教育5.0时代:内涵、需求和挑战

数字化转型开启了教育5.0时代,为教育带来新的格局、多模态学习的新体验、人机协同的新范式。文章探讨了以学习者为中心、生成式人工智能为技术支撑、智慧教育生态环境建设为依托的教育5.0的内涵、需求及面临的挑战。教育5.0强调学习的主体性、包容性、公平性、可持续性与韧性、主观能动性和团结协作性。文章通过分析教育的演进过程与阶段特征,阐释了教育5.0时代的理念升级、内容更新和方式变革,指出未来教育更应注重人本主义,关注学习者学习体验,满足其个性化和多样化需求,促进其全面发展;将数字技术整合到教育各层面,推动全方位创新与变革,推进教育优质公平与支持终身学习,形成具有开放性、适应性、个性化、自主性等特征的教育新生态。

工业5.0时代中等和低收入国家职业教育转型及启示——对世界银行《创建更优质正规职业教育体系报告》的解读

为加快推进中等和低收入国家职业教育转型发展,适应工业5.0时代对职业人才培养的新需求,世界银行发布了《创建更优质正规职业教育体系报告》,明确了从“身份认同”向“追求卓越”、从“注重输入”向“强调效能”、从“推测决策”到“循证决策”三大转型战略,对我国新质生产力战略下的职业教育转型发展具有重要启示。

2019年四川威远东两次M_(S)>5.0地震序列活动特征及震源区体波速度结构

自2015年以来,四川威远及邻区的地震活动强度显著增强,其中2019年9月8日和12月18日在威远东发生了M_(S)5.4和M_(S)5.2地震,刷新了威远地区有记录以来历史地震震级上限.本文利用2019年8月至2020年3月期间威远及邻区25个流动台和17个固定台记录到的5638次M_(L)≥1.2地震Pg和Sg波到时以及连续波形资料,采用双差层析成像方法获得了威远东这两次地震序列的重定位结果和震源区浅层地壳高分辨率三维体波速度结构.重定位结果显示震源区地震震源深度主要集中在3~4 km.基于两次M_(S)>5.0地震震后10天余震序列空间展布,本文推测两次地震的发震构造均为NNE走向且倾向SE(倾角40°左右)的盲冲断层.三维体波速度结构反演结果揭示:震源区V_(P)异常变化较V_(S)异常变化显著,V_(P)/V_(S)比背景值普遍低4%~10%.在深度小于5 km的浅层内,地震多分布在V_(P)低速异常和V_(S)弱高速异常以及二者的高低速异常过渡带内;在5~7 km深度范围,地震基本上都发生在V_(P)低速异常区.上述速度结构特征揭示震源区附近可能发育着富含气体的孔隙和裂缝且存在流体活动.此外,2019年11月7日以后的地震活动具有明显的流体扩散驱动地震迁移特征,沿两次地震发震断层走向和倾向的流体扩散系数分别为1.5 m~2·s^(-1)和0.1 m~2·s^(-1).两次地震的发生机理很可能是流体扩散引起的孔隙压力上升.

日本实现“社会5.0”的科技创新政策梳理及其对中国未来社会发展的启示

在老龄少子化等社会问题凸显、综合国力不断下行的背景下,日本政府于2016年提出“社会5.0”构想。对日本的“社会5.0”先行经验进行分析,有助于更好地理解中国的科技创新政策对中国未来社会发展的影响,并为中国未来发展提供参考借鉴。通过政策研究和对比,对日本“社会5.0”科技创新政策的起源与发展阶段进行梳理和定义,解析日本科技战略框架,结合相关应用案例分析其亮点和意义,并综合比较新加坡、英国、美国等不同国家数智科技政策的异同。研究发现,日本“社会5.0”政策在智能城市与物联网、医疗与健康护理、无人驾驶汽车与自动驾驶、节能和可持续性等领域取得较好的实践应用,推动信息技术与物理社会融合,以实现更智能、更可持续、更人性化的社会。进一步,通过总结中国数智科技创新的现状与挑战,认为中国目前仍需要应对高端技术创新不足、科技成果转化率低等问题,对此,借鉴日本“社会5.0”,提出中国应通过加强国际协同合作和分享、加强关键技术创新进行智能化产业升级,以及加强建设智慧城市、鼓励终身学习、加强相关立法和提供个性化服务等。

基于PI方法的华北2019年以来3次M_(S)≥5.0地震回溯性预测研究

本文应用图像信息(PI)方法对2023年山东平原M_(S)5.5地震、2021年江苏大丰海域M_(S)5.0地震和2020年河北古冶M_(S)5.1地震进行了回溯性预测研究。以华北局部(32°N~42°N,114°E~122°E)为研究区域,在网格尺度分别为0.5°×0.5°和1.0°×1.0°且预测窗长为5 a的两组参数模型下,获取2019—2027年逐年滑动的预测窗热点演化图像。结果显示,当网格尺度为1.0°×1.0°时,PI热点效果优于0.5°×0.5°网格,且对平原地震和大丰海域地震的发震位置指示作用较好。当时间窗长和归一化阈值绝对值同时增大,个别窗口存在古冶地震的有效热点,但未找到热点能同时覆盖3个地震震中所在网格的参数模型。不同参数模型下的PI热点显示,未来3~4 a郯庐断裂带渤海段存在发生M_(S)≥5.0地震的风险。本文研究结果对于华北局部地区M_(S)≥5.0地震危险性分析具有一定的参考意义。

2022年云南红河县M_(S)5.0地震震害特征

2022年11月19日云南省红河县(23.37°N,102.26°E)发生M_(S)5.0地震,打破了红河哈尼族彝族自治州21世纪以来未发生5级以上地震的记录。本文结合地震现场灾害损失调查和灾情资料收集整理,详细阐述了灾区的建筑物震害、生命线工程震害、地震地质灾害特征及原因分析,并与云南相近震级历史地震震害特征进行对比,结果表明,本次地震灾区受灾规模小,余震少,灾害损失相对较轻。

Corrigendum to“Migration pattern of a population of Barn Swallows(Hirundo rustica)breeding in East Asian tropical region”[Avian Res.15(2024)100192]

The authors regret that the caption of Fig.4 should be replaced as below.

基于数据挖掘分析《中华医典5.0》对中风病气虚证的用药特点及处方配伍规律

目的基于《中华医典5.0》探讨中风病气虚证的用药特点和处方配伍规律。方法收集《中华医典5.0》中治疗中风病气虚证的古代及近代处方,通过Microsoft Office Excel 2013软件建立规范化数据库,并利用SPSS Statistics 25和SPSS Modeler 18.0软件对数据库中处方进行频数、关联规则、聚类分析等数据挖掘方法的研究。结果本研究共得到频率>15%的中药16味,使用频次前5位的中药分别是:甘草70次、人参64次、白术50次、当归43次、茯苓41次。药性多为温、寒、平之品,药味以甘、辛、苦为主,主要归脾、肺、心经。药类频次前6位的中药类别为:补虚药、解表药、理气药、化痰止咳平喘药、温里药及活血化瘀药。关联分析得到强关联配对方式50种(置信度>0.8、支持度>0.1),支持度前5位的药对为白术—茯苓、甘草—陈皮、茯苓—半夏、人参—半夏、甘草—半夏。聚类分析得到聚类组5类,复杂网络分析得到中风病气虚证的核心处方,共包含26味中药:人参、半夏、天麻、川芎、当归、木香、桔梗、熟地黄、独活、甘草、生姜、白术、白芍、白芷、竹沥、细辛、羌活、肉桂、茯苓、防风、附子、陈皮、麻黄、黄芩、黄芪、乌药,为六君子汤、四物汤、九味羌活汤合方。结论《中华医典5.0》中记载治疗中风病气虚证的处方呈现以益气养血、祛风解表、理气祛痰为主的处方规律,治疗以补气为核心,兼以祛风、化痰、祛湿之品。需要注意的是,气虚证贯穿中风病发病始终,在中风病气虚证的治疗中,调补后天之气是治疗的关键,运用毒性药物或可成为治疗中风病气虚证的新思路。

Rice Heat Tolerance Breeding: A Comprehensive Review and Forward Gaze

The yield potential of rice is seriously affected by heat stress due to climate change. Since rice is a staple food globally, it is imperative to develop heat-resistant rice varieties. Thus, a thorough understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying heat tolerance and the impact of high temperatures on various critical stages of the crop is needed. Adoption of both conventional and innovative breeding strategies offers a long-term advantage over other methods, such as agronomic practices, to counter heat stress. In this review, we summarize the effects of heat stress, regulatory pathways for heat tolerance, phenotyping strategies, and various breeding methods available for developing heat-tolerant rice. We offer perspectives and knowledge to guide future research endeavors aimed at enhancing the ability of rice to withstand heat stress and ultimately benefit humanity.

基于EM-FR-C5.0DT耦合模型的输气管道地质灾害风险预测模型

延安气田地处陕北山区,输气管道沿线发生地质灾害的风险较高,管道生产运行存在一定安全隐患,通过加强风险预测研究,可快速准确甄别沿线高后果区,对管道防灾减灾具有重要意义。为此,选取延安气田内部临镇-子长输气干线作为研究对象。首先,通过相关性分析筛选出高程等11个影响因子,依次开展灾点空间分布规律研究;其次,采用加权频率比法将灾点属性值转换为可体现灾害风险贡献率的EM-FR(加权频率值),划分出低、极低风险区,在此范围内选取非灾点,以此构建EM-FR-C5.0DT(加权频率比-C5.0决策树)、EM-FR-BP(加权频率比-BP神经网络)等2种耦合模型,并预测研究区域的风险性;最后,在研究区域内随机选取非灾点,构建单一C5.0DT、BP模型,并与上述2种耦合模型开展精度对比分析。结果显示:耦合模型预测性能优于单一模型,其中EM-FR-C5.0DT模型效果最优。研究成果表明,在低、极低风险区内,选取非灾点构建数据集得到的耦合模型,可明显提升模型预测精度,更适合小样本地质灾害风险性建模,可为延安气田输气管道风险性研究提供一定借鉴。

“营销5.0+”人才培养的理论与实践探索

“营销5.0+”时代的到来对高校市场营销专业人才的培养提出了新要求。“以人为中心、数智技术赋能、营销向善”代表着新的营销观念与实践的前沿,也定义了当今时代高素质营销人才需具备的新特质。由此,高校营销人才培养的改革创新要实现人文回归、数智融合与多元协同。文章以山东某省属重点建设高校市场营销专业为例,探索新文科建设背景下数智时代营销人才培养在目标理念、课程体系、培养模式等方面的创新与改革路径。

5.0 T磁共振成像技术的研究及临床应用进展

近年来,随着医学技术的不断发展,各种先进的医学装备不断涌现并应用于各种疾病的临床诊疗。核磁共振是一种有效的疾病诊断影像学检查手段,具有无创性、高分辨率和多参数成像的特点。5.0 T磁共振成像(MRI)技术为核磁共振的一种类型,在临床领域如脑血管疾病、心血管疾病、腹部疾病等方面展示出许多优势。该研究通过对5.0 T MRI技术的研究发展和临床应用进行综述,并展望其未来前景,旨在为临床应用提供借鉴。

Drought-Tolerant Rice at Molecular Breeding Eras:An Emerging Reality

Rice(Oryza sativa L.)stands as the most significantly influential food crop in the developing world,with its total production and yield stability affected by environmental stress.Drought stress impacts about 45%of the world’s rice area,affecting plants at molecular,biochemical,physiological,and phenotypic levels.The conventional breeding method,predominantly employing single pedigree selection,has been widely utilized in breeding numerous drought-tolerant rice varieties since the Green Revolution.With rapid progress in plant molecular biology,hundreds of drought-tolerant QTLs/genes have been identified and tested in rice crops under both indoor and field conditions.Several genes have been introgressed into elite germplasm to develop commercially accepted drought-tolerant varieties,resulting in the development of several drought-tolerant rice varieties through marker-assisted selection and genetically engineered approaches.This review provides up-to-date information on proof-of-concept genes and breeding methods in the molecular breeding era,offering guidance for rice breeders to develop drought-tolerant rice varieties.

农产品营销革命5.0——从东方甄选和董宇辉说起

2023年12月下旬,由东方甄选“小作文”事件引发的长达半月的流量盛宴落下帷幕,涉事多方都有了各自归处,可谓“皆大欢喜”。被董宇辉带火的东方甄选在农产品赛道暂时站稳脚跟,至于后续董宇辉能否在其计划开展的文旅赛道再缔造一个“东方甄选”,仍需时间验证。曾被视为“天坑”的农产品赛道农产品赛道,无论是源头的种植和养殖,还是产成品的加工、运输和销售,整条产业链处处是“坑”。

Creating large EMS populations for functional genomics and breeding in wheat

Wheat germplasm is a fundamental resource for basic research,applied studies,and wheat breeding,which can be enriched normally by several paths,such as collecting natural lines,accumulating breeding lines,and introducing mutagenesis materials.Ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)is an alkylating agent that can effectively introduce genetic variations in a wide variety of plant species.In this study,we created a million-scale EMS population(MEP)that started with the Chinese wheat cultivars‘Luyan 128’,‘Jimai 38’,‘Jimai 44’,and‘Shannong 30’.In the M1 generation,the MEP had numerous phenotypical variations,such as>3,000 chlorophyll-deficient mutants,2,519 compact spikes,and 1,692 male sterile spikes.There were also rare mutations,including 30 independent tillers each with double heads.Some M1 variations of chlorophyll-deficiency and compact spikes were inheritable,appearing in the M2 or M3 generations.To advance the entire MEP to higher generations,we adopted a single-seed descendent(SSD)approach.All other seed composites of M2 were used to screen other agronomically important traits,such as the tolerance to herbicide quizalofop-P-methyl.The MEP is available for collaborative projects,and provides a valuable toolbox for wheat genetics and breeding for sustainable agriculture.

Breeding and Seed Reproduction Techniques of a New Tetraploid Common Buckwheat Variety‘Pintianqiao 3’

[Objectives]This study was conducted to actively carry out the breeding of new tetraploid common buckwheat varieties and its supporting breeding techniques.[Methods]Pintianqiao 3 is a new tetraploid common buckwheat variety developed by College of Agriculture of Shanxi Agricultural University and Agricultural Genetic Resources Center of Shanxi Agricultural University,using‘Pintianqiao 1’as the parent,through mutation treatment with 0.2%colchicine aqueous solution,grain selection,plant selection,isolation and identification,variety comparison,regional test and field investigation.The variety has chromosomes 2n=4X=32,and shows a spring sowing period of 101 d and a summer sowing period of 80 d,large flowers and seeds(with a 1000-grain weight of 41.4 g),and good resistance to lodging.[Results]From 2021 to 2022,Pintianqiao 3 participated in the independent joint regional test of common buckwheat varieties in Shanxi Province,and the average yield in 10 test positions was 1.8 kg,equivalent to 1800 kg/hm^(2),which was 8.4%higher than the control.It passed the field investigation conducted by Shanxi provincial expert group for identification of non-major crop varieties in Dongyang and Kelan experimental sites on September 2-3,2022.On January 4,2024,it passed the preliminary examination of Shanxi Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee.The seed reproduction technique of Pintianqiao 3 including land selection,preparation before sowing,sowing,field management and timely harvesting has been developed.[Conclusions]This study provides technical support for the demonstration and popularization of this new variety.

Artificial selection of the Green Revolution gene Semidwarf 1 is implicated in upland rice breeding

Semidwarf breeding has boosted crop production and is a well-known outcome from the first Green Revolution. The Green Revolution gene Semidwarf 1(SD1), which modulates gibberellic acid(GA) biosynthesis, plays a principal role in determining rice plant height. Mutations in SD1 reduce rice plant height and promote lodging resistance and fertilizer tolerance to increase grain production. The plant height mediated by SD1 also favors grain yield under certain conditions. However, it is not yet known whether the function of SD1 in upland rice promotes adaptation and grain production. In this study, the plant height and grain yield of irrigated and upland rice were comparatively analyzed under paddy and dryland conditions. In response to dryland environments, rice requires a reduction in plant height to cope with water deficits. Upland rice accessions had greater plant heights than their irrigated counterparts under both paddy and dryland conditions, and appropriately reducing plant height could improve adaptability to dryland environments and maintain high grain yield formation. Moreover, upland rice cultivars with thicker stem diameters had stronger lodging resistance, which addresses the lodging problem. Knockout of SD1 in the upland rice cultivar IRAT104 reduced the plant height and grain yield, demonstrating that the adjustment of plant height mediated by SD1 could increase grain production in dryland fields. In addition, an SD1 genetic diversity analysis verified that haplotype variation causes phenotypic variation in plant height. During the breeding history of rice, SD1 allelic mutations were selected from landraces to improve the grain yield of irrigated rice cultivars, and this selection was accompanied by a reduction in plant height. Thus, five known mutant alleles were analyzed to verify that functional SD1 is required for upland rice production. All these results suggest that SD1 might have undergone artificial positive selection in upland rice, which provides further insights concerning greater plant height in upland rice breeding.

Seed Storability in Rice: Physiological Foundations, Molecular Mechanisms, and Applications in Breeding

Long-term storage of crop seeds is critical for the conservation of germplasm resources, ensuring food supply, and supporting sustainable production. Rice, as a major food staple, has a substantial stock for consumption and production worldwide. However, its food value and seed viability tend to decline during storage. Understanding the physiological responses and molecular mechanisms of aging tolerance forms the basis for enhancing seed storability in rice. This review outlines the latest progress in influential factors, evaluation methods, and identification indices of seed storability. It also discusses the physiological consequences, molecular mechanisms, and strategies for breeding aging-tolerant rice in detail. Finally, it highlights challenges in seed storability research that require future attention. This review offers a theoretical foundation and research direction for uncovering the mechanisms behind seed storability and breeding aging-tolerant rice.

Advances in Understanding Cadmium Stress and Breeding of Cadmium-Tolerant Crops

Cadmium(Cd) pollution has emerged as a critical global environmental concern, due to its significant toxicity, environmental persistence, and the pervasiveness of contamination. Significantly, the bioaccumulation of Cd in agricultural crops constitutes a primary vector for its entry into the human diet. This issue warrants urgent attention from both the scientific community and policymakers to develop and implement effective mitigation strategies. This review delves into the physiological impacts of Cd stress on plants, including the suppression of photosynthetic activity, amplification of oxidative stress, and disruptions in mineral nutrient homeostasis. Additionally, the resistance mechanisms deployed by plants in response to Cd stress have been explored, and the prospective contributions of molecular breeding strategies in augmenting crop tolerance to Cd and minimizing its bioaccumulation have been assessed. By integrating and analyzing these findings, we seek to inform future research trajectories and proffer strategic approaches to enhance agricultural sustainability, safeguard human health, and protect environmental integrity.

Long-term trends in the abundance and breeding performance in Adélie penguins:the Argentine Ecosystem Monitoring Program

In this work,we report long-term trends in the abundance and breeding performance of Adélie penguins(Pygoscelis adeliae)nesting in three Antarctic colonies(i.e.,at Martin Point,South Orkneys Islands;Stranger Point/Cabo Funes,South Shetland Islands;and Esperanza/Hope Bay in the Antarctic Peninsula)from 1995/96 to 2022/23.Using yearly count data of breeding groups selected,we observed a decline in the number of breeding pairs and chicks in crèche at all colonies studied.However,the magnitude of change was higher at Stranger Point than that in the remaining colonies.Moreover,the index of breeding success,which was calculated as the ratio of chicks in crèche to breeding pairs,exhibited no apparent trend throughout the study period.However,it displayed greater variability at Martin Point compared to the other two colonies under investigation.Although the number of chicks in crèche of Adélie penguins showed a declining pattern,the average breeding performance was similar to that reported in gentoo penguin colonies,specifically,those undergoing a population increase(even in sympatric colonies facing similar local conditions).Consequently,it is plausible to assume a reduction of the over-winter survival as a likely cause of the declining trend observed,at least in the Stranger Point and Esperanza colonies.However,we cannot rule out local effects during the breeding season affecting the Adélie population of Martin Point.