Effects of field application of phosphate fertilizers on the availability and uptake of lead, zinc and cadmium by cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) in a mining tailing contaminated soil

A field trial was conducted to evaluate the reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals including lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in a soil contaminated by mining tailings in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. Three commercial phosphate (P) fertilizers including phosphate rock (PR), calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), and single superphosphate (SSP) were applied to the plot at three P application rates, 50, 300, and 500 g/m2 with 9 treatments and control (CK). Plants, water soluble and exchangeable (WE) extra...

铬胁迫对青菜(Brassica chinensis L.)植物螯合肽含量及抗氧化特性的影响

选用不同耐铬胁迫青菜品种春油1号和青伏令,采用不同浓度Cr3+处理,测定青菜抗氧化酶活性及植物螯合肽含量等生理指标。结果表明,随着Cr3+处理浓度升高,两种青菜叶片抗氧化酶活性、酸溶性SH、植物螯合肽(PCs)及谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量均呈增加趋势(P<0.05),高浓度Cr3(+300 mg.L-1)处理下,耐铬胁迫较弱的青伏令叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性分别比对照增加了24.2%、41.7%、21.4%,耐铬胁迫较强的春油1号分别比对照增加了37.2%、70.7%、43.0%,并且PCs含量是对照的3.17倍,明显高于耐铬胁迫较弱品种青伏令(1.71倍)。Cr3+处理下耐铬胁迫较强的青菜品种春油1号表现出相对较高的抗氧化酶活力及非酶物质含量,不同品种青菜对铬胁迫的生理差异较大。

铜、锌污染对水稻土中油菜(Brassica chinensis L.)生长的影响及累积效应研究

通过盆栽试验,系统研究了Cu、Zn重金属污染对油菜(Brassica chinensis L.)生长、SOD保护酶活性、脯氨酸、可溶性糖及Cu、Zn在油菜体内吸收富集的影响。结果表明:Cu、Zn污染对油菜生物量和生理生化指标(SOD保护酶活性、脯氨酸和可溶性糖)均有影响。随着Cu、Zn质量分数的升高,植株干物重和SOD保护酶活性表现为先增后降;当Cu质量分数达到1 000 mg?kg-1时,油菜干物重和SOD酶活性分别比对照下降36.79%、66.67%;当Zn质量分数达到3 000 mg?kg-1时,油菜干物重和SOD酶活性分别比对照下降55.21%、82.05%。Cu污染下,油菜叶片脯氨酸质量分数逐渐下降,总可溶性糖质量分数表现为先增后降;Zn污染下,脯氨酸和总可溶性糖质量分数均表现为先增后降。Cu、Zn污染使油菜幼苗叶片及根中的Cu、Zn质量分数明显增加,根部的积累尤其明显。当Cu处理为1 000 mg?kg-1时,油菜茎叶和根中质量分数分别为57.6、424.162 mg?kg-1;当Zn处理为1 000 mg?kg-1时,油菜茎叶和根中质量分数分别为240、608.54 mg?kg-1。与Zn相比,Cu主要积累在油菜的根部,向茎叶迁移累积的量很少,并且随着添加质量分数的增加,茎叶吸收Cu的量变化不大。总之,重金属Zn相对于Cu更容易积累于油菜的地上部分,从而更易进入食物链,它们在油菜体内富集都对其生理生化和营养产生了明显毒害作用。

沼液对无土栽培小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)产量及品质的影响初探

无土栽培条件下,初步研究了沼液和化学肥料组合施用对小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)产量及品质的影响。结果表明,当所施用的沼液营养液肥配方为每升沼液营养液肥中含沼液250 mL,配入3.0g尿素、2.7 g磷酸二氢钾、1.1 g氯化钙、2.5 g硫酸镁和2 mL微量元素储备液(处理3),小白菜产量最高,为10.6克/株,而且,与单纯施用化学肥料营养液(对照)相比,小白菜品质指标硝氮、Vc、可溶性糖及叶绿素含量并没有下降。生产中,合理利用沼液栽培小白菜,对提高其产量和品质有积极的作用。

Cow manure and cow manure-derived biochar application as a soil amendment for reducing cadmium availability and accumulation by Brassica chinensis L. in acidic red soil

Organic amendment is a promising,in situ phytostabilization approach to alleviate the phytotoxic effects of heavy metal contaminated soils.The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of cow manure（CM）and its derived biochar（CMB）as a soil amendment on cadmium（Cd）availability and accumulation in low and high Cd-accumulating cultivars of Brassica chinensis L.grown in an acidic red soil.CM and CMB were applied to Cd-contaminated acidic red soil at the rates of 0,3.0and 6.0%（w/w）.Application of CMB was significantly more effective than that of CM,as it reduced the availability of Cd in soil by 34.3–69.9%and its bioaccumulation in the low Cd accumulator,Aijiaoheiye 333,by 51.2 and 67.4%,respectively.The addition of CMB significantly increased the extractability and accumulation of trace metals（Zn,Mn,Fe,and Cu）by plants and improved plant biomass production.CMB application,combined with utilizing low Cd accumulating cultivars represents a new,sustainable strategy to alleviate the toxic effects on Cd and improve food safety.

The influence of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation in selenium-enriched Brassica napus L.:changes in the nutritional constituents,bioactivities and bioaccessibility

Selenium(Se)-enriched Brassica napus L.is a valuable organic Se supplement.In this study,the fermentation broth enriched with organic Se(FFS)was prepared using Lactobacillus plantarum to ferment the substrate of Se-enriched Brassica napus L.Significant increases were observed after fermentation in total sugars,reducing sugars,soluble proteins,total phenolic content(TPC),and total flavonoid content(TFC).The organic Se was retained at a concentration of 54.75 mg/g in the freeze-dried sample.Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed good separation between the FFS and unfermented(FS)groups.Fragrant 2-ethyloxetane had the highest content among all volatiles,while sinapine had the highest content among all phenolic compounds.The fermentation process showed remarkable improvement in the abundance and concentration of volatile compounds and phenolic contents,making FFS exhibit strong antioxidant activity and inhibitory capacity againstα-glucosidase activity.The bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds was significantly greater in FFS compared to FS.ADMET analysis revealed that the majority of phenolic compounds contained in FFS did not exhibit mutagenicity toxicity,hepatotoxicity,skin sensitization,or blood-brain barrier penetration,indicating a favorable level of biosafety.Overall,our study provides a new insight into the further utilization of Se-enriched Brassica napus L.in foods.

Effect of Foliar Fertilizer Spraying at Seedling Stage on the Growth Physiological Characteristics and Yield of Brassica napus L.

In order to select a suitable foliar fertilizer for Brassica napus L.at the seedling stage,using‘Fengyou 958’as the material,different foliar fertilizers including BR,Se,Si,BR+Si,BR+Se,Se+Si and BR+Se+Si were sprayed at the seedling stage to study their effect on the physiological characteristics,growth and yield of Brassica napus L..The results showed that the growth,chlorophyll content,soluble sugar content,soluble protein content,and yield of different treatments at the budding stage improved compared with the control.The effect of the Si+Se treatment was the best,followed by the Se and Si treatments.The chlorophyll content of the flower decreased continuously during the whole flowering period,and the chlorophyll content of the mature silique peel was higher than that of the seed.The content of soluble sugar in flowers was the highest in the early flowering stage,and the content of soluble sugar in leaves at the flowering stage was higher than that at the budding stage.The soluble sugar content in the harvested silique peel decreased gradually with the increase of time,and that in the silique peel and seed was similar at 35 d after pollination.The soluble protein content in the silique peel and seed decreased gradually at the mature stage,and the soluble protein content in the silique peel was higher than that in the seed at the same stage.Si+Se foliar fertilizer spraying at the seedling stage can promote the growth and yield of Brassica napus L.and can be applied in Brassica napus L.production.

Development of a KASP Marker on Chromosome A05 for Seed Oil Content of Brassica napus

In order to identify the molecular markers that can be widely used in the breeding of Brassica napus L.varieties with high seed oil content under different genetic backgrounds,we developed a Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR(KASP)marker for seed oil content on the basis of the results from available studies.The verification in the F2 population showed that the marker was closely linked to the quantitative trait locus(QTL)for oil content on chromosome A05.The findings helped to breed the‘Fengyou’varieties with high seed oil content in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.

Comparisons in subcellular and biochemical behaviors of cadmium between Iow-Cd and high-Cd accumulation cultivars of pakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.）

Subcellular distributions and chemical forms of cadmium （Cd） in the leaves, stems and roots were investigated in low-Cd accumulation cultivars and high-Cd accumulation cultivars ofpakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.）. Root cell wall played a key role in limiting soil Cd from entering the protoplast, especially in the low-Cd cultivars. The high-Cd cultivars had significantly higher leaf and stem Cd concentrations than the low-Cd cultivars in cell wall fraction, chloroplast/trophoplast fraction, organelle fraction and soluble fraction. In low-Cd cultivars, which were more sensitive and thus had greater physiological needs of Cd detoxification than high-Cd cultivars, leaf vacuole sequestrated higher proportions of Cd. Cd in the form of pectate/protein complexes （extracted by 1 tool. L~ NaC1） played a decisive role in Cd translocation from root to shoot, which might be one of the mechanisms that led to the differences in shoot Cd accumulation between the two types of cultivars. Furthermore, the formation of Cd- phosphate complexes （extracted by 2% HAc） was also involved in Cd detoxification within the roots of pakchoi under high Cd stress, suggesting that the mechanisms of Cd detoxification might be different between low- and high-Cd cultivars.

The Effect of the Novel "light fertilizer" on the Environment Factor in High Tunnel and Growth of Brassica Chinensis

[Objective] The aim was to study the properties of novel ＂light fertilizer＂, photo-conversion film, in order to evaluate its effect on the environmental factors and morphogenetic process of crops in the high tunnel. [Method] Photo-conversion film and Iongevous anti-dropping film were compared in terms of light, air and soil temperature utilizing the Facilities of leafy agriculture high tunnel intelligent monitoring system. Verifying the results by farmland experiment. [Result] Photo- conversion film indeed improved the light quality of high tunnel compared with the Iongevous anti- dripping film. The air and soil temperature was raised several degrees. Results of farmland experiment show that the average value of brassica chinensis fresh weight increased 19.15% compared to the control. [Conclusion] Photo-conversion film promotes more crop growth than Iongevous anti-dropping film due to improvement of light quality, air and soil temperature.

Protective Effects of Glycinebetaine on Brassica chinensis Under Salt Stress

Brassica chinensis L. were foliarly applied with glycinebetaine (GB), as this species is unable to synthesis GB and sensitive to osmotic stress such as salt. The exogenous GB was easily absorbed and transported by the leaf of B. chinensis . Its application (0-20 mmol/L) enhanced the plant tolerance to salt stress. The treatment of 15 mmol/L GB significantly decreased the Na + accumulation in leaf and root under NaCl stress. This difference in accumulating Na + and K + is caused by higher selectivity of root absorption. Furthermore, GB increased H +_ATPase activity of root plasma membrane evidently. This result strongly suggested that in root the decreased Na + accumulation was caused by the GB accumulation that enhanced the extrusion of Na + from the cell in some way through plasma membrane transporter, e.g. Na +/H + antiport driven by H +_ATPase. The GB application was also found to stabilize the plasma membrane, to decrease the loss of chlorophyll, and to stimulate the osmosis induced proline response under salt stress.

Research Progress of Heat-tolerance of Brassica campestris ssp. Chinensis

Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis, also known as non-heading Chinese cabbage, is an important vegetable widely distributed in southern China. High temperature is the most common adversity factor in vegetable production, because Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis is a thermophilic vegetable, which can＇t well grow at high temperature. In summer and autumn, high temperature stress would prevent Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis from growing and result in poor quality of its seedlings, seriously influencing yield and quality of the vegetable in later period. In this paper, present situation and latest advances in heat resistance research of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis in recent years were reviewed at home and abroad. The research tendency in Bassica campestris ssp. chinensis was also described, providing reference for breeding of heat-resistant Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis.

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法检测上海青(Brassica chinensis L.)中鱼藤酮的残留动态

[目的]建立固相萃取-高效液相色谱-紫外（SPE-HPLC-UV）检测上海青中鱼藤酮的分析方法,对上海青中鱼藤酮的含量进行动态分析。[方法]样品先经乙腈提取,随后在乙腈提取液中加入氯化钠,盐析后过Florisil固相萃取柱富集净化,再用正己烷-乙醚（体积比3∶7）洗脱,最后以乙腈-水（体积比6∶4）为流动相,在290 nm下用高效液相色谱检测分析上海青中鱼藤酮的含量。[结果]该方法稳定可靠,检测物在0.05－10 mg/L范围内线性关系良好。在0.5－5 mg/kg范围内,平均加标回收率为85.9%－86.3%,检出限为0.05 mg/kg。田间推荐剂量和2倍推荐剂量分别施药,鱼藤酮在上海青中的原始沉积量分别为6.26、18.34 mg/kg。[结论]该化合物在田间降解速率快,在上海青中的半衰期分别为11.2、11.1 h。

鸡毛菜(Brassica rapa L.Chinensis Group.)的颜色变化动力学及两种货架期预测方法

实验测定了贮藏在278、283、288、293K四个温度下的鸡毛菜的颜色参数L*、-a*、b*、△E、h*和感官评价,并对L*和△E进行了动力学分析。结果表明,在实验温度范围内,鸡毛菜储藏的温度越低,颜色参数变化越慢。动力学分析显示,零级动力学比一级动力学更适合表现鸡毛菜L*和△E的变化规律。研究还采用Arrhenius方程对颜色变化速率常数k和温度T进行非线性拟合,得到L*和△E活化能Ea分别为82.09kJ/mol和100.26kJ/mol。最后得到依赖于时间、温度和颜色指标的鸡毛菜货架期预测方程(R2>0.95),从中根据不同的L*和△E终点可得到对应的货架期。就本研究而言,假定L*增加12%为终点时,鸡毛菜在四个温度下的预测货架期分别为11.8、5.5、2.6、1.3d。同时,Arrhenius方程与依赖于感官终点的动态颜色终点拟合方程结合预测的货架期曲线与感官寿命曲线则能得到更好的契合(两者绝对差值小于0.6d),两者结合能得到较为全面的货架期预测参数。

Effect of Combined Use of Boron and Manganese Fertilizers on the Nutritional Quality and Physiological Indices of Brassica campestris L.ssp.chinensis L.var.utilis

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of com-bined use of boron and manganese fertilizers on the nutritional quality and physio-logical indices of Brassica campestris. [Method] In the nutrient solutions for growing B. campestris by hydroponics, boric acid and manganese sulfate were added at 0.5, 2.5, and 7.5 mg/L respectively. Another treatment without boron and manganese was prepared as the control. Quality and physiological indices of B. campestris in the 10 treatments were measured. [Result] Boron and manganese shared obvious in-teraction in improving the quality and physiological indices of B. campestris. To cul-tivate B. campestris with high quality and strong resistance, the optimum concentra-tions of boron and manganese in the nutrient solution should be 2.5 mg/L boric acid and 2.5-7.5 mg/L manganese sulfate. [Conclusion] The findings wil provide refer-ence for studying effects of trace elements on nutrient composition of vegetables.

甘蓝型黄籽油菜粒色基因候选区间的QTL-Seq定位及连锁标记开发

甘蓝型油菜黄籽性状遗传来源较为复杂且易受环境条件影响,基因定位和分子标记开发难度大.相比于传统QTL定位,结合二代深度测序等生信方法直接对甘蓝型油菜黄籽基因进行染色体定位、基因挖掘和标记开发,将有助于黄籽遗传机理的研究.利用甘蓝型油菜黄籽临保系63-2和黑籽67-1配制杂交组合,构建F 2粒色分离群体.遗传分析表明:该群体中黄籽性状受1对隐性主效基因控制;以法国甘蓝型油菜Darmor-bzh基因组为参考,利用集团分离分析法和全基因组重测序将黄籽性状基因定位于C03染色体6.1~9.0 Mb置信区间内,同时基于基因组变异和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳验证获得与粒色基因紧密连锁的SSR标记4个和InDel标记5个.

Genetic Inheritance and Molecular Marker of Clubroot Resistance Genes in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis

Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the genetic inheritance of clubroot resistance in Chinese non-heading cabbage （Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis）. [Method] The clubroot resistance gene was introduced from a Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis cultivar to non-heading Chinese cabbage, and the inheri-tance and molecular markers of clubroot resistance gene in parental lines, F1, F2 and BC1 of non-heading Chinese cabbage were studied through pathogen inoculation at seedling stage and ISSR-PCR. [Result] Clubroot resistance in non-heading Chi-nese cabbage was control ed by a single dominant gene. ISSR molecular markers with Bulk segregant analysis （BSA） found that primer-873 was linked to resistance gene, named CR-873, and the genetic distance between the marker and the resis-tance gene was 9.72 cM. [Conclusion] The results provide references for the molecular marker assisted breeding of non-heading Chinese cabbage.

Dissecting the genetic architecture of glucosinolate compounds for quality improvement in flowering stalk tissues of Brassica napus

Glucosinolates(GSLs) and their hydrolytic products contribute to the quality traits of rapeseed flowering stalk tissues, such as taste, flavor and anticarcinogenic properties(Glucoraphanin). However, little is known about the genetic mechanisms of GSL accumulation in rapeseed flowering stalks. In this study, the variation and genetic architecture of GSL metabolites in flowering stalk tissues were investigated for the first time among a panel of 107 accessions. All GSL compounds exhibited continuous and wide variations in the present population. Progoitrin,glucobrassicanapin and gluconapin were the most abundant GSL compounds. Five quantitative trait loci(QTL) significantly associated with three GSL compounds were identified by genome-wide association study. GRA_C04 was under selected during modern breeding, in which the ratio of lower GSL haplotype(HAP2) in the accessions bred before 1990(52.56%) was significantly lower than that after 1990(78.95%). Four candidate genes, BnaA01. SOT16, BnaA06. SOT17, Bna A06. MYB51a, and Bna A06. MYB51b, were identified in the GTL_A01 and 4OH_A06 regions.These findings provide new insights into GSL biosynthesis in flowering stalk tissues and facilitate quality improvement in rapeseed flowering stalks.

Role of nitrification inhibitor DMPP(3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) in NO^-_3-N accumulation in greengrocery( Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis ) and vegetable soil

The influence of nitrification inhibitor(NI) 3,4 dimethylpyrazole phosphate(DMPP) on nitrate accumulation in greengrocery( Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis ) and vegetable soil at surface layer were investigated in field experiments in 2002 and 2003 Results showed that NI DMPP took no significant effect on yields of edible parts of greengrocery, but it could significantly decrease NO - 3 N concentration in greengrocery and in vegetable soil at surface layer. In addition, NI DMPP could reduce the NO - 3 N concentration during the prophase stage of storage.

Effect of Nitrogen and Sulfur Supply on Glucosinolates in Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis

Glucosinolates （GSs） are a group of plant secondary metabolites containing abundant nitrogen （N） and sulfur （S） mainly in Brassica and have the beneficial effects on human health including anti-carcinogenic, cholesterol-reducing and other pharmacological effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of N （5, 10, and 20 mmol L-a, denoted by N5, N10 and N20） and S （0,5, 1, and 2 mmol L^-1, denoted by S0.5, S1 and S2） on the yield and GSs in pakchoi （Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. communis） in hydroponics. Results showed that N10 and N20 significantly enhanced the yield compared with N5, however, N20 had a negative effect relative to N10. Only with N10 and N20 low S supply （S0.5） reduced the yield. The concentrations of aliphatic GSs, aromatic GS and total GSs were enhanced by N5 and indolyl GSs were enhanced by N20. S2 enhanced the concentration of individual GS and total GSs. The concentrations of indolyl GSs were maximized in N20S2 treatment, whereas the highest concentrations of aliphatic GSs, aromatic GS and total GSs were found in N5S2 treatment. Effects of N and S on aliphatic GSs were higher than on indolyl GSs. The results suggest that the accumulation of aliphatic GSs and aromatic GS could be enhanced by low N and high S and restricted by high N while that of indolyl GSs could be enhanced by high N and high S.