Replacement of Forage Fiber Sources with Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles and Corn Germ Meal in Holstein Calf Diets

This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ meal on calves growth, rumen development and blood parameters. 48 female and 12 male calves（（110.55±15.36） kg of body weight and 12 wk of age） were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments（15 calves/treatment） in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were： 0% NFFS（control）, 9% NFFS（group 1）, 18% NFFS（group 2）, 27% NFFS（group 3）, and contained equivalent neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients, respectively. The dry matter intake was similar among diets, averaging 3.33 kg d-1, and no differences were detected for body weight, withers height, body length and heart girth. In addition, the development of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum also were similar among diets. Dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities increased with the increasing levels of NFFS in the experimental diets, but had no significant effect. Blood urea nitrogen, total protein and glubulin were not affected by the dietary treatment, but group 3 resulted in the highest（P〈0.05） concentrations of glucose and the lowest（P〈0.05） concentrations of triglycerides and albumin. In conclusion, dried distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） and corn germ meal（CGM） were available and alternative fiber sources for Holstein calf diets.

Amino acid digestibility of heat damaged distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs

The primary objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of heat treatment on the standardized ileal digestibility （SID） of amino acids （AA） in corn distillers dried grains with solubles （DDGS） fed to growing pigs. The second objective was to develop regression equations that may be used to predict the concentration of SID AA in corn DDGS. A source of corn DDGS was divided into 4 batches that were either not autoclaved or autoclaved at 130℃ for 10, 20, or 30 min. Four diets containing DDGS from each of the 4 batches were formulated with DDGS being the only source of AA and CP in the diets. A N-free diet also was formulated and used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Ten growing pigs （initial BW： 53.5 ＋ 3.9 kg） were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a replicated 5 x4 Youden square design with 5 diets and 4 periods in each square. The SID of CP decreased linearly （P〈 0.05） from 77.9% in non-autoclaved DDGS to 72.1, 66.1, and 68.5% in the DDGS samples that were autoclaved for 10, 20, or 30 min, respectively. The SID of lysine was quadratically reduced （P〈 0.05） from 66.8% in the non-autoclaved DDGS to 54.9, 55.3, and 51.9% in the DDGS autoclaved for 10, 20, or 30 min, respectively. The concentrations of SID Arginine, Histidine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, or Threonine may be best predicted by equations that include the concentration of acid detergent insoluble N in the model （r2 = 0.76, 0.68, 0.67, 0.84, 0.76, 0.73, or 0.54, respectively）. The concentrations of SID Isoleucine and Valine were predicted （r2 = 0.58 and 0.54, respectively） by the Lysine：CP ratio, whereas the concentration of SID Tryptophan was predicted （r2 = 0.70） by the analyzed concentration of Tryptophan in DDGS. In conclusion, the SID of AA is decreased as a result of heat damage and the concentration of SID AA in heat-damaged DDGS may be predicted by regression equations developed in this experiment.

Effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal with dried distillers grains with solubles on the microbiota occupying different ecological niches in the rumen of growing Hu lambs

Background:Diet has a profound impact on the rumen microbiota,and the impact can vary among the different rumen ecological niches(REN).This study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal(SBM)with dried distillers grains with solubles(DDGS)on the rumen microbiota occupying different REN of growing Hu lambs.After a 9-week feeding trial,6 lambs from each dietary treatment(SBM vs.DDGS-based diets)were slaughtered for sample collection.The microbiota of the rumen solid,liquid,and epithelium fractions was examined using amplicon sequencing analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene,functional prediction,and qPCR.Results:No interaction of dietary protein source(PS)and REN were detected for virtually all the measurements made in this study.The DDGS substitution resulted in very limited influence on bacterial community structure.However,the metabolic pathways predicted from 16S rRNA gene sequences varied greatly between SBM-and DDGS-based diets.The populations of rumen total bacteria,fungi,sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB),and methanogens were not influenced by DDGS substitution,but the population of protozoa was reduced.The bacterial communities in rumen solid(RS)and liquid(RL)were similar in taxonomic composition but were different in relative abundance of some taxa.In contrast,the bacterial composition and relative abundance of rumen epithelium(RE)were greatly distinct from those of the RS and the RL.In alignment with the bacterial relative abundance,the metabolic pathways predicted from 16S rRNA genes also varied greatly among the different REN.The populations of total bacteria,protozoa,and methanogens attached to the RE were smaller than those in the RS and RL,and the fungal population on the rumen epitheliumwas smaller than that in the RS but similar to that in the RL.On the contrary,the SRB population on the RE was greater than that in the RS and RL.Conclusions:Substitution of SBM with DDGS had greater impact to the protozoa than to the other microbes,and the microbial community structure and functions at different REN are distinct and niche-adapted.

Amino acid digestibility in low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs

The objective of this experiment was to determine the standardized ileal digestibility（SID） of amino acids（AA） in 3sources of distillers dried grains with solubles（DDGS） with different concentrations of fat.Twelve growing barrows（initial body weight：76.1 ± 6.2 kg） were randomly allotted to a replicated 6×4 Youden square design with 6 diets and 4 periods.The fat content of the 3 sources of DDGS were 11.5,7.5,and 6.9%respectively.Diets contained 60%DDGS and fat concentration of the diets were 7.5,52,and 5.2%,respectively.Two additional diets containing the 2sources of DDGS with 75 and 6.9%fat were also formulated,and corn oil was added to these diets to increase the concentration of fat in the diets to levels that were calculated to be similar to the diet containing conventional DDGS with 11.5%fat.A N-free diet was also formulated to calculate endogenous losses of crude protein（CP） and AA from the pigs.Pigs were fed experimental diets during four 7-d periods.The first 5 d of each period were an adaptation period and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period.The apparent ileal digestibililty（AID） and SID of CP and all indispensable AA,except AID Pro and SID of Trp,were greater（P 〈 0.01） in conventional DDGS than in the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat.Adding oil to the diets containing the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat did not consistently increase SID of AA.In conclusion,conventional DDGS has greater SID values for most AA compared with DDGS that contains less fat and inclusion of additional oil to diets containing low-fat DDGS does not increase AID or SID of AA.The lower AA digestibility in low-fat DDGS could not be overcome by the inclusion of additional fat to the diets.

Wetting alternating with partial drying during grain filling increases lysine biosynthesis in inferior rice grain

Lysine content is a criterion of the nutritional quality of rice.Understanding the process of lysine biosynthesis in early-flowering superior grain(SG)and late-flowering inferior grain(IG)of rice would advance breeding and cultivation to improve nutritional quality.However,little information is available on differences in lysine anabolism between SG and IG and the underlying mechanism,and whether and how irrigation regimes affect lysine anabolism in these grains.A japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field and two irrigation regimes,continuous flooding(CF)and wetting alternating with partial drying(WAPD),were imposed from heading to the mature stage.Lysine content and activities of key enzymes of lysine biosynthesis,and levels of brassinosteroids(BRs)were lower in the IG than in the SG at the early grainfilling stage but higher at middle and late grain-filling stages.WAPD increased activities of these key enzymes,BR levels,and contents of lysine and total amino acids in IG,but not SG relative to CF.Application of 2,4-epibrassinolide to rice panicles in CF during early grain filling reproduced the effects of WAPD,but neither treatment altered the activities of enzymes responsible for lysine catabolism in either SG or IG.WAPD and elevated BR levels during grain filling increased lysine biosynthesis in IG.Improvement in lysine biosynthesis in rice should focus on IG.

Effect of Supplementary Irrigation on the Yield of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in the Context of Climate Change in the Dry Savannahs of Togo

Under the current context of climate change, supplementary irrigation may be needed for crop production resilience. We determined the effects of supplementary irrigation on sorghum grain yield in the dry Savannah region of Togo. A two-year trial was conducted in a controlled environment at AREJ, an agro-ecological center in Cinkassé. The plant material was sorghum variety Sorvato 28. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized Block with three replications and three treatments as follows: T0 control plot (rainfed conditions);T1 (supplementary irrigation from flowering to grain filling stage) and T2 (supplementary irrigation from planting to grain filling stage). Two irrigation techniques (furrow and Californian system) were used under each watering treatment. The results showed that irrigation technique significantly affected panicle length with no effect on 1000 grains mass. Panicle length and grain yields varied from 15.59 to 25.71 cm and 0.0 to 2.06 t∙h−1, respectively, with the highest values (25.66 cm and 2.06 t∙h−1, respectively) under the T2 treatment with the California system-based supplementary irrigation. The comparison of results obtained on treatment T0 and T2, shows that supplementary irrigation increased the yields by at least 68.62%. Supplementary irrigation during sowing and growing season (T2) improved sorghum yields in the dry savannahs of Togo, with a better performance of the California irrigation system.

糟渣复合型饲料对肉牛增重的影响研究

该试验应用低成本的糟渣复合型饲料为突破口,开展饲喂糟渣复合型饲料对肉牛生长的影响,探索肉牛养殖增收的新方法、新材料。在甘肃省武威市的武威顶乐牧业有限公司旗下的牧业二场进行,在牧场选取40头1龄以上的架子育肥牛作为参试牛群,参试育肥牛日龄误差10日龄。试验设对照组和参试组2个组,每个组设参试牛20头,预试期15 d,在这期间,统一测量试验期初犊牛的体重、体高、胸围、体斜长、腹围,开展口蹄疫的免疫接种,做好饲料过渡,参试牛的登记等正试期准备工作;正试期180 d。应用糟渣复合型饲料进行育肥,育肥牛日增重较常规配混合饲料可增加0.17 kg,精饲料料重比可降低0.24,一个育肥期可增收992元,应用糟渣复合型饲料是肉牛生产中降本增效的措施之一。

Using vibrational infrared biomolecular spectroscopy to detect heat-induced changes of molecular structure in relation to nutrient availability of prairie whole oat grains on a molecular basis

Background： To our knowledge, there is little study on the interaction between nutrient availability and molecular structure changes induced by different processing methods in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of heat processing methods on interaction between nutrient availability and molecular structure in terms of functional groups that are related to protein and starch inherent structure of oat grains with two continued years and three replication of each year.Method： The oat grains were kept as raw（control） or heated in an air-draft oven（dry roasting： DO） at 120 °C for 60 min and under microwave irradiation（MIO） for 6 min. The molecular structure features were revealed by vibrational infrared molecular spectroscopy.Results： The results showed that rumen degradability of dry matter, protein and starch was significantly lower（P 〈0.05） for MIO compared to control and DO treatments. A higher protein α-helix to β-sheet and a lower amide I to starch area ratio were observed for MIO compared to DO and/or raw treatment. A negative correlation（-0.99, P 〈 0.01）was observed between α-helix or amide I to starch area ratio and dry matter. A positive correlation（0.99, P 〈 0.01） was found between protein β-sheet and crude protein.Conclusion： The results reveal that oat grains are more sensitive to microwave irradiation than dry heating in terms of protein and starch molecular profile and nutrient availability in ruminants.

玉米DDGS蛋白质含量近红外光谱预测模型的建立

为准确测定玉米DDGS中蛋白质含量,采用近红外光谱分析技术结合改进最小二乘回归法(MPLS),以65个不同来源的玉米DDGS为样品,建立玉米DDGS蛋白质含量近红外光谱预测模型。结果显示:预测模型内部交叉验证标准误差(SECV)为0.0957,交叉验证相关系数(1-VR)为0.9888,外部交叉验证相对分析误差(RPDV)为3.60。表明近红外光谱分析模型可准确预测玉米DDGS蛋白质含量。

DDGS粉尘燃爆特性试验研究及热反应分析

为研究饲料加工行业酒精糟及其干燥物(DDGS)粉尘的着火爆炸特性,采用热板炉、G-G炉、哈特曼管和20 L球爆炸装置对实际工段收集的DDGS粉尘进行试验分析;同时,采用热重-红外联用技术进一步分析DDGS受热分解反应过程以及该过程可能产生的可燃气体。研究结果表明:DDGS粉尘的粉尘层着火温度为280℃,粉尘云最低着火温度为460℃;最小点火能为30~100 mJ,粉尘云爆炸下限质量浓度为140 g/m 3,最大爆炸压力为0.68 MPa,爆炸强度属于St1级;DDGS受热分解过程中会产生小分子可燃气体,增加DDGS粉尘爆炸危险性。研究结果可为预防DDGS粉尘爆炸提供数据参考,并为今后进一步研究其热解过程的反应途径提供思路。

Late spring cold reduces grain number at various spike positions by regulating spike growth and assimilate distribution in winter wheat

Late spring cold(LSC) occurred in the reproductive period of wheat impairs spike and floret differentiation during the reproductive period,when young spikelets are very cold-sensitive.However,under LSC,the responses of wheat spikelets at various positions,leaves,and stems and the interactions between them at physiological levels remain unclear.In the present study,two-year treatments at terminal spikelet stage under two temperatures(2 C,-2 C) and durations(1,2,and 3 days) were imposed in an artificial climate chamber to compare the effects of LSC on grain number and yield in the wheat cultivars Yannong 19(YN19,cold-tolerant) and Xinmai 26(XM26,cold-sensitive).The night temperature regimes were designed to reproduce natural temperature variation.LSC delayed plant growth and inhibited spike and floret differentiation,leading to high yield losses in both cultivars.LSC reduced dry matter accumulation(DMA,g) in spikes,stems,and leaves,reducing the DMA ratios of the spike to leaf and spike to stem.Plant cell wall invertase(CWINV) activity increased in upper and basal spikelets in YN19,whereas CWINV increased in middle spikelets in XM26.Under LSC,soluble sugar and glucose were transported and distributed mainly in upper and basal spikelets for glume and rachis development,so that spike development was relatively complete in YN19,whereas the upper and basal spikelets were severely damaged and most of the glumes in middle spikelets were relatively completely developed in XM26,resulting in pollen abortion mainly in upper and basal spikelets.The development of glumes and rachides was influenced and grain number per spike was decreased after LSC,with kernels present mainly in middle spikelets.Overall,reduced total DMA and dry matter partitioning to spikes under LSC results in poor spikelet development,leading to high losses of grain yield.

Aeolian activity in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert of China during the last 900 years

The mineral dust emitted from Central Asia has a significant influence on the global climate system.However,the history and mechanisms of aeolian activity in Central Asia remain unclear,due to the lack of well-dated records of aeolian activity and the intense wind erosion in some of the dust source areas(e.g.,deserts).Here,we present the records of aeolian activity from a sedimentary sequence in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert of China using grain size analysis and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL)dating,based on field sampling in 2019.Specifically,we used eight OSL dates to construct chronological frameworks and applied the end-member(EM)analysis for the grain size data to extract the information of aeolian activity in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert during the last 900 a.The results show that the grain size dataset can be subdivided into three EMs(EM1,EM2,and EM3).The primary modal sizes of these EMs(EM1,EM2,and EM3)are 126.00,178.00,and 283.00μm,respectively.EM1 represents a mixture of the suspension components and saltation dust,while EM2 and EM3 show saltation dust transported over a shorter distance via strengthened near-surface winds,which can be used to trace aeolian activity.Combined with the OSL chronology,our results demonstrate that during the last 900 a,more intensive and frequent aeolian activity occurred during 450-100 a BP(Before Present)(i.e.,the Little Ice Age(LIA)),which was reflected by a higher proportion of the coarse-grained components(EM2+EM3).Aeolian activity decreased during 900-450 a BP(i.e.,the Medieval Warm Period(MWP))and 100 a BP-present(i.e.,the Current Warm Period(CWP)).Intensified aeolian activity was associated with the strengthening of the Siberian High and cooling events at high northern latitudes.We propose that the Siberian High,under the influence of temperature changes at high northern latitudes,controlled the frequency and intensity of aeolian activity in Central Asia.Cooling at high northern latitudes would have significantly enhanced the Siberian High,causing its position to shift southward.Subsequently,the incursion of cold air masses from high northern latitudes resulted in stronger wind regimes and increased dust emissions from the southern Gurbantunggut Desert.It is possible that aeolian activity may be weakened in Central Asia under future global warming scenarios,but the impact of human activities on this region must also be considered.

DDGS的营养价值及在动物生产中的应用研究进展

酒精糟及其残液干燥物(DDGS)是工业生产酒精的副产品,因其蛋白含量较高,近年来在畜禽生产中广泛应用,体现出较高的营养价值、经济价值和生态价值。DDGS的营养价值主要表现为高蛋白质含量、高脂肪和可消化纤维以及高有效磷含量。DDGS营养成分变异性较大,而造成其变异的主要原因是生产原料和加工工艺的不同。我国现阶段对于DDGS的研究还远落后于生产,因此急需对DDGS饲料进行深入研究,以推进这一优良蛋白质资源在我国畜牧业中的有效应用。

荔枝干颗粒重与果肉水分活度、微生物等指标相关性分析

为了探讨未分级预处理的荔枝干不同颗粒贮藏期各项指标的相关性,、为制定荔枝干贮藏措施提供理论依据,以贮藏5个月、干制前没有分级预处理的荔枝干为原料,对荔枝干颗粒重与果肉水分活度、菌落总数、霉菌数等指标检测并进行相关性分析。结果表明,未分级预处理的荔枝干不同组间颗粒重与果肉水分活度关系显著、而同一组内荔枝干颗粒重与水分活度关系不显著;颗粒重与果肉水分含量线性关系不显著,与菌落总数、霉菌数之间关系不显著。

酒糟主要成分含量的近红外反射光谱快速分析

从全国21个省份收集78个代表性酒糟样品,采用国标方法测定了其成分含量并进行了统计分析,结果显示粗纤维、粗灰分和粗蛋白3种成分质量分数分布范围分别为1.60%～37.54%、0.74%～26.85%和12.01%～38.69%,标准偏差分别为8.33%、5.21%和7.11%,样品成分含量差异较大。利用NIRS建立了其粗纤维、粗灰分和粗蛋白质量分数的定量分析模型,定标决定系数分别为0.98、0.91和0.96,定标标准误差分别为1.19%、1.58%和1.61%,验证决定系数分别为0.98、0.92和0.96,预测标准误差分别为1.20%、1.57%和1.60%,相对分析误差分别为7.38、3.75和4.98,模型预测精度较高,可以用于实际检测分析。

酒精废水处理及资源利用

通过对酒精废水的水质特性、污染情况及治理现状的分析,提出了污水综合治理的工艺流程,包括预处理、二级UASB、好氧活性污泥法。通过一系列的生物及物理化学方法在酒精废水处理工程中的实际应用,COD、BOD5、SS去除率均>99%,达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)二级标准,有效地削减了酒精废水的排放量,减少污染。并且,预处理可回收DDG蛋白饲料,厌氧消化可回收沼气能源,实现了酒精废水的综合治理与资源回收利用,既保护了生态环境,又实现了经济、社会、环境效益的和谐统一。

纳米V_8C_7粉末的制备

将V2O5溶解于有机酸溶液中, 通过喷雾干燥制得非晶态含钒的粉末前驱体, 将前驱体粉末还原/碳化后得到V8C7粉末. 采用X射线衍射仪﹑扫描电镜﹑透射电镜﹑碳氧分析仪对工艺过程产品进行分析. 结果表明: 前驱体是粒度为10～20 μm非晶态球形粉末, 当温度升高到400 ℃时, 前驱体粉末开始分解;当温度升高到600 ℃时, 前驱体粉末全部转变为V2O3与游离C原子级别混合均匀的复合粉末;随着温度的升高, 游离C还原碳化V2O3, 当温度升高到800 ℃时, 出现V4C3相;在约1 100 ℃时, 得到相成分均一的V8C7粉末, 其形貌是粒径为30～50 nm的一次颗粒形成的多孔空壳球形, 其总C含量为17.38%, 游离C含量为0.47%. 前驱体粉末在加热过程中相成分转变过程为: V2O3→V4C3→V8C7, 不经历V2O3 转变为VO的过程.

养殖鱼类对干啤酒糟和发酵啤酒糟饲料的表观消化率

【目的】研究草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus、尼罗罗非鱼Oreochromis niloticus、黄颡鱼Peltobagrus fulvidraco和高体革鯻Scortum barcoo对干啤酒糟和发酵啤酒糟干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗纤维的表观消化率,评价干啤酒糟和发酵啤酒糟对鱼类的营养价值。【方法】以Cr2O3为外源指示剂,以70%基础饲料和30%待测饲料组成试验饲料,饲养试验鱼4周后,用虹吸法收集粪便。【结果】不同鱼种对干啤酒糟和发酵啤酒糟饲料的表观消化率存在极显著差异(P<0.001);草鱼和尼罗罗非鱼对干啤酒糟和发酵啤酒糟饲料的表观消化率显著高于黄颡鱼和高体革鯻(P<0.05);经发酵处理后,4种试验鱼对发酵啤酒糟饲料中主要营养成分的表观消化率均显著高于对干啤酒糟饲料的表观消化率(P<0.05)。【结论】草食性和杂食性鱼类可以较好地利用干啤酒糟,而肉食性鱼类的利用能力较差;发酵处理使鱼类对干啤酒糟的利用能力得到有效改善;发酵啤酒糟可在草食性和杂食物性鱼类中适量应用,但在肉食性鱼类中仍要限制其用量。

近红外反射光谱快速测定玉米DDGS营养成分的研究

试验探讨了近红外反射光谱测定玉米DDGS的8项重要营养成分,包括水分、蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、总磷、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗纤维的可行性。从国内18个工厂采集93个玉米DDGS样品,使用偏最小二乘法,采取15种不同的导数和去散射光谱预处理方法建立近红外模型。在光谱预处理中,二阶导数产生了较好的预测效果。使用70个与93个定标样品建立模型,随着样品量的增加,模型的预测效果提高。93个样品所建立模型的定标决定系数(RSQcal)为0.94～0.99,交互验证决定系数(1-VR)为0.89～0.99,交互验证RPDCV为2.98～14.85。结果表明,近红外反射光谱可以用于玉米DDGS营养成分快速测定。

马尾松人工林木材主要材性家系间的变异

对25个家系马尾松人工林木材主要物理力学性能进行测定和比较分析。结果表明,马尾松人工林木材气干密度由大到小居前五位的家系依次为378、329、317、341、335,顺纹抗压强度值由大到小居前5位的家系依次是335、350、372、325、329;家系341和350马尾松人工林木材体积干缩系数和差异干缩均较小,尺寸性稳定均较好。方差分析表明,家系对马尾松人工林木材主要物理力学性能影响显著。多重比较分析表明,马尾松人工林木材气干密度、体积干缩系数、差异干缩以及顺纹抗压强度各家系间大都表现为差异显著或极显著。家系335、341、350、378可作为马尾松人工林木材品质选育的优良材料。