Is infliximab safe to use while breastfeeding?

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often affects women around the age of conception and pregnancy. Most drugs used to treat IBD are safe in pregnancy, but physicians must consider the clinical implications of certain treatment regimens in young, fertile females. We report an informative case of a pregnant patient with IBD who underwent treatment with infliximab during her pregnancy and while nursing her infant. Serum and breast milk infliximab levels were monitored throughout this time period. This case report suggests that targeted monoclonal antibodies and other biologic agents can be used with caution in pregnant and breastfeeding patients.

Association of breast feeding practice with worm infestation in children aged 0-24 months in Calabar South Local Government Area

Objective:Reduction in child morbidity and mortality require improved knowledge about hygiene,baby feeding and childrearing practices,especially by mothers in low resource nations.The objectives of the study were to compare the prevalence of worm infestation between exclusively and non-exclusively breast - fed children and to determine the age at which exclusively breast - fed children child could be significantly infested with worms. Method:Systematic sampling of 196 mother-infants pairs was done.A pretested interviewer administered semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection.Fresh stool samples collected from the children were examined using the cellophane thick faecal smear technique of Kato - Katz.Results:The difference in prevalence of worm infestation within 6 months of age was not significant between the exclusively and non-exclusively breast feed children.Age of significant worm infestation for exclusively breast -fed infants was/13 months. Mother’s educational level significantly influenced their de-worming practices.Conclusion:This study showed that breast milk does protect children in the first year of life against worm infestation;but the burden of infestation becomes significant after 12 months of age.Mothers should be taught to de - worm their children from 13 months of age.

The Application of Billings for Fertility RegulationMethod during the Period of Breastfeeding

In order to adopt Billings Method for fertility regulation during the period of breast feeding, cervical mucus was observed and monitored in 61 breast feeding mothers.Urine estrogen and /or pregnanediol were/was measured in 15 breast feeding mothers. Observations on cervical mucus during 244 months were collected. The type of dry or no mucus was observed in 75.27% fully breast feeding mothers. Constant unchanging mucus was observed in 69.39% partially breast feeding mothers. Developmental changing mucus was observed in 79.25% of mothers bottle feeding their infants. According to the record on cervical mucus within 6 months postpartum, 97.14% of the cervical mucus was consistent with normal menstrual cycles. Urine estrogen and /or pregnanediol were/was measured in 15 breast feeding mothers. The level of estrogen in urine averaged 0.08 μmol/24 h in fully breast feeding mothers and 0.14 μmol/24 h in partially breast feeding mothers.The peak level averaged 0.21 μmol/24 h in bottle feeding mothers.The pregnanediol level was determined to confirm ovulation in bottle feeding mothers. The average levels of cut off and the period of ovulation in 6 bottle feeding mother were 7 μmol/24 h and 9 μmol/24 h respectively.Measurement of urine estrogen and pregnanediol level all matched with cervical mucus appearances. Conclusion: Billings Method is a simple, scientific method for contraception without side effects during breast feeding period.

Pharmacological role of efflux transporters: Clinical implications for medication use during breastfeeding

The World Health Organisation recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of an infant's life and in combination with solid food thereafter. This recommendation was introduced based on research showing numerous health benefits of breastfeeding for both the mother and the infant. However, there is always concern regarding the transfer of medications from mother to their breastfed baby via milk. Pharmacokinetic properties of a drug are usually used to predict its transferability into breast milk. Although most drugs are compatible with breastfeeding, cases of toxic drug exposure have been reported. This is thought to be due to active transport mechanisms whereby efflux transporter proteins expressed in the epithelial cells of the mammary gland actively secrete drugs into milk. An example of such efflux transporters including the breast cancer resistance protein which is strongly induced during lactation and this could result in contamination of milk with the substrates of this transporter which may place the suckling infant at risk of toxicity. Furthermore, there is little known about the substrate specificity of most efflux transporters as we have highlighted in this review. There also exists some degree of contradiction between in vivo and in vitro studies which makes it difficult to conclusively predict outcomes and drug-drug interactions.

Predictors of Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration among Mothers Attending Immunization Clinic in a Tertiary Health Facility in Enugu, Nigeria

Background: Breastfeeding is cost effective means towards the realization of some key United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by the year 2030 particularly in resource limited settings. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the predictors of exclusive breastfeeding duration among mother and child pairs utilizing a tertiary immunization clinic facility. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Respondents were mother-and-child pairs who were recruited consecutively. Relevant maternal and child characteristics were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 (p Results: Four hundred and twenty seven mother-child pairs were studied. Majority of the mothers have at least secondary education, 383 (80.7%). 407 (95.3%) of the mothers fully understood the actual meaning of EBF. 189 (42.7%) reported practicing EBF in their index child for six months. Maternal perception of insufficient milk production, 52/99 (52.5%) was the most common reason for practicing EBF for Maternal education and occupation and gender of the child were significantly associated with completion of EBF for 6 months among respondents. Conclusion: EBF duration in the current study is low and is significantly associated with maternal education, maternal occupation and gender of the child. Improving girl child education, complementing baby friendly hospital initiative with baby friendly community initiative should be adopted to improve EBF duration in our setting.

Determinates of Childhood Pneumonia and Diarrhea with Special Emphasis to Exclusive Breastfeeding in North Achefer District, Northwest Ethiopia: A Case Control Study

Studies showed that exclusive breast feeding reduced infant morbidity and mortality. In low income countries such as Ethiopia where under-five mortality is very high, the role of exclusively breastfeeding could be even more critical. However, studies assessing the place of exclusive breast freeing in the prevention of childhood illnesses in our area are scarce. The aim of the study was to identify determinant factors of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. An institution based case control study was conducted in Achefer District in July, 2012. The cases were 122 children of 7 - 24 months old who had repeated attack of diarrhoea or pneumonia over three months prior to the survey while controls were 122 children who visited well baby clinic for vaccination. Data were collected by using pre-tested and structured questionnaire, and analysed using SPSS version 16 for windows. Logistic regression was performed, and strength of associations was estimated using odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. About 83% of the controls and only 12.3% of the cases were exclusively breast fed. Children who were exclusively breast fed were 83 times less likely to develop pneumonia or diarrhea than those who were not exclusively fed. Marital status, monthly income, prelacteal feeding, and late initiation of breast feeding were found to have statistically significant association with childhood diarrhea and pneumonia. This study brought local evidence that exclusive breast feeding had a protective effect against common childhood infectious diseases—pneumonia and diarrhoea—in the study area. Therefore, culture sensitive and plausible health education is recommended to strengthen exclusive breast feeding practices in order to decrease mortality and morbidity of infants and children from pneumonia and diarrhoea.

Successful management of a breastfeeding mother with severe eczema of the nipple beginning from puberty:A case report

BACKGROUND Nipple eczema is the most common presentation of atopic dermatitis of the breast,which seriously influences breastfeeding of mothers.We here present a case of severe nipple eczema that started in puberty and received continuous care and interventions during pregnancy.The patient succeeded in breastfeeding after the interventions.CASE SUMMARY A 36-year-old woman at 16 wk of gestation(gestation 1 parturition 0),visited the breastfeeding consultation clinic,complaining of excessive nipple secretion,severe itching,and concerns about breastfeeding.She was diagnosed with severe nipple eczema.Health education,consultation with dermatologists,topical medication,psychological support,and postpartum care were carried out.Through continuous interventions,her nipple eczema significantly improved,lactating confidence enhanced,anxiety symptoms were reduced,and exclusive breastfeeding was achieved.CONCLUSION For lactating women with nipple eczema,breastfeeding consultants should play an important role in patient education and provide whole-process and individual guidance.

First Hour Initiation of Breast Feeding &Associated Factors, among Mothers at Post Natal Ward in Fort Portal Referral Hospital, Uganda

Background: Breast milk is recommended as the best feeding option to neonates and infants for it confers immunological benefits that help to reduce neonatal and infant morbidities and mortalities. WHO recommends that all infants should start breast feeding within one hour of birth i.e. early initiation of breast feeding (EIBF). Unfortunately, studies show that less than 40% of infants in resource limited settings Uganda inclusive are initiated on breast feeding practice, with no documented study done in Kabarole district to assess the problem. This study therefore, set out to establish the prevalence and associated factors with the practice of first hour initiation of breast feeding at Fort Portal Regional Hospital, Kabarole district, Uganda. Methods: With a cross-sectional design, we collected data from 330 post natal mothers and their live-born infants at Fort Portal Regional Referral hospital from 5th-20th August 2019. With a standard interviewer administered tool, mothers who initiated breast feeding within the first hour after delivery of their newly born babies responded with yes and those that did not with a no. Prevalence of one hour initiation was got considering infants that were initiated on breast within one hour over the total live birth times 100 to get the percent prevalence. With Stata version 13 software, statistically significant relationships of the predisposing factors were determined at a p-value (p ≤ 0.05) at bivariate and at multivariate regression coefficient. Results: A total of 330 postnatal mothers targeted for this study, 100% response rate was covered. Mothers’ age ranged from 18 - 45 years with mean age 31 SD ± 6. The prevalence of initiation of breast feeding in the first hour of birth was 68%, a third of (32%) mothers had not initiated breast feeding in the first hour. A half (50%) of the direct predisposing factors for non-initiation of timely breastfeeding were due to birth asphyxia, almost a quarter 23% due to mother’s ill health and 7% due mother not being guided by the health worker on what to do. In this study mothers’ knowledge and awareness of the practice were very low at 20% while that of health workers was fair at 53%. Social demographic factors that influence 1st hour breast feeding practice were;young maternal age being less than 34 years, mothers occupation being self-employed (83%) or unemployed (73%) with 3 times higher odds of initiating breastfeeding within 1st (OR = 3, p = 0.003) than working class mothers (civil servants). Marital status of mothers being married (73%) significantly influenced early breastfeeding practice (p = 0.001). Health workers’ knowledge of the practice was significantly associated (OR = 2.7, X2 = 11.32, *p = 0.00078) with enforcement of mother initiation of breast feeding in first hour compared to the less knowledgeable ones. Conclusion: The practice of timely initiation of breastfeeding at Fort Portal Regional Referral hospital at 68.2% was sub-optimal against WHO universal practice recommendations. Mothers’ low knowledge on timely initiation of breast feeding practice was the most deterrent factor for first hour initiation of breastfeeding practice. Providing breastfeeding counselling to all mothers during ANC and training on best breastfeeding practices and counselling skills for health staff at Fort Portal Referral hospital are urgent recommendation in this study to improve the practice.

Women's breast-feeding behavior and its influencing factors in shanghai in the late 1980's

Objectives: To analyze women’s breast-feeding behavior and its influencing factors.Design: A cohort study.Setting: In 2 districts of Shanghai.Subjects: 7 826 couples from August 1987 to August 1988 within 15 months of marriage and having a baby.Methods: From the Luwan and Hongkou Districts’ marriage registration departments out of 15 933 newly married registered couples, 7 911 eligible couples were selected by randomization. Home visits were paid twice at the 3rd and 15th month after marriage. Questions about general status, contracep-tion, births and breast-feeding, etc. were asked. A total of 7 826 couples completed questionnaires was analyzed.Results: 71. 6% of couples had a baby after marriage. The breast-feeding rate at the end of 2nd week after birth was 70.7%. The main reason of artificial feeding was insufficient or no breast milk,which constituted 82. 8% of the total. Logistic regression analysis showed that the factors affecting women’s breast-feeding behavior were wife’s age at marriage, education, ownership of working unit,fertility intention, some personal character and satisfaction with her husband. Infant’s body weight at birth, premature and abnormal birth were also influencing factors.Conclusion: In order to increase the breast-feeding rate, it is important to provide IEC of breast-feeding, to reduce premature births and births of low body weight and increase chances of breast-feed-ing while in hospital.

PRESENT SITUATION OF BREAST-FEEDING AND COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON GROWTH OF CHILDREN UNDER 36 MONTHS IN WESTERN CHINA

Objective To find out the present situation of complementary feeding, breast-feeding and children nutrition, and further explore the relationship between them. Methods Random sampling was adopted and 7302 pairs or mothers and their children under 36 months were investigated by means or questionnaires. Results Breast- feeding rate was 96. 8%,but exclusive breast-feeding rate was only 37.6%. Breast-feeding rate over 12 months was 34.7%,breast-feeding rate over 24 months was only 15. 8%. Timely sucking rate was 8.4%, 19. 2% of children had too early complementary feeding, 26.8% had too late,and 43.1% had appropriate feeding. To the children over 6 months, the feeding rates or meat and eggs per week were 36.3% and 49.3%,respectively. The stunting-rate was 24.0%, underweight-rate 22.1%,and wasting-rate 8.9%. The incidence rate of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was 23.3%. Multivariable analysis showed that growth of children was associated with diet diversity,intake frequency of eggs and meat, too early complementary feeding,prolonged breast-feeding and diarrhea, etc. Conclusion In rural areas of western China,breast-feeding has been fundamentally popularized,however,the unfit complementary feeding and malnutrition of children under 36 months are common and serious,important complementary feeding recommen- dations and good hygiene condition are strongly needed.

Otoacoustic Emissions and Evoked Potentials in Infants after Breast-Feeding Jaundice——Hearing Dysfunction in Breast-Feeding Jaundice

We study hearing in a group of infants with Breast-feeding jaundice (BFJ) by means of Transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (T-EOE) and Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) searching for relationship between bilirubin serum levels and auditory dysfunction. Eleven infants born at-term with BFJ were selected for the study. We studied also 11 control age- and gender matched healthy at-term infants without signs of jaundice. T-EOAE studies were performed between 5-7 days after birth, and 3 months later. BAEP studies were performed once. BFJ group infants exhibited lower amplitudes in T-EOE than infants in the control group. These differences disappear at the 3-month evaluation. In BAEP, we observed a significant latency delay of waves I and V in Breast-feeding jaundice group infants. All infants in both groups demonstrated reproducible wave V response at 30 decibels. No significant correlation values were observed between bilirubin serum levels and T-EOE and BAEP variables. Our data suggest that BFJ can result in transient peripheral and central auditory dysfunction. Dysfunction is reversible after treatment of infants with BFJ.

喂养方式对高危新生儿生长发育的影响及相关因素分析

目的探究喂养方式对高危新生儿生长发育的影响,并分析影响新生儿高危的因素。方法回顾性选取2017年3月至2023年3月在秦皇岛市第一医院出生且采用人工喂养的60例高危新生儿作为人工喂养组,选取同期在本院出生的60例采用母乳喂养的高危新生儿作为母乳喂养组。分析两组新生儿出生时及3月龄时的身长、体重、身长别体重Z评分(WLZ)和年龄别体重指数Z评分(BAZ)情况,比较两组新生儿3月龄时的发育指数[智力发育指数(MDI)和运动发育指数(PDI)]、气质类型及免疫水平。另选50名正常新生儿作为正常组,收集其临床资料,探究影响高危新生儿发生的相关因素。结果与出生时比较,人工喂养组与母乳喂养组患儿在3月龄时身长、体重、WLZ评分、BAZ评分均升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但两组出生时和3月龄时的身长、体重、WLZ评分、BAZ评分组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3月龄时,母乳喂养组患儿的MDI评分和PDI评分分别为(108.55±10.98)、(108.16±10.61)分,均高于人工喂养组[(99.12±8.79)、(98.01±9.21)分],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但两组的气质类型比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。母乳喂养组患儿的免疫球蛋白(Ig)G、IgM、IgA和CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)水平分别为(7.11±0.67)×10^(-6)g/L、(0.77±0.11)×10^(-6)g/L、(0.46±0.08)×10^(-6)g/L、(49.06±6.15)%、(50.33±5.78)%、(36.33±5.16)%,均高于人工喂养组[(6.12±0.78)×10^(-6)g/L、(0.68±0.16)×10^(-6)g/L、(0.33±0.07)×10^(-6)g/L、(46.33±4.56)%、(47.55±6.12)%、(28.55±6.11)%],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单因素分析可知,高危组和正常组在有无生殖道感染、有无人工终止妊娠手术史、有无腹压增高、有无胎位异常方面差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示存在生殖道感染、患儿出生体重低于2500 g为高危新生儿发生的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论母乳喂养对于高危新生儿的生长发育和免疫功能具有积极的影响。同时,生殖道感染和低出生体重因素与高危新生儿的发生密切相关。

以家庭为中心的产科监护结合待产-分娩-产后护理一体化的产房护理模式对初产妇妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨以家庭为中心的产科监护(family-centered maternity care,FCMC)结合待产-分娩-产后护理(labor-delivery-recovery,LDR)一体化的产房护理模式对初产妇妊娠结局的影响。方法选取2021年10月-2022年3月在郑州人民医院东部院区家庭化产房住院分娩的248例初产妇为观察组,给予FCMC+LDR产房护理模式。选取同期在产科普通病房住院分娩的300例初产妇为对照组,行传统护理。比较2组分娩方式、新生儿结局、纯母乳喂养情况、母亲角色适应能力及住院分娩总费用。结果观察组自然分娩率、母亲角色适应能力评分、分娩30 d纯母乳喂养率、住院分娩总费用均高于对照组(χ^(2)=10.861,P=0.001;t=-8.173,P<0.001;χ^(2)=5.156,P=0.023;t=-26.720,P<0.001);2组宫内窘迫发生率、新生儿1 min和5 min Apgar评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论FCMC+LDR产房护理模式能够提高初产妇的自然分娩率和纯母乳喂养率,促进初产妇对母亲角色的适应,但其住院分娩费用较高。

围生期抑郁信息化管理方案的构建与应用

目的 构建围生期抑郁信息化管理方案并应用于临床,降低孕产妇围生期抑郁的发生。方法 将375例孕产妇按照入院时间分为对照组185例与干预组190例。对照组实施常规干预;干预组汇总围生期抑郁管理的最佳证据,构建围生期抑郁管理方案,开发围生期抑郁信息化管理系统对孕产妇进行干预。干预前后比较两组抑郁评分、抑郁管理知信行评分及分娩结局。结果 对照组157例、干预组155例完成研究。干预组抑郁评分显著低于对照组,抑郁管理知识及行为评分显著高于对照组(均P<0.05),干预组自然分娩及纯母乳喂养率显著高于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论 围生期抑郁信息化管理方案的应用可有效改善孕产妇围生期抑郁水平,从而改善分娩结局。

婴儿家庭病房对新生儿高胆红素血症结局影响的分析

目的分析新生儿高胆红素血症患儿在婴儿家庭病房和普通病房中治疗效果的异同,为推广婴儿家庭病房提供依据。方法选取2022年1—12月佛山市妇幼保健院婴儿家庭病房收治的183例新生儿高胆红素血症患儿为研究对象,随机抽取同期普通病房183例新生儿高胆红素血症患儿做对比,回顾性分析2种类型病房新生儿高胆红素血症的治疗效果。结果婴儿家庭病房收治患儿平均胎龄(38.22±1.21)周,出生体质量(3181±395)g,入院时的日龄(4.51±1.36)d,血清胆红素水平(266.87±35.16)μmol/L;普通病房患儿平均胎龄(38.17±1.39)周,出生体质量(3139±426)g,入院时的日龄(4.26±1.37)d,血清胆红素水平(262.86±37.55)μmol/L,2组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。婴儿家庭病房15 d再入院5例,普通病房12例,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。婴儿家庭病房母乳喂养181例,普通病房13例,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。婴儿家庭病房并发症(皮疹、腹泻)6例,普通病房并发症(皮疹、腹泻)22例,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。婴儿家庭病房非常满意179例,普通病房非常满意160例,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论婴儿家庭病房减少母婴分离,更有利于母乳喂养及母婴康复,可以缩短新生儿高胆红素血症患儿住院时间,减少并发症的发生,对家属满意度产生正性影响。

中西医结合护理干预在剖宫产术后疼痛中的应用

目的观察中西医结合护理干预在剖宫产术后疼痛中的应用效果。方法选取2022年4月至2023年9月江西省妇幼保健院收治的110例剖宫产产妇为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组55例。对照组应用常规围手术期护理干预,观察组应用中西医结合护理干预。比较两组患者的疼痛情况、泌乳情况、母乳喂养成功率、术后住院时间及满意度。结果观察组术后6、12、24、48 h疼痛评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组术后12、24、48 h疼痛评分均低于本组术后6 h,对照组术后24、48 h疼痛评分均低于本组术后6 h,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组的泌乳时间早于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组产后24、48 h泌乳量多于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组的术后住院时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组的母乳喂养成功率及护理满意度均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中西医结合护理干预可有效减轻剖宫产产后术后疼痛,并促进泌乳及提升母乳喂养成功率,缩短住院时间,提升护理满意度。

0~6月龄不同喂养方式对婴儿体格生长发育的影响

目的:通过对首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院出生的857例婴儿在0~6月龄喂养方式的随访,探索6个月内不同喂养方式对婴儿体格生长发育的影响。方法:对招募的研究对象进行纵向随访12个月,随访主要收集0~6月龄期间的婴儿喂养方式和12月龄以内的体格生长发育情况。利用世界卫生组织(WHO)Anthro软件计算年龄别体重评价、年龄别身长评价和年龄别体重别身长评价,通过方差分析、非参数秩和检验、χ^(2)检验以及线性回归等方法进行资料的描述性分析和婴儿体格生长发育影响因素的分析。结果:持续6月龄纯母乳喂养组婴儿6月龄和9月龄的体重评价和身长评价及12月龄的年龄别体重和年龄别身长别体重评价为正常发育的比例均高于6月龄内部分母乳喂养和纯人工喂养组的婴儿,差异均具有统计学意义(P≤0.05)。通过线性回归模型校正孕周、孕妇年龄、婴儿性别、分娩方式、婴儿出生体重以及出生身长等混杂因素后发现,0~6月龄不同喂养方式是婴儿12月龄时生长发育的重要影响因素。结论:持续6月龄的纯母乳喂养方式将影响婴儿在6月龄、9月龄、12月龄时的生长发育。因此,临床医生应倡导母亲在婴儿6月龄内尽可能持续完全母乳喂养,以保证婴儿的生长发育。

基于信息—动机—行为技巧模型的链式管理对促进早产儿母乳喂养的效果评价

目的评价基于信息-动机-行为技巧模型(information motivation behavioral skills model,IMB)的链式管理对促进早产儿母乳喂养的干预效果。方法选取2022年1月—6月入住湖南省某三级甲等医院新生儿重症监护室符合纳入标准的88例早产儿母亲为研究对象,2022年1月—3月的44例为对照组,2022年4月—6月的44例为试验组,对照组接受常规母乳喂养支持护理,试验组接受基于IMB的链式管理。比较两组母亲母乳喂养知识、婴儿喂养态度、母乳喂养自我效能得分和6个月内早产儿纯母乳喂养率、再入院率等的差异。结果干预后,试验组母乳喂养知识得分高于对照组(t=-4.747,P<0.001)、婴儿喂养态度得分高于对照组(t=-17.321,P<0.001)、母乳喂养自我效能得分高于对照组(t=-2.352,P=0.021);试验组早产儿矫正月龄1个月内纯母乳喂养率(95.2%)高于对照组(73.8%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=7.372,P=0.007),3个月内纯母乳喂养率(88.1%)高于对照组(69.0%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.525,P=0.033),6个月内纯母乳喂养率(66.7%)高于对照组(40.5%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=5.791,P=0.016);试验组早产儿6个月内再入院率(2.3%)低于对照组(16.7%)(χ^(2)=4.974,P=0.030)。结论IMB结合链式管理可提高早产儿矫正月龄6个月内纯母乳喂养率,降低再入院率。

烦躁不安排乳反射研究进展

介绍烦躁不安排乳反射的概念、评估工具、发生机制及影响因素等,从改变生活方式、加强社会支持、适当药物治疗和专科心理干预4个方面综述干预措施,以期为医护人员正确识别烦躁不安排乳反射,开展相关研究及干预实践提供参考。