts seeking to understand our existence.Plato and Kant&cognitive science complete reduction of philosophy to a neural mechanism,evolved along elementary Darwinian principles.Plato in his famous Cave Allegory explains that between reality and our experience of it there exists a great chasm,a metaphysical gap,fully confirmed through particle-wave duality of quantum physics.Kant found that we have two kinds of perception,two senses:By the spatial outer sense we perceive phenomena,objects in space.Our temporal inner sense lets us perceive our inner state,noumena.Kant’s two senses are fully confirmed through bilateral brain duality of cognitive science.The bilateral brain serves inner,temporal sense,logic&noumena in the left hemisphere.The right brain half is for the outer,spatial sense,geometry&phenomena.Weform awhole system,a bilateral interior cosmos,a kind of world model,expressing what may lie beyond the metaphysical gap.In the right brain we build a phenomenal cosmos,to resemble the outer environment.In the brain’s left hemisphere a noumenal cosmos,amodel of our private world including Saint Teresa of Avila’s castillo interior.The cosmos is regularly updated with novel sense data integrated into our memory banks.This was recognized early by Helmholtz(1860s).Our lives,health&well-being depend on us keeping our interior cosmos in good order.This used to be seen as saving one’s precious soul from perdition.While we endeavour to keep our phenomenal cosmos neat&orderly by protecting the environment from harm,our noumenal cosmos to be livable requires us to engage in ethical conduct.This bilateral cosmos is responsible for our common sense judgment power,that we depend on for being able to lead a good&benign life.The 200 million neurons of BA10 in the prefrontal lobe have global access to the interior cosmos,&apply massive feedback to identify environmental conditions rapidly.The global access also gives conscious presence of the individual to itself,all that is present in the interior cosmos,for total freedom of action.In the left brain private ego,we are guarded by faith in divine mercy,&guided to choose the best course of action,able to survive under themost adverse conditions.For this,wereceive directions from the Holy Ghost in Saint Teresa’s castillo interior.

Lexical Tone Perception in Mandarin Chinese Speakers With Aphasia

The brain localization debate of lexical tone processing concerns functional hypothesis that lexical tone, owing to its strong linguistic features, is dominant in the left hemisphere, and acoustic hypothesis that all pitch patterns, including lexical tone, are dominant in the right hemisphere due to their acoustic features. Lexical tone as a complex signal contains acoustic components that carry linguistic, paralinguistic, and nonlinguistic information. To examine these two hypotheses, the current study adopted triplet stimuli including Chinese characters, their corresponding pinyin with a diacritic, and the four diacritics representing Chinese lexical tones. The stimuli represent the variation of lexical tone for its linguistic and acoustic features. The results of a listening task by Mandarin Chinese speakers with and without aphasia support the functional hypothesis that pitch patterns are lateralized to different hemispheres of the brain depending on their functions, with lexical tone to the left hemisphere as a function of linguistic features.

Common Sense Empirical Climate Science:No Carbon Climate Crisis at Current Trace Levels

Climate science deals with the harsh reality of 174,000 terawatt of solar energy striking Earth’s surface&air,minus 29 percent albedo.The exposure is sustained by the planet cooling itself by means of EM radiation emitted to outer space of a like amount of energy in the infrared range.The balance may not be perfect at all times,but miraculously we are still around&attempting to comprehend the physical processes involved in keeping the planet’s surface suitable to sustain biological life&human civilization.While ground temperature is maintained at a pleasant avg 288 kelvin=15℃by the atmospheric greenhouse effect,a surprising 255 kelvin satisfies the demand for radiative cooling.This just happens to be standard air temperature at 5,000 m altitude.Official climate science largely is concerned with models&has assigned a major role to carbon molecules in air.As these exist currently only at mere trace levels,they are widely considered to be irrelevant for climate in view of the Mass-Action Law that implies that trace components can have only trace effects.Denying this simple fact,familiar to meteorologists,unfortunately has led to much of the civilized public being misled by climate scientists.One of the themes among their rhetoric is calling for renewable energy sources,when in reality unlimited amounts of hydrogen&hydrocarbons are dissolved in the Earth’s mantle,going back to the primitive solar nebula that gave rise to our solar system,&available for human consumption through fracking.Here in this philosophical essay,we are offering simple empirical proofs,examples from everday life,as opposed to the largely theoretical modeling work of climate science,for the fact that atmospheric carbon molecules can have only trace effects on radiative planetary cooling,proofs that are easy to verify.We dispute unrealistic estimates of important effects on climate from carbon dioxide trace gas via an atmospheric feedback mechanism proposed by some climate scientists.The essay demonstrates that atmospheric carbon molecules are irrelevant for climate at this epoch.Humanity is not facing a carbon climate crisis,currently.

Moral&Intellectual Life of the West

From the earliest times,American ethics,the rules for the moral&intellectual life of the West,used to be founded upon the two principles of self-reliance and good neighborliness.Here we consider the underlying functions of neural brain circuits,organic structures that have evolved adaptively by Darwinian rules subject to selection pressure.In the left brain resides our self-reliant private Ego,making plans,launching initiatives.Your public Ego dwells in the right brain,looking around,meeting with your friendly neighbor.A main component is our bilateral interior cosmos,providing us with all the detailed information about our environment as well as the universe at large.

Moral&Intellectual Life of the West II Summary Outline of Christianity in the Modern World for Devout Christians and Skeptics

All human beings are born from divine mercy drawing man out of unfathomable reality’s chaotic depth into the divine realm’s peaceable light.The modern sense of justice,of fair government,depends on the teachings of Jesus to which all citizens must subscribe.This is not a mere ecclesiastic doctrine but an empirically proven fact.The imperfections of a finite albeit adaptable,very large computing system,which our brain appears to be,require us to be open to the infinite beyond,its recondite wisdom,for divinity to grant us a moral life&to come to our help.Jesus puts the individual human being center stage for the first time in history.The story of abounding divine mercy:Every day we humans struggle with the difficult moral law but Jesus taught us what matters most is our soul,St.Paul’s inner man,a biological function of our left brain.Relying upon the faith of the apostles,the Council of Chalcedon(AD 451)in its Confession affirmed that Jesus was an actual person in his substance,possessing two natures,human&divine.This widely has been interpreted to apply to all mankind,the soul of each human being,the inner man,is potentially divine.Forming a practical metaphysics for devout christians&skeptics:Metaphysics is needed for the purpose of undergirding faith.Origins of humanity in the deep structures of reality:Science appears to be opposite to our human spiritual existence&requires us to search for ourselves in the realm of the logos,that can serve as our guide,being one of the names of the Christ.Jesus was deeply influenced by the gifts of the Magi,brought to him from an Armenian revival during his age,source of charismatic theology,basic concepts&historical architecture.Survival by faith in the everyday human communal world:We must have a secure grasp of the Faith,its basics,memorized or divine help won’t come.Be a lifelong winner based upon your own inner man:The essential help from divinity,in our need,is granting us a moral life.Become a lifelong winner based upon your own inner man or woman.What it takes is a willing heart,a sudden inspiration.Version 1.Piety:To be aware of our marginal competence,nobody is born as a genetic loser.Version 2.Humility:To be ready for divine help,able to receive it,we need to take a step back.Version 3.Metanoia,the Ninety Degree Turn:Repentance,betterment is the beginning of faith for all of us.Miracles can&do happen,the down-&-out guide to happiness:Constant prayer is the effective remedy for a soul that has gone lost in the temptations of the human tribal world.