Women's breast-feeding behavior and its influencing factors in shanghai in the late 1980's

Objectives: To analyze women’s breast-feeding behavior and its influencing factors.Design: A cohort study.Setting: In 2 districts of Shanghai.Subjects: 7 826 couples from August 1987 to August 1988 within 15 months of marriage and having a baby.Methods: From the Luwan and Hongkou Districts’ marriage registration departments out of 15 933 newly married registered couples, 7 911 eligible couples were selected by randomization. Home visits were paid twice at the 3rd and 15th month after marriage. Questions about general status, contracep-tion, births and breast-feeding, etc. were asked. A total of 7 826 couples completed questionnaires was analyzed.Results: 71. 6% of couples had a baby after marriage. The breast-feeding rate at the end of 2nd week after birth was 70.7%. The main reason of artificial feeding was insufficient or no breast milk,which constituted 82. 8% of the total. Logistic regression analysis showed that the factors affecting women’s breast-feeding behavior were wife’s age at marriage, education, ownership of working unit,fertility intention, some personal character and satisfaction with her husband. Infant’s body weight at birth, premature and abnormal birth were also influencing factors.Conclusion: In order to increase the breast-feeding rate, it is important to provide IEC of breast-feeding, to reduce premature births and births of low body weight and increase chances of breast-feed-ing while in hospital.

PRESENT SITUATION OF BREAST-FEEDING AND COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON GROWTH OF CHILDREN UNDER 36 MONTHS IN WESTERN CHINA

Objective To find out the present situation of complementary feeding, breast-feeding and children nutrition, and further explore the relationship between them. Methods Random sampling was adopted and 7302 pairs or mothers and their children under 36 months were investigated by means or questionnaires. Results Breast- feeding rate was 96. 8%,but exclusive breast-feeding rate was only 37.6%. Breast-feeding rate over 12 months was 34.7%,breast-feeding rate over 24 months was only 15. 8%. Timely sucking rate was 8.4%, 19. 2% of children had too early complementary feeding, 26.8% had too late,and 43.1% had appropriate feeding. To the children over 6 months, the feeding rates or meat and eggs per week were 36.3% and 49.3%,respectively. The stunting-rate was 24.0%, underweight-rate 22.1%,and wasting-rate 8.9%. The incidence rate of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was 23.3%. Multivariable analysis showed that growth of children was associated with diet diversity,intake frequency of eggs and meat, too early complementary feeding,prolonged breast-feeding and diarrhea, etc. Conclusion In rural areas of western China,breast-feeding has been fundamentally popularized,however,the unfit complementary feeding and malnutrition of children under 36 months are common and serious,important complementary feeding recommen- dations and good hygiene condition are strongly needed.

Otoacoustic Emissions and Evoked Potentials in Infants after Breast-Feeding Jaundice——Hearing Dysfunction in Breast-Feeding Jaundice

We study hearing in a group of infants with Breast-feeding jaundice (BFJ) by means of Transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (T-EOE) and Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) searching for relationship between bilirubin serum levels and auditory dysfunction. Eleven infants born at-term with BFJ were selected for the study. We studied also 11 control age- and gender matched healthy at-term infants without signs of jaundice. T-EOAE studies were performed between 5-7 days after birth, and 3 months later. BAEP studies were performed once. BFJ group infants exhibited lower amplitudes in T-EOE than infants in the control group. These differences disappear at the 3-month evaluation. In BAEP, we observed a significant latency delay of waves I and V in Breast-feeding jaundice group infants. All infants in both groups demonstrated reproducible wave V response at 30 decibels. No significant correlation values were observed between bilirubin serum levels and T-EOE and BAEP variables. Our data suggest that BFJ can result in transient peripheral and central auditory dysfunction. Dysfunction is reversible after treatment of infants with BFJ.

Hospitals Promoting Breast-feeding

CHINESE mothers used to be satisfied enough if they could deliver their babies at a hospital, although there the newborn would be kept away from them in infant rooms for days after birth. "The new mother was not allowed to hold her baby in her arms and breastfeed it until at least 24 hours after delivery, as it was thought she needed

Characteristics of allergic colitis in breast-fed infants in the absence of cow's milk allergy

AIM: To investigate the characteristics of mucosal le-sions and their relation to laboratory data and long-term follow up in breast-fed infants with allergic colitis. METHODS: In this study 31 breast-fed infants were prospectively evaluated (mean age, 17.4 wk) whose rectal bleeding had not ceased after a maternal elimi-nation diet for cow's milk. Thirty-four age-matched and breast-fed infants (mean age, 16.9 wk) with no rectal bleeding were enrolled for laboratory testing as con-trols. Laboratory findings, colonoscopic and histological characteristics were prospectively evaluated in infants with rectal bleeding. Long-term follow-up with differ-ent nutritional regimes (L-amino-acid based formula or breastfeeding) was also included. RESULTS: Iron deficiency, peripheral eosinophilia andthrombocytosis were significantly higher in patients with allergic colitis in comparison to controls (8.4±3.2 μmol/L vs 13.7±4.7 μmol/L, P<0.001; 0.67±0.49 G/L vs 0.33±0.17 G/L, P<0.001; 474±123 G/L vs 376±89 G/L, P<0.001, respectively). At colonosco-py, lymphonodular hyperplasia or aphthous ulceration were present in 83% of patients. Twenty-two patients were given L-amino acid-based formula and 8 contin-ued the previous feeding. Time to cessation of rectal bleeding was shorter in the special formula feeding group (mean, 1.4 wk; range, 0.5-3 wk) when com-pared with the breast-feeding group (mean, 5.3 wk; range, 2-9 wk). Nevertheless, none of the patients ex-hibited rectal bleeding at the 3-mo visit irrespective of the type of feeding. Peripheral eosinophilia and cessa-tion of rectal bleeding after administration of elemental formula correlated with a higher density of mucosal eosinophils. CONCLUSION: Infant hematochezia, after cow's milk allergy exclusion, is generally a benign and probably self-limiting disorder despite marked mucosal abnor-mality. Formula feeding results in shorter time to cessa-tion of rectal bleeding; however, breast-feeding should not be discouraged in long-lasting hematochezia.

Microbiological safety of expressed breast milk for preterm admitted to neonatal unit in China

Objective To determine the degrees and types of bacterial contamination in home-expressed mother's milk for preterm admitted to neonatal unit in China. Methods The present paper was a descriptive study enrolled a total of 75 human breast milk samples from February 2nd to March 1st 2015. The primary outcome was microbiological features of breast milk samples collected at home. A sample of more than 104 colony-forming units/mL is considered as the significantly bacterial contaminated breast milk. Results Among the milk samples obtained from the mothers of 75 neonatal babies,69. 3% had substantial bacterial growth. This high contamination rate could be due to the Chinese tradition of avoiding bathing for one month after childbirth.Conclusion Un-processed breast milk expressed by mothers in home was not safe for high risk preterm babies. Health care needs to pay attention to the risk of that in China. Good hygienic practice and strict process control for breast expression,including collection,transportation and storage should be developed for Chinese mothers of hospitalized preterm infants.