The rat eustachian tube:Anatomical, histological, and radiological features

Purpose: This study investigated the anatomical and histological characteristics of the rat Eustachian tube(E-tube)and the feasibility of Eustachian tubography in a rat model.Materials and methods: Fifteen male Wistar rats were used in this study, and the bilateral E-tubes of each rat were examined. Ten E-tubes were used for anatomical studies, another ten for histological analysis, and the other ten for Eustachian tubography. Five rats were euthanized and decapitated, and ten E-tubes were dissected to describe the anatomy of the E-tube. Ten E-tube specimens obtained from five other rats were sectioned to investigate Etube histology. Eustachian tubography was performed on the bilateral E-tubes of the other five rats using the trans-tympanic approach.Results: The rat E-tubes consisted of bony and membranous parts. Cartilage and bone tissue covered only the bony part. The E-tubes’ mean diameter and overall length were 2.97 mm and 4.96 mm, respectively. The tympanic orifices’ mean diameter was 1.21 mm. The epithelium of E-tubes was mainly composed of pseudostratified ciliated and goblet cells. Eustachian tubography was successfully performed on both sides of the E-tube for each rat.The technical success rate was 100%, the average running time was 4.9 min, and no procedure-related complications occurred. On tubography images, the E-tube, tympanic cavity, and nasopharynx could be identified because of the visualization of bony landmarks.Conclusion: In this study, we described the anatomical and histological features of rat E-tubes. With the aid of these findings, E-tube angiography was successfully performed using a transtympanic approach. These results will facilitate further investigation of E-tube dysfunction.

Comprehensive Review of Thyroid Embryology,Anatomy,Histology,and Physiology for Surgeons

Emil Theodor Kocher and Theodor Billroth pioneered the surgical management of thyroid disease. Their surgical techniques, knowledge of thyroid anatomy, embryology, histology, physiology, and antisepsis practices transitioned a life-threatening operation to one with acceptable morbidity. The modern head and neck surgeon should have a meticulous surgical technique, combined with a thorough understanding of thyroid embryology and anatomy that is central to the understanding and treatment of the different disease processes of the thyroid gland and the consequences of thyroid gland surgery. In this manuscript we will be examining thyroid gland embryology, anatomy, histology, and physiology that is essential to the practicing thyroid surgeon.

Chronic effect of olive oil on some neurotransmitter contents in different brain regions and physiological, histological structure of liver and kidney of male albino rats

Olive oil is an important source of mono-unsaturated fat and a prime component of the Mediterranean diet. The beneficial health effects of olive oil are due to both its high content of mono-unsaturated fatty acids and its high content of anti-oxidative substances. The objective of this study was to investigate the basis for the epidemiological information relating to the health benefits associated with the consumption of ex-tra-virgin olive oil (EVOO). The effect of olive oil on norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and gamm-aminobutyric acid (GABA) con-tents in different brain regions and histological structure of liver and kindey of male albino rats was studied. The chronic administration of olive oil (7.5 mg/kg body wt.) caused a significant increase in norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) , serotonin (5-HT) and gamm-aminobutyric acid (GABA) con-tent in different brain regions (Cerebellum, striatum, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brain steam and hip-pocampus) of male albino rats. The increase in NE, DA, 5-HT, and GABA content in the different CNS areas of male albino rat may be due to the inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin binding which plays an important role in the release of these neurotransmitters. The results, also, revealed that urea and creatinne con-centrations in rats with oral administration with olive oil were decreased. Meanwhile, the activities of the enzymes AsT, AlT and ALP were elevated. The pre-sent results indicated that there is no change in tis-sues of kidney after treated with virgin olive oil. Olive oil may potentially be safe for use as a sedative drug. improvement also led to the reductions in risk of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.

Morphological and histological changes in the brains of turbot(Scophthalmus maximus)with gonadal development

The brain plays a critical role in controlling reproduction through the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal(HPG)axis in vertebrates.Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus)has become an economically important marine fish in Europe and North China.Previous research investigating turbot reproduction has focused on the role of the HPG axis in regulating egg and sperm production.However,the morphology and histology of the organs in the HPG axis have not been studied.In this study,we investigated the morphology and histology of brains in female and male turbot at different stages of gonadal development.The results showed that the brains of both female and male turbot were composed of seven parts that are typical of advanced teleosts:the telencephalon,diencephalon,cerebellum,hypothalamus,pituitary gland,myelencephalon,and olfactory bulbs.The telencephalon was well-developed and contained five distinct lobes,with the contiguous diencephalon at the caudal portion.The torus longitudinales and rostral torus semicircularis of the mesencephalon flattened along the dorsal surface,and the rostral corpus cerebellum was located in the dorsal portion.The actual total brain volume in mature males was significantly greater(p<0.05)than that of females with gonadal development.Notably,the pituitary volume in male turbot significantly increased(p<0.05)from immature to mature stage,but this difference did not occur in females.The data together illustrate a distinct sex difference in the turbot brain during gonadal development,providing insight into their HPG axes.

Use of a tissue clearing technique combined with retrograde trans-synaptic viral tracing to evaluate changes in mouse retinorecipient brain regions following optic nerve crush

Successful establishment of reconnection between retinal ganglion cells and retinorecipient regions in the brain is critical to optic nerve regeneration.However,morphological assessments of retinorecipient regions are limited by the opacity of brain tissue.In this study,we used an innovative tissue cleaning technique combined with retrograde trans-synaptic viral tracing to observe changes in retinorecipient regions connected to retinal ganglion cells in mice after optic nerve injury.Specifically,we performed light-sheet imaging of whole brain tissue after a clearing process.We found that pseudorabies virus 724(PRV724)mostly infected retinal ganglion cells,and that we could use it to retrogradely trace the retinorecipient regions in whole tissue-cleared brains.Unexpectedly,PRV724-traced neurons were more widely distributed compared with data from previous studies.We found that optic nerve injury could selectively modify projections from retinal ganglion cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus,intergeniculate leaflet,ventral lateral geniculate nucleus,central amygdala,basolateral amygdala,Edinger-Westphal nucleus,and oculomotor nucleus,but not the superior vestibular nucleus,red nucleus,locus coeruleus,gigantocellular reticular nucleus,or facial nerve nucleus.Our findings demonstrate that the tissue clearing technique,combined with retrograde trans-synaptic viral tracing,can be used to objectively and comprehensively evaluate changes in mouse retinorecipient regions that receive projections from retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve injury.Thus,our approach may be useful for future estimations of optic nerve injury and regeneration.

人与其他动物椎间盘解剖和组织学结构的比较医学研究进展

《2023年中国退行性脊柱健康报告》提到35岁以下患者的腰椎手术比例近年来显著增加,颈、腰椎病有年轻化的趋势。腰椎间盘突出症成为最困扰大众的疾病之一,研究椎间盘退变的发病机制和治疗方法有着重要的临床意义。目前人类椎间盘相关疾病多采用影像学诊断,由于脊柱的组织样本不易得到,实验动物以成本低、周期短、易获取的优点,成为替代性研究对象。人与其他动物的椎间盘有着结构和生理上的差异,比较人与其他动物的椎间盘结构和病理生理特点是研究的基础和关键。本文综述了不同动物椎间盘解剖与组织学结构相关研究文献并进行比较分析,分别从椎间盘的高度、椎间盘的几何形状、腰椎间盘软骨终板特征、椎间盘内细胞外基质组分4个角度比较了不同动物的椎间盘特点。分析结果表明:人类、袋鼠、绵羊、猪、大鼠在第六颈椎至第七颈椎处的椎间盘相对高度数值最接近;与人类腰部椎间盘几何形状最为相似的是小鼠腰椎间盘;与其他动物相比,人类的软骨终板最厚,细胞密度最小;猪纤维环内部的胶原蛋白与人类的差异最大,但猪、绵羊、兔、大鼠的髓核含水量与人类相比无差异性。在此基础上,本文还阐述了人与其他动物之间椎间盘退变的共性和差异表现,也对不同实验动物椎间盘退变的造模方法进行了总结,旨在为椎间盘退变研究选择合适的实验动物模型提供基础数据。

对21世纪网络神经外科临床实践的思考

百年神经外科发展史可以划分为三个时期,即经典神经外科时期、显微神经外科时期和微创神经外科时期。进入21世纪,现代医学科学迅猛发展,神经外科跨入网络神经外科新时期。网络神经外科是以脑网络的拓扑特性为基础,以多模态智能神经功能影像和微创手术技术为手段,在诊治神经系统疾患过程中,使患者脑功能网络得到保护或重塑,藉此提高难治性神经系统疾患诊治水平,它将成为脑科学转化研究的纽带。

眼针疗法影响脑血流量机制探讨

该文为探究眼针疗法对增加脑血流量产生作用的机制,首先从眼针针刺的范围、针刺的深度和可能涉及到的解剖结构,以查阅书籍、文献的方式归纳眼针穴区内的这些解剖结构,包括神经、动静脉、肌肉,探索这些结构的作用,并着重阐述这些结构通过眼针针刺后从现代医学的角度是通过何种机制影响脑血流量的。经过文献检索,文中总结了以下几种机制:即自动调节机制、化学调节机制、神经元调节机制、血管内皮细胞调节机制等能够增加脑血流量的机制,阐明了眼针疗法可能是从这些方面途径来提高大脑血流量的。其中的神经元调节机制更值得关注,并对神经血管耦合的概念进行了详细的阐述,认为其可能是眼针疗法调节脑血流量的直接作用机制,值得日后进一步探索。

Pain perception and its genesis in the human brain

In the past two decades,pain perception in the human brain has been studied with EEG/MEG brain topography and PET/fMRI neuroimaging techniques.A host of cortical and subcortical loci can be activated by various nociceptive conditions.The activation in pain perception can be induced by physical(electrical,thermal,mechanical),chemical(capsacin,ascoric acid),psychological(anxiety,stress,nocebo) means,and pathological(e.g.migraine,neuropathic) diseases.This article deals mainly on the activation,but not modulation,of human pain in the brain.The brain areas identified are named pain representation,matrix,neuraxis,or signature.The sites are not uniformly isolated across various studies,but largely include a set of cores sites:thalamus and primary somatic area(SI),second somatic area(SII),insular cortex(IC),prefrontal cortex(PFC),cingulate,and parietal cortices.Other areas less reported and considered important in pain perception include brainstem,hippocampus,amygdala and supplementary motor area(SMA).The issues of pain perception basically encompass both the site and the mode of brain function.Although the site issue is delineared to a large degree,the mode issue has been much less explored.From the temporal dynamics,IC can be considered as the initial stage in genesis of pain perception as conscious suffering,the unique aversion in the human brain.

Parathyroid Embryology,Anatomy,and Pathophysiology of Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Unregulated overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from an abnormal parathyroid gland is the origin of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Patients who have an elevated serum calcium concentration have a problem in one or more of their parathyroid glands. To understand this disease state adequately and provide appropriate treatment, a thorough understanding of parathyroid embryology, anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology is essential. In this manuscript, we review our current understanding of parathyroid gland embryology, anatomy, histology, physiology, and pathophysiology.

基于OBE理念的人体组织学与解剖学课程教学改革策略

OBE理念即“成果导向教育”理念,主张以学习者为中心、以学习成果为导向。人体组织学与解剖学是生物科学专业重要课程,综合性强且学习难度大。为有效解决当前存在于人体组织学与解剖学课程教学工作中的诸多问题,有必要引入OBE理念,积极探索有效教学策略。该文首先从核心理念、运行机制及结果要求这三个层面阐述OBE理念丰富内涵;继而分析人体组织学与解剖学课程定位、发展趋势和教学目标,并指出其当前存在的几点突出问题,包括学习难度大、实验资源紧张、实验教学不足及教学方法落后等;最后,基于OBE理念并针对课程教学现有问题提出教学改革策略。

经双耳上头皮后切口的取脑法

目的传统的环状切口或十字切口取脑法无法满足保护捐献者遗容的要求。我们提出经双耳上头皮后切口的取脑法,有效地保护了捐献者的遗容。方法采用距枕外隆凸上方2.0 cm,至耳廓最前缘切口,获取完整的脑。结果该切口未涉及头面部皮肤,且切口小,有利于缝合修复,减少了渗液。结论该切口有效地保护了捐献者的遗容,将有利于脑库的建立和发展。

职业教育数字化转型背景下护理专业解剖组织胚胎学课程的建设与探索

目的 探索职业教育护理专业解剖组织胚胎学课程数字化转型的建设成效。方法 以某职业技术学院护理专业2020级(180人)、2021级(168人)作为研究对象。对照班2020级90人和2021级84人采用传统在线教学模式,依赖实物标本和模型示教及观察;实验班则采用解剖组织胚胎学课程数字化转型模式进行教学。统计分析采用SPSS25.0进行组间t检验,并对实验班学生的数字化学习能力进行评估。结果 2个年级实验班学生的期末综合成绩显著高于对照班;各年级实验班学生对解剖组织胚胎学课程数字化转型的认同度均超过90%;实验后学生的数字化学习能力较对照班的增长明显。结论数字化转型举措能够提高高职护理学生学习解剖组织胚胎学课程的积极性,特别是数字化学习能力也得到提高,教学模式获得学生的认可,但是仍需要持续关注师生双向的数字化学习能力的培育。

人脑语言功能区与相关白质纤维束通路的研究进展

传统的经典语言结构模型认为大脑的语言功能区位于额下回的Broca区和颞上回的Wernicke区,这两个语言区域通过弓状束纤维相互连接;功能上额叶被定义为语言产生区域,颞叶则被视为语言理解区域.现代的语言组织模型则基于脑网络的语言处理模型,包含在大脑皮质和皮质下区域之间分布的并行和互连的双流体系.本文通过对大脑语言中枢的脑皮质定位和传导通路的研究展开分析,以帮助神经科学领域的专业人士建立现代语言组织模型.

轻中度闭合型创伤性脑损伤小鼠模型建立及评价

目的 建立稳定的轻中度闭合型创伤性脑损伤小鼠模型并对其进行评价。方法 将170只SPF级ICR小鼠分为假手术组(Sham组,n=34)和模型组(TBI组,n=136),模型组分为TBI-A组、TBI-B组、TBI-C组和TBI-D组,其致伤高度均为20 cm,下落砝码重量分别为60 g、80 g、100 g和120 g。按照以上条件对小鼠进行脑损伤敲击,每组34只。造模后通过mNSS评分、疲劳转棒实验、Morris水迷宫实验评估小鼠平衡运动能力和学习记忆能力;脑含水量实验、伊文思蓝实验、苏木精-伊红(HE)染色、GFAP免疫组化以及TUNEL免疫荧光分析脑组织病理改变。结果 与Sham组相比,TBI组的mNSS评分值和水迷宫逃避潜伏期出现不同程度的升高,持续在转棒上行走的时间明显下降,表明TBI组小鼠出现严重的神经功能障碍。TBI组小鼠脑组织内的含水量和伊文思蓝含量明显高于Sham组,提示该组小鼠血脑屏障受损并出现脑水肿。组织病理学检测显示,TBI组小鼠脑组织神经元出现明显变性皱缩,星形胶质细胞显著增生且凋亡细胞比例显著增加,损伤程度随打击物重量的增加而加重。综合分析表明,在下落高度为20 cm,打击重量为60 g和80 g时表现轻度颅脑损伤,打击重量为100 g和120 g时可模拟出为中度颅脑损伤。结论 基于自由落体原理建立了稳定的轻中度闭合型小鼠脑损伤模型,为轻中度创伤性脑损伤的机制和治疗研究奠定了基础。

人子宫骶韧带的解剖组织学特征和相关生物力学研究进展

盆腔器官脱垂(pelvic organ prolapse,POP)是一种由多因素介导的骨盆支持结构减弱引起的疾病,其主要危险因素是多胎妊娠和阴道分娩,然而POP的病理生理学过程目前尚不清楚。手术是治疗中重度POP的主要方法之一,与子宫骶韧带(uterosacral ligament,USL)相关的术式对恢复顶端支持具有重要作用,且手术成功率高。然而,术后复发和并发症的发生风险依然存在,这主要是因为术者对USL的解剖组织学和生物力学知识缺乏足够了解。准确认识USL的解剖位置和组织构成不仅有助于寻找USL最适合悬吊的位点,还可以避免术中损伤邻近的器官组织,如输尿管、直肠和神经血管等。此外,对USL各部分生物力学性能的全面认识还可以为POP发病机制的研究、预防策略和个性化手术的制定提出新的解决办法。

松郁安神方联合阿普唑仑对失眠大鼠基底核多巴胺受体和γ-氨基丁酸受体的影响

目的:观察松郁安神方联合阿普唑仑对失眠大鼠睡眠状态及基底核多巴胺受体和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受体的影响。方法:将SPF级雄性SD大鼠分为对照组(8只)和造模组40只,造模组采用腹腔注射对氯苯丙氨酸(PCPA)建立失眠大鼠模型,造模成功后随机分为模型组、阿普唑仑低剂量组(0.04 mg/kg)、阿普唑仑高剂量组(0.08 mg/kg)、松郁安神方组(17 g/kg)及松郁安神方联合阿普唑仑低剂量组,每组8只,灌胃相应药物,对照组和模型组灌胃等容积生理盐水,1次/d,连续7 d。期间观察各组大鼠一般生理状态。实验结束后,通过Western blotting检测大鼠基底核多巴胺受体和GABA受体蛋白的表达情况。结果:松郁安神方联合阿普唑仑低剂量组大鼠饮食、睡眠等生理活动接近对照组,毛色有光泽,体质量较阿普唑仑高剂量组显著增加(P<0.01),且基底核GABA_(A)受体蛋白表达量显著高于阿普唑仑低、高剂量组(P<0.01),多巴胺D_(2)受体(D_(2)DR)蛋白表达量显著低于阿普唑仑低、高剂量组(P<0.01)。结论:松郁安神方能够通过降低阿普唑仑对失眠大鼠的使用剂量,增强阿普唑仑的镇静催眠作用,并降低其不良反应。松郁安神方能够增强阿普唑仑对失眠大鼠基底核GABA_(A)受体蛋白的上调作用和对D_(2)DR蛋白表达的抑制作用,其机制可能与调控失眠大鼠基底核多巴胺受体和GABA受体信号通路相关。

Assessment of Knowledge,Attitude,and Practice in Forensic Dental Anatomy and Histology among Dental Practitioners

Dental anatomy and histology is one of the fundamental subjects and a key to comprehend the act of dentistry.Dental features such as tooth morphology and variations in shape and size play a vital role in the area of forensic odontology.Forensic odontology is a challenging field that involves the application of such knowledge of dental sciences in the identification of deceased individuals.The aim and objective was to assess and evaluate the knowledge,attitude,and practice regarding dental anatomy and histology in forensic investigation among dental practitioners.A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 217 dental practitioners from Maharashtra who in their day-to-day life may experience instances of forensic interest.The information was collected through telephonic interview by means of a pretested,close-ended questionnaire.In our stud%the general awareness about forensic odontology was found to be more among MDS dental practitioners than BDS dental practitioners.Overall,there is a lack of adequate legal knowledge and forensic practices among the dentists of Mumbai and Nagpur.However,the practitioners did have a positive attitude toward the field and were keen to learn more about it.The study is the first of its kind to be conducted in Maharashtra state of India regarding dental anatomy and histology with respect to forensic odontology.The dental practitioners were also aware about the dental anatomy and dental histology with respect to forensic investigation.

翼腭窝骨性结构的解剖学观测及其临床意义

目的 通过对翼腭窝及其通道骨性结构的测量为临床鼻颅底外科手术提供解剖学依据。方法 观察 30例 (6 0侧 )成人干性颅骨标本的翼腭窝及其通道的形态、大小 ,以及与毗邻结构的关系 ,并进行相关数据的测量。结果 翼管前口的宽度为 (3 5 3± 0 6 4 )mm ,后口的宽度为 (1 72± 0 5 0 )mm ,翼管的长度为 (14 74± 1 6 4 )mm。圆孔、蝶腭孔与前鼻棘的距离分别为 (6 2 90± 3 81)mm、(5 2 99± 4 95 )mm。2 2侧 (36 6 7% )位于蝶窦侧壁的外下方 ,11侧 (18 33% )位于蝶窦侧壁的外侧 ,9侧 (15 0 0 % )位于蝶窦底的下方 ,18侧(30 0 0 % )凸入窦内 ,翼管的顶壁与窦底壁的骨质融为一体 ,3侧 (5 0 0 % )翼管上壁缺如 ,与蝶窦相通。

腹腔镜下间隙解剖观察阴道三水平理论的关键解剖结构

目的:在宫颈癌腹腔镜手术中观察并验证阴道三水平理论的关键解剖结构,为盆腔器官脱垂患者手术提供依据。方法:20例宫颈癌患者C型子宫切除及盆腔淋巴结清扫手术时在腹腔镜下基于自然间隙暴露阴道三水平理论相关解剖结构,观察分析其结构特征及承力方向。结果:Ⅰ水平主要的坚韧韧带样结构是子宫骶韧带,其作用力方向在骶骨方向,起主要的顶端固定作用,而主韧带区域主要是血管淋巴管及周围疏松结缔组织,缺乏坚韧结缔组织结构,其连接于髂内血管系统;Ⅱ水平阴道侧方未发现坚韧结缔组织连接于盆筋膜腱弓,盆筋膜腱弓是盆膈上筋膜的边缘,与闭孔内肌筋膜交界,表面光滑,紧贴肛提肌于近阴道中下三分之一交界处融合于阴道筋膜。游离输尿管隧道时可以发现输尿管子宫动脉交叉附近位置前后壁均有致密结缔组织结构,即膀胱宫颈韧带,固定膀胱三角的两个侧角,起自宫颈阴道而终止于膀胱肌层。结论:肛提肌上方的盆底筋膜韧带支撑主要围绕阴道而成,而肛提肌以上的筋膜韧带结构呈两个平行面,可基于"阴道核心"和"双层吊床"解剖特征进行盆底重建手术设计。