Typical faults and safety analysis of brake controller for AC locomotive

Purpose–The brake controller is a key component of the locomotive brake system.It is essential to study its safety.Design/methodology/approach–This paper summarizes and analyzes typical faults of the brake controller,and proposes four categories of faults:position sensor faults,microswitch faults,mechanical faults and communication faults.Suggestions and methods for improving the safety of the brake controller are also presented.Findings–In this paper,a self-judgment and self-learning dynamic calibration method is proposed,which integrates the linear error of the sensor and the manufacturing and assembly errors of the brake controller to solve the output drift.This paper also proposes a logic for diagnosing and handling microswitch faults.Suggestions are proposed for other faults of brake controller.Originality/value–The methods proposed in this paper can greatly improve the usability of the brake controller and reduce the failure rate.

Longitudinal Control Strategy for Vehicle Adaptive Cruise Control Systems

A new longitudinal control strategy for vehicle adaptive cruise control （ACC） systems is presented. The running relationship between the ACC vehicle and the detected target vehicle is described by the relative velocity and the deviation between the actual headway distance and the prescribed safety distance. Based on this, two state space models are built and the linear quadratic optimal control theory is used to yield desired velocity for the ACC-equipped vehicle when with the target vehicle detected. By switching among four control modes, the desired velocity profile is designed to deal with different running situations. A velocity controller, which includes a PID controller for throttle openness and a neural network controller for brake application, is developed to achieve the desired velocity profile. The proposed control strategy is applied to a non-linear vehicle model in a simulation environment and is shown to provide the ACC vehicle comfortable ride and satisfying safety.

Wide speed range for traction motor in braking force of electric braking control system

A vehicle stopping method using an electric brake until a traction motor is stopped is studied. At the moment of vehicle stop, electric brake is changed to control mode where torque is reduced at a low speed. Gradient is controlled by estimating the load torque of motor, thereby traction motor is not rotated after stop. In addition, coasting operation and brake test are performed from normal-opposite operation and start using a small-scale model comprising the inertial load equipment and the power converter. Further, traction motor is made to be equipped with a suspension torque. Pure electric braking that makes traction motor stop by an air brake at the time of stop is also implemented. Constant torque range and constant power range are expanded during braking so that braking force is secured with the electric brakes even in high speed region. Therefore, vehicle reduction effect can be expected by reducing parts related with an air brake which is not used frequently by using a pure electric brake in the M car in wide speed region. Further, maintenance of brake system can be reduced. Besides, ride comfort of passenger in the electric rail car, energy efficiency improvement, and noise reduction effect can be additionally expected. Further, an improved brake method that uses only an electric brake till motor stop is proposed by comparing those in the blending brake that uses an air brake while reducing brake torque at vehicle stop.

Pressure-tracking control of a novel electro-hydraulic braking system considering friction compensation

This work presents an integrated pressure-tracking controller for a novel electro-hydraulic brake(EHB) system considering friction and hydraulic disturbances. To this end, a mathematical model of an EHB system, consisting of actuator and hydraulic sub-systems, is derived for describing the fundamental dynamics of the system and designing the controller. Due to sensor inaccuracy and measurement noise, a Kalman filter is constructed to estimate push rod stroke for generating desired master cylinder pressure. To improve pressure-tracking accuracy, a linear friction model is generated by linearizing the nonlinear Tustin friction model, and the unmodeled friction disturbances are assumed unknown but bounded. A sliding mode controller is designed for compensating friction disturbances, and the stability of the controller is investigated using the Lyapunov method. The performance of the proposed integrated controller is evaluated with a hardware-in-the-loop(HIL) test platform equipped with the EHB prototype. The test results demonstrate that the EHB system with the proposed integrated controller not only achieves good pressure-tracking performance, but also maintains robustness to friction disturbances.

Experimental prototyping of the adhesion braking control system design concept for a mechatronic bogie

The dynamic parameters of a roller rig vary as the adhesion level changes.The change in dynamics parameters needs to be analysed to estimate the adhesion level.One of these parameters is noise emanating from wheel–rail interaction.Most previous wheel–rail noise analysis has been conducted to mitigate those noises.However,in this paper,the noise is analysed to estimate the adhesion condition at the wheel–rail contact interface in combination with the other methodologies applied for this purpose.The adhesion level changes with changes in operational and environmental factors.To accurately estimate the adhesion level,the influence of those factors is included in this study.The testing and verification of the methodology required an accurate test prototype of the roller rig.In general,such testing and verification involve complex experimental works required by the intricate nature of the adhesion process and the integration of the different subsystems(i.e.controller,traction,braking).To this end,a new reduced-scale roller rig is developed to study the adhesion between wheel and rail roller contact.The various stages involved in the development of such a complex mechatronics system are described in this paper.Furthermore,the proposed brake control system was validated using the test rig under various adhesion conditions.The results indicate that the proposed brake controller has achieved a shorter stopping distance as compared to the conventional brake controller,and the brake control algorithm was able to maintain the operational condition even at the abrupt changes in adhesion condition.

Lateral Stability Improvement of Car-Trailer Systems Using Active Trailer Braking Control

An active trailer braking controller to improve the lateral stability of car-trailer systems is presented. The special and complex structures of these types of vehicles exhibit unique unstable motion behavior, such as the trailer swing, jack-knifing and rollover. These unstable motion modes may lead to fatal accidents. The effects of passive mechanical parameters on the stability of car-trailer systems have been thoroughly investigated. Some of the passive parameters, such as the center of gravity of the trailer, may be drastically varied during various operating conditions. Even for an optimal design of a car-trailer system, based on a specific passive parameter set, the lateral stability cannot be guaranteed. In order to improve the lateral stability of car-trailer systems, an active trailer braking controller is designed using the Linear Quadratic Regular （LQR） technique. To derive the controller, a vehicle model with 3 Degrees Of Freedom （DOF） is developed to represent the car-trailer system. A single lane-change maneuver has been simulated to examine the performance of the controller and the numerical results are compared with those of the baseline design. The benchmark investigation indicates that the optimal controller based on the LQR technique can effectively improve the high-speed lateral stability of the car-trailer system.

The Development of a Fuzzy Predictive Control System for Automotive Anti-lock Braking System

This paper presents the model of one-tire kinetics、tires、the braking system and the model of control system.On virtual road,this paper builds a fuzzy predictive control system to insure the best attachment coefficient between tires and road. And it turns out to be that this fuzzy predictive control method has achieved good performances.

Aircraft Electric Anti-skid Braking System Based on Fuzzy-PID Controller with Parameter Self-adjustment Feature

The principle of electric braking system is analyzed and an anti-skid braking system based on the slip rate control is proposed.The fuzzy-PID controller with parameter self-adjustment feature is designed for the anti-skid braking system.The dynamic model of aircraft ground braking is established in the simulation environment of MATLAB/SIMULINK,and simulation results of dry runway and wet runway are presented.The results show that the fuzzy-PID controller with parameter self-adjustment feature for the electric anti-skid braking system keeps working in the state of stability and the brake efficiencies are increased to 93%on dry runway and 82%on wet runway respectively.

Coordinated Design of Thyristors Controlled Braking Resistors and Power System Stabilizer for Damping

This paper presents a new concept for damping electro-mechanical oscillations in large turbo generator. The proposed concept is based on coordination between Power System Stabilizer （PSS） and Thyristor Controlled Braking Resistor （TCBR）. This coordination will enhance the stability of the inertial and torsional oscillatory modes. The study is performed on system-I of the second IEEE benchmark for simulation of Sub-Synchronous Oscillations, using eigenvalue analysis and verified by detailed digital simulation. A dynamic fundamental frequency model for TCBR is developed. The pole placement technique is used to design the control system of TCBR and PSS. The shaft torque＇s following a disturbance is computed and analyzed. The obtained results indicate that substantial damping is achieved by the proposed coordination.

集成式电液制动系统自适应压力控制

针对集成式电液制动系统(integrated electro-hydraulic brake system,IEHB)存在的复杂液压非线性特性和时变摩擦干扰,提出一种自适应压力控制策略。外环压力控制器引入液压特性的动态线性化模型并基于滑模观测器对模型参数实时辨识实现对非线性液压特性的自适应。内环伺服控制器采用基于压力的连续摩擦补偿和反步动态面控制应对传动机构摩擦阻碍。硬件在环实验结果表明,与现有的先进级联压力控制相比,设计的压力控制策略在多种工况下均表现出更高的控制精度和鲁棒性,并显著提升了IEHB在不同液压回路结构下的压力控制效果。

基于潮流转移装置的混合储能接入牵引供电系统控制策略研究

采用单相工频交流制式的电气化铁路具有无污染、运输效率高的优点,但在现有的牵引供电系统中,负序和再生制动能量利用的问题较为突出。因此,文章提出了一种集成混合储能系统的潮流转移拓扑。文章分析了集成混合储能的潮流转移装置的拓扑结构,研究了削峰、填谷、再生制动和同相运行模式及其能量管理策略;为减少系统损耗,进一步提高系统再生制动能量利用率和削峰填谷的控制精度,文章提出了一种协调控制策略,并采用无源控制的非线性电流控制器提升变流器控制响应速度。仿真结果表明,该系统可以充分利用牵引供电系统的再生制动能量,提高系统中能量流动的灵活性,并且解决了牵引供电系统中的负序问题。

面向线控制动车辆单轮制动失效的稳定性控制

基于线控制动系统四轮可独立控制的特点,提出一种协同线控转向与线控制动的制动力实时分配的控制方法。该方法根据三轮富余制动力能否补偿失效轮损失制动力,按制动强度分为轻度、中度和重度制动3种工况,针对重度制动工况下制动力补偿不足问题,基于积分滑模控制方法设计前轮主动转向器,综合考虑单轮制动失效时各轮垂直载荷的变化和前轮转角介入后轮胎力的耦合,采用序列二次规划算法(sequental quadratic programming,SQP),实时分配剩余三轮制动力。仿真结果表明:在不同制动强度及不同轮制动失效下所提控制方法相较于无控制,横向跑偏分别减少了89.98%、91.90%、96.96%、89.62%,制动强度至少达到正常制动时的97.5%。因此,该控制方法在保证横向稳定性的同时最大限度地满足驾驶员的制动期望,有效抑制因单轮制动失效导致的车辆跑偏甩尾等问题。

考虑多维非线性扰动的电子助力制动系统自适应压力控制

针对电子助力制动系统(EBBS)面临的机-电-液多维非线性扰动问题,提出了一种自适应压力控制策略。外层液压控制器引入自适应径向基函数神经网络和鲁棒滑模理论克服液压时变不确定性,中间层位置控制器采用Karnopp摩擦前馈补偿和滑模控制应对传动机构非线性摩擦阻碍,内层电流控制器通过李雅普诺夫理论解决电机电磁特性耦合问题。仿真和硬件在环试验结果表明,设计的压力控制策略能够在多种工况中将EBBS主动制动稳态压力跟随误差维持在0.15MPa之内。

朔黄铁路重载列车电控空气制动试验研究

重载列车的制动技术是重载运输发展的关键。针对国内朔黄铁路,对重载列车电控空气制动系统进行试验研究,比较分析有无电控空气制动系统作用下列车制动系统的性能指标。实验结果显示:电控空气制动系统性能指标达到设计要求,在缓解车钩作用力、同步列车管及制动缸压力和缩短制动距离等方面具有明显的优势,该电控空气制动系统能够保证重载长、大列车运行的安全性。

基于EP2002制动系统的地铁列车制动仿真控制系统

[目的]为解决EP2002阀内部高度集成,无法实现内部故障注入的问题,设计了一套能够正确反映EP2002制动系统作用机制的地铁车辆制动仿真控制系统,用于地铁列车制动系统的故障仿真与人员培训。[方法]介绍了EP2002阀系统的气路结构与作用机制,从电路部分和气路部分分别阐述了基于EP2002的地铁列车制动仿真控制系统总体方案。基于AMESim仿真软件,分别对EP2002制动系统与地铁列车制动仿真控制系统进行了常用制动与紧急制动下的气路仿真试验,从而验证二者制动特性的一致性。[结果及结论]基于EP2002的地铁列车制动仿真控制系统总体方案使用基本气路元件构建出具有同等特性的EP2002阀等效单元气路。对气路中较为复杂部分,基于容腔充放气的数学模型采用时间步长仿真法使用软件虚拟仿真对其进行等效。使用基于STM32F107单片机的控制单元实现对气路部分的监测与控制,同时负责各个EP2002阀等效单元之间的通信。地铁列车制动仿真控制系统采用与EP2002制动系统相同的组网结构,多个EP2002阀等效单元通过CAN总线与车辆总线组网构建起基于EP2002制动系统的制动仿真控制系统,以较为低廉的成本实现了对整列车制动系统的仿真。AMESim模型仿真结果显示:地铁列车制动仿真控制系统能够以较快的响应速度与较高的控制精度,将制动缸压力控制在目标值,其制动外特性与EP2002制动系统完全一致。

集成式电子液压线控制动系统建模与仿真

为了解决线控制动系统模型复杂、仿真困难等问题,文章针对一款常见的集成式电子液压线控制动(integrated electronic hydraulic brake,I-EHB)系统,推导其数学模型并进行仿真分析;在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建线控制动系统的仿真模型,设计比例积分微分(proportion integration differentiation,PID)制动控制器,实现对集成式电子液压线控制动系统的压力控制。仿真结果表明:该线控制动系统在PID控制器作用下实际输出压力值能够较好地跟随理想压力值,可以提供较好的制动效果。该文的研究对于线控底盘的开发具有积极推动作用。

有轨电车电子机械制动系统夹紧力控制优化方法

针对有轨电车电子机械制动(EMB)系统,提出一种夹紧力控制优化方法。首先建立EMB系统的数学模型,依据其物理结构及刚度非线性特性,将控制器设计为夹紧力控制层与转速控制两级控制结构。针对夹紧力控制层,仅考虑间隙消除与夹紧力的跟踪控制,采用速度曲线规划与夹紧力非线性PI控制相结合,以在期望时间内实现制动间隙快速消除;针对控制层,将系统中存在不确定扰动等效于综合干扰项,提出一种自适应增益超螺旋算法(AGSTA),提高了电机控制层对未知干扰的鲁棒性及速度跟踪的快速性,减小转速超调,使EMB系统的夹紧力保持一致。仿真及实验结果表明,所提出的夹紧力控制优化方法能够有效地改善系统的控制性能。

基于改进超螺旋滑模控制的线控制动系统控制方法

为满足汽车线控制动系统对控制电机的快速响应要求,提出一种改进的超螺旋滑模方法实现制动主缸压力的精确控制。对经典超螺旋滑模算法的收敛性与稳定性进行分析,提出了超螺旋滑模算法的改进策略,以解决滑模面距离平衡点较远位置收敛速度慢的问题,并基于李雅普诺夫方程理论分析证明了所提出算法的稳定性,最后,通过仿真和线控制动系统台架试验验证了算法的有效性,结果表明:改进的超螺旋滑模控制算法可使线控制动系统压力超调的收敛速度提升3.87%,稳态误差控制在2%以内,提高了控制鲁棒性,表现出良好的控制性能。

市域列车司机制动试验方案研究

[目的]制动系统作为市域列车核心系统之一,其性能决定着车辆的运行安全;司机制动试验是市域列车制动系统必备功能,其可有效保障列车投入运营前制动系统的安全、可靠,故有必要对其进行深入研究。[方法]通过对我国市域列车车辆的情况分析,明确了司机制动试验设计思路;制定了司机制动的试验方案,并进行验证。[结果及结论]结合市域列车运营特点,阐述了适用于市域列车的司机制动试验的技术方案,为市域列车制动系统自检功能提供专业支持。

集气站SIS冗余控制系统在苏里格气田的应用

川庆钻探苏里格项目经理部生产作业区各集气站原SCADA系统没有安全联锁保护功能,安全管理程度低,需进行升级改造,建设冗余安全仪表系统(SIS),SIS是对人身安全、装置设备及环境提供安全保护的装置。本文对该系统的ESD硬件组成、设计原则和逻辑编程等各方面的技术实现进行了详细说明,并对其运行效果进行了评价。实际应用表明,该系统弥补了原有控制系统中存在的缺点,能够保证装置的安全运行。