On the Physical Nature of Einstein’s Gravitational Lensing Effect

Gravitational lensing has become a powerful research tool for exploring the distribution of matter and energy in the universe nowadays, as glare phenomena around the Sun and massive galaxies are indeed observed on the Earth. What is the physical nature of gravitational lensing effect? Both Newton’s law of gravitation and Einstein’s theory of relativity are difficult to physically explain these glare phenomena. This study points out that the observed glare around the Sun and large galaxies is a result or product of the orthogonal interaction of high-energy particles emitted from different star light sources. It shows a new physical state associated with abnormal high mass-energy density.

Test of the Brans-Dicke theory with GW200105 and GW200115

We study whether it is possible to constrain the Brans-Dicke(BD)theory from the measurement of gravitational waves(GW)released in neutron star-black hole collisions.Considering the scalar field modifications through monopole and dipole radiations,we find additional contributions to the phase evolution in the emitted gravitational waveform.After effectively calculating such effect in the post-Newtonian order,we are in a position to measure the scalar field and give bounds on the BD coupling parameterω_(BD).We derive the analytical expression for the phase modification due to the orbital eccentricity of eccentric binaries in both general relativity and BD theory.Employing the Bayesian analysis,we obtain the constraints on ω_(BD) from the GW events,GW200105 and GW200115.

广义相对论和Brans-Dicke引力理论下的行星进动与星光偏折

作为两种重要的候选引力理论,广义相对论以及Brans-Dicke引力理论对于理解天体及宇宙的形成与演化具有重要的意义.本文在广义相对论和Brans-Dicke引力理论下,考察恒星附近的行星进动以及星光偏折效应.首先推导出恒星周围的静态球对称背景时空下粒子轨道方程的普适形式;然后分别针对两种引力理论,进一步利用相应的真空场方程的静态球对称精确解推导出描述行星及星光轨道方程,其为非线性的二阶常微分方程;利用微扰法求解轨道方程,得到了含高阶修正的近似解,进而给出了对应的行星进动角和星光偏折角.本文对利用更高精度的实验观测来检验、甄别引力理论具有重要的意义.

Bach-Einstein Gravitational Field Equations as a Perturbation of Einstein Gravitational Field Equations

The Bach equations are a version of higher-order gravitational field equations, exactly they are of fourth-order. In 4-dimensions the Bach-Einstein gravitational field equations are treated here as a perturbation of Einstein’s gravity. An approximate inversion formula is derived which admits a comparison of the two field theories. An application to these theories is given where the gravitational Lagrangian is expressed linearly in terms of R, R2, |Ric|2, where the Ricci tensor Ric = Rαβdxαdxβ is inserted in some formulas which are of geometrical or physical importance, such as;Raychaudhuri equation and Tolman’s formula.

Does Gravitation Have an Influence on Electromagnetism?

For many years physicists have been engaged on research around the globe in fields such as the unification of gravita- tion and electromagnetism, and an explanation for dark matter and dark energy, etc., but so far to little avail. One is left with the impression that something might be fundamentally wrong with the premises underlying the doctrine of physics applicable today, which is preventing a solution of these problems from being found. As a possible cause, the author proposes that the gravitation of the photons is not so negligible that it can be completely ignored (although this assumption does not accord with the current state of physics). Departing therefore from the accepted doctrine, he assumes that gravitation might possess a hitherto unknown important influence on electromagnetism. This paper then examines the consequences of this assumption on physics. A precise analysis will lead to the insight that the gravitation of a photon is as dynamic as the photon itself, and therefore must be taken into account with all associated physical considerations. The hitherto accepted case of a static gravitation of photons, on the other hand, can be totally neglected, as it does not exist for photons. Of key importance is the statement that the gravitation of photons is produced by gravitational quanta, and thus appears in quantised form. It is therefore necessary to rethink the physics of photons. This leads to a number of other interesting insights, as will be borne out in the further course of this paper. In the event that the assumption of the influence of gravitation on electromagnetism turns out to be correct, then this would represent a major step in unravelling the still largely unknown nature of gravitation and its significance in the natural events of the microcosmos;furtheron it would be an important contribution regarding a “New Physics” and a “New Cosmology”.

Empirical Equation for the Gravitational Constant with a Reasonable Temperature

Ted Jacobson discovered that gravity was related to thermodynamics. However, the calculated temperature using the Boltzmann area entropy is still not reasonable. We searched and discovered an empirical equation for the gravitational constant with a reasonable temperature. The calculated value was 3.20 K, which is similar to the temperature of the cosmic microwave background of 2.73 K. Then, we examined Yasuo Katayama’s theory. For this purpose, we introduced the modified Wagner’s equation, which is compatible with Jarzynski equality. Finally, using Ted Jacobson’s theory, we proposed our theory of gravity with the Gibbs volume entropy.

Consideration of the Daily Variation of Gravity on the Manifestation of Gravitational Shielding

The result of mathematical and physical analysis of the daily change in gravity is presented. The subject of consideration was the manifestation of semi-daily factors in diurnal variations of gravity. The assumption is investigated, according to which the cause of the half-day factors is the gravitational shielding of the planet Earth. Gravitational shielding is considered as a function of the size and thickness of celestial bodies and growing with distance from their poles. It is concluded that the planet Earth has the property of partial gravitational shielding, and the Moon does not have enough thickness to exhibit a tangible gravitational shielding. The obtained mathematical results correspond to the existing experimental data. It is suggested that gravitational shielding is the cause of the precession of the perihelion of Mercury and the peculiarities of the manifestation of tidal processes. It is assumed that gravitational shielding is one of the main reasons for the presence of hidden substances in the Universe. It is concluded that the physical picture with mutual shielding of interaction elements corresponds to the classical ideas of Fatio and Lesage. This approach is proposed as an alternative point of view to the existing theory on the description of tidal processes. It is shown that the existing basic approach to the description of tidal forces is unsatisfactory: the factors underlying the existing approaches have values 10 times less than those observed and cannot be considered as the reason for the manifestation of half-day manifestations in the daily change in gravity. The work is a continuation of the implementation by the author of P. Dirac’s ideas about accounting for the size of microparticles in physical theory.

Flat Space Cosmology as a Model of Penrose’s Weyl Curvature Hypothesis and Gravitational Entropy

FSC is shown to be an excellent model of Penrose’s Weyl curvature hypothesis and his concept of gravitational entropy. The assumptions of FSC allow for the minimum entropy at the inception of the cosmic expansion and rigorously define a cosmological arrow of time. This is in sharp contrast to inflationary models, which appear to violate the second law of thermodynamics within the early universe. Furthermore, by virtue of the same physical assumptions applying at any cosmic time t, the perpetually-flat FSC model predicts the degree of scale invariance observed in the CMB anisotropy pattern, without requiring an explosive and exceedingly brief inflationary epoch. Penrose’s concepts, as described in this paper, provide support for the idea that FSC models gravitational entropy and Verlinde’s emergent gravity theory.

Analysis of the Electromagnetic Characteristics and the Mechanism Underlying Bio-Medical Function of Longitudinal Electromagnetic (LEM) Waves

Based on theoretical system of current Maxwell’s equations, the Maxwell’s equations for LEM waves concealed in full current law and Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (Faraday’s law) are proposed. Then, taking them as the fundamental equations, the wave equation and energy equation of LEM waves are established, and a new electromagnetic wave propagation mode based on the mutual induction of scalar electromagnetic fields/vortex magneto-electric fields, which was overlooked in current Maxwell’s equations, are put forward. Moreover, through theoretical derivation based on vacuum LEM waves, the Maxwell’s equations of the gravitational field generated by vacuum LEM waves, the wave equations of the electromagnetic scalar potential/magnetic vector potential and the constraint equation governing the wave phase-velocities between LEM/TEM waves are discovered. Finally, on the basis of these theoretical research results, the electromagnetic properties of vacuum LEM waves are analyzed in detail, encompassing the speed of light, harmless penetrability to the human body, absorption and stable storage by water, the possibility of generating artificial gravitational fields, and the capability of extracting free energy. This reveals the medical functional mechanism of LEM waves and establishes a solid theoretical basis for the application of LEM waves in the fields of medicine and energy.

A Self-Stabilized Field Theory of Neutrinos

In “A Self-linking Field Formalism” I establish a self-dual field structure with higher order self-induced symmetries that reinforce the first-order dynamics. The structure was derived from Gauss-linking integrals in R3 based on the Biot-Savart law and Ampere’s law applied to Heaviside’s equations, derived in strength-independent fashion in “Primordial Principle of Self-Interaction”. The derivation involves Geometric Calculus, topology, and field equations. My goal in this paper is to derive the simplest solution of a self-stabilized solitonic structure and discuss this model of a neutrino.

Origin of Magnetic Fields of Stellar Objects in the Universe Based on the 5D Projection Theory

Beginning with a 5D homogeneous universe [1], we have provided a plausible explanation of the self-rotation phenomenon of stellar objects previously with illustration of large number of star samples [2], via a 5D-4D projection. The origin of such rotation is the balance of the angular momenta of stars and that of positive and negative charged e-trino pairs, within a 3D ⊗1D?void of the stellar object, the existence of which is based on conservation/parity laws in physics if one starts with homogeneous 5D universe. While the in-phase e-trino pairs are proposed to be responsible for the generation of angular momentum, the anti-phase but oppositely charge pairs necessarily produce currents. In the 5D to 4D projection, one space variable in the 5D manifold was compacted to zero in most other 5D theories (including theories of Kaluza-Klein and Einstein [3] [4]). We have demonstrated, using the Fermat’s Last Theorem [5], that for validity of gauge invariance at the 4D-5D boundary, the 4th space variable in the 5D manifold is mapped into two current rings at both magnetic poles as required by Perelman entropy mapping;these loops are the origin of the dipolar magnetic field. One conclusion we draw is that there is no gravitational singularity, and hence no black holes in the universe, a result strongly supported by the recent discovery of many stars with masses well greater than 100 solar mass [6] [7] [8], without trace of phenomena observed (such as strong gamma and X ray emissions), which are supposed to be associated with black holes. We analyze the properties of such loop currents on the 4D-5D boundary, where Maxwell equations are valid. We derive explicit expressions for the dipolar fields over the whole temperature range. We then compare our prediction with measured surface magnetic fields of many stars. Since there is coupling in distribution between the in-phase and anti-phase pairs of e-trinos, the generated mag-netic field is directly related to the angular momentum, leading to the result that the magnetic field can be expressible in terms of only the mechanical variables (mass M, radius R, rotation period P)of a star, as if Maxwell equations are “hidden”. An explanation for the occurrence of this “un-expected result” is provided in Section (7.6). Therefore we provide satisfactory answers to a number of “mysteries” of magnetism in astrophysics such as the “Magnetic Bode’s Relation/Law” [9] and the experimental finding that B-P graph in the log-log plot is linear. Moreover, we have developed a new method for studying the relations among the data (M, R, P) during stellar evolution. Ten groups of stellar objects, effectively over 2000 samples are used in various parts of the analysis. We also explain the emergence of huge magnetic field in very old stars like White Dwarfs in terms of formation of 2D Semion state on stellar surface and release of magnetic flux as magnetic storms upon changing the 2D state back to 3D structure. Moreover, we provide an explanation, on the ground of the 5D theory, for the detection of extremely weak fields in Venus and Mars and the asymmetric distribution of magnetic field on the Martian surface. We predict the equatorial fields B of the newly discovered Trappist-1 star and the 6 nearest planets. The log B?−?log P graph for the 6 planets is linear and they satisfy the Magnetic Bode’s relation. Based on the above analysis, we have discovered several new laws of stellar magnetism, which are summarized in Section (7.6).

基于改进D-S证据理论的海上信息融合方法

针对经典D-S证据理论在实际海上态势分析中对高冲突的证据融合结果准确性较低的问题,提出一种改进D-S证据理论的数据融合方法。通过基于万有引力定律的证据距离公式来衡量证据之间的冲突程度,将冲突较大的融合结果赋予较小的权重,并通过海上武器识别案例进行融合。结果表明,该方法证据冲突越明显,优势越大;证据之间冲突较小时,其融合结果和经典D-S证据理论一致,并具有更高的准确度和稳定性。

“Conserved charges” of the Bondi-Metzner-Sachs algebra in the Brans-Dicke theory

The asymptotic symmetries in the Brans-Dicke theory are analyzed using Penrose's conformal completion method,which is independent of the coordinate system used.These symmetries,indeed,include supertranslations and Lorentz transformations for an asymptotically flat spacetime.With the Wald-Zoupas formalism,“conserved charges”and fluxes of the Bondi-Metzner-Sachs algebra are computed.The scalar degree of freedom contributes only to the Lorentz boost charge,even though it plays a role in various fluxes.The flux-balance laws are further applied to constrain the displacement memory,spin memory,and center-of-mass memory effects.

A Potentially Unifying Constant of Nature (Brief Note)

This brief note describes a method by which numerous empirically-determined quantum constants of nature can be substituted into Einstein’s field equation (EFE) for general relativity. This method involves treating the ratio G/ћ as an empirical constant of nature in its own right. This ratio is repre- sented by a new symbol, NT. It turns out that the value of NT (which is 6.32891937 × 1023 m⋅kg-2⋅s-1) is within 5% of Avogadro’s number NA, although the units are clearly different. Nevertheless, substitutions of NT or NA into the EFE, as shown, should yield an absolute value similar in magnitude to that calculated by the conventional EFE. The method described allows for quantum term EFE substitutions into Einstein’s gravitational constant κ. These terms include ћ, α, me, mp, R, kB, F, e, MU, and mU. More importantly, perhaps, one or more of the many new expressions given for κ may provide a more accurate result than κ incorporating G. If so, this may have important implications for additional forward progress towards unification. Whether any of these new expressions for Einstein’s field equation can move us closer to quantizing gravity remains to be determined.

Two Physical Constraints upon the Motions of Celestial Bodies

There exist two physical constraints upon the motions of celestial systems. Constraint 1 reveals during collapse or explosion motion of celestial bodies that there would be an unattainability upper limit for their compact intensity (total mass M/scale size R), which arises from the Lorentz invariance of the time-like metric in local four-dimensional continuum in Einstein’s theory of special relativity. Constraint 2 points that the average mass density of nucleon would be an unsurpassed upper limit for bulk normal matter in nature, which arises from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. A very important effect is that the combination of these two physical constraints would prevent the formation of black holes.

Higher Order Self-Induced Self-Interacting Field

The genesis of physical particles is essentially a mystery. Quantum field theory creation operators provide an abstract mechanism by which particles come into existence, but quantum fields do not possess energy density. I reference several recent treatments of this problem and develop ideas based on self-stabilizing field structures with focus on higher order self-induced self-stabilizing field structures. I extend this treatment in this paper to related issues of topological charge.

“大爆炸宇宙学”批评

大爆炸宇宙创生理论是以天文学家Hubble的观测为基础的,他声称已发现那些遥远的天体正远离我们而去。此即Hubble氏的宇宙扩张理论。但该理论的证据并不充分,是主观想像。宇宙爆炸理论的另一重要证据是微波背景辐射的测量数据,但它并不表示微波背景辐射温度数据一定是一次爆炸后的结果。把它看成一次原初大爆炸的余烬是勉强的。按照宇宙的定义,人们无法谈论"宇宙寿命",只可能谈论诸如"地球的寿命"、"太阳系的寿命"和"星系的寿命"。因此我们反对不靠谱的大爆炸宇宙学,因该理论体系漏洞百出,在科学上和在哲学上均不能成立。虽然宇宙中看来充满难于解释的力,暗物质和暗能量仍然只是两个假设。另一个假说是存在引力波,但也只是估计,实际情况可能不同。在Newton理论中引力速度是无限大,但在Einstein理论中引力传播速度和引力波波速都是光速c。广义相对论(GR)认为引力与电磁力不同,是弯曲时空的纯几何效应。但现在应思索某些不同的引力模型,例如把引力重新当作平直时空中的自然界的力的传播,从而又研究得出引力速度大于2×1010c(c是真空中光速)。虽然超光速的引力传播违反Einstein的狭义相对论(SR),却符合Lorentz的相对性理论(LR)。在美国,一个宇宙学家团队在2014年3月的一次新闻发布会上宣布,他们探测到了宇宙大爆炸之后最初瞬间所产生的引力波,从而导致宇宙的起源再次成为重大新闻。根据BICEP2南极望远镜团队的信息,其结果被誉为大爆炸暴涨理论及其后续理论(多元宇宙)的证明。该成果问鼎Nobel奖也在预测之中。BICEP2团队在其宇宙微波背景辐射极化图像中,确定了一个扭曲(B模式)图案,绪论是检测到原始的引力波。但在后来数月中,由来自Princeton大学和也在Princeton高等研究所的科学家们进行了认真的重新分析,其结论是BICEP2的B模式模型给出的大部分或全部最显著效应没有来自引力波的任何贡献。这种突然逆转应该让科学界认真考虑未来的宇宙学实验和理论。BICEP2事件也揭示了一个关于暴涨理论的真相;很清楚,暴涨范式是根本无法检验的,并因此在科学上是毫无意义的。

对城市吸引区范围界定的理论分析

文章从区域与城市发展的特点和规律入手,引入了通达性和人为干扰等因素作为解释变量对“雷利公式”进行了改良。以此为基础,文章运用断裂点理论和改良后的雷利公式对受到不同影响下城市吸引区范围的界定、大城市对邻近小城市的“屏蔽”效应等一系列问题进行了理论上的分析,并对处于不同区域环境下的城市的发展策略选择提出了相关的思路建议。

两种引力观:地球引力效应及其内涵探析

以"苹果落地"等地球引力现象为例,通过对照牛顿力学引力观与广义相对论引力观,进一步剖析和揭示两个理论体系的引力内涵,结果诠释了牛顿近似及其意义。

一个无初始奇异性和无失踪物质的宇宙模型

本文先对Berman提出的哈勃参量变化定律作了修改,然后用它来研究Saez提出的无量纲标量一度规引力理论的宇宙学方程。从而构成了一个无初始奇异性和可消除失踪物质的宇宙模型。进一步讨论了这模型的演化情况,计算了它的某些特征数值,发现它与人们对宇宙的现有认识是一致的。