Diffusion analysis and modeling of kinetic behavior for treatment of brine water using electrodialysis process

In this study,the removal of monovalent and divalent cations,Nat,Kt,Mg2t,and Ca2t,in a diluted solution from Chott-El Jerid Lake,Tunisia,was investigated with the electrodialysis technique.The process was tested using two cation-exchange membranes:sulfonated polyether sulfone cross-linked with 10%hexamethylenediamine(HEXCl)and sulfonated polyether sulfone grafted with octylamine(S-PESOS).The commercially available membrane Nafion®was used for comparison.The results showed that Nafion®and S-PESOS membranes had similar removal behaviors,and the investigated cations were ranked in the following descending order in terms of their demineralization rates:Nat>Ca2t>Mg2t>Kt.Divalent cations were more effectively removed by HEXCl than by monovalent cations.The plots based on the WebereMorris model showed a strong linearity.This reveals that intra-particle diffusion was not the removal rate-determining step,and the removal process was controlled by two or more concurrent mechanisms.The Boyd plots did not pass through their origin,and the sole controlling step was determined by film-diffusion resistance,especially after a long period of electrodialysis.Additionally,a semi-empirical model was established to simulate the temporal variation of the treatment process,and the physical significance and values of model parameters were compared for the three membranes.The findings of this study indicate that HEXCl and S-PESOS membranes can be efficiently utilized for water softening,especially when effluents are highly loaded with calcium and magnesium ions.

In Search of Portable Water Supplies within a Brine and Mine Water-Invaded Region for Serving Some Communities around Ishiagu, Afikpo and Environs in Abakaliki Basin, Southeast Nigeria

The study investigates the hydrogeochemical characteristics of some towns in the Abakaliki Basin, comprising, Ishiagu, Aka Eze, Amaseri, Afikpo and Okposi communities, with the aim of sourcing for portable water in the area. The basin is underlain by Albian sediments, essentially shales, in the lowlands, which were affected by low-grade metamorphism that had produced slates. The highlands comprise basic intrusives from episodes of magmatism and metallic ore mineralisation. Injection of brines into the aquifer system and low, seasonal aquifer recharge from rainfall results in poor water quality in the area. The study analyzes the geochemical distribution in water sources in the area and identifies sources of pollutants to guide the better choice of portable water. Results of hydrogeochemical analysis of both surface and groundwater from the communities were compared with World Health Organization to identify portable water locations in the area. While the salt lake at Okposi is the main source of brine intrusion in the study area, the Pb/Zn mine at Ishiagu is the main source of mine-water pollution in the study area. Most chemical parameters, (especially Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, HCO3-) maintain high concentrations within the salt lake area, with the values declining away from the salt lake. The main anthropogenic source of pollution in the area, especially at Ishiagu, is the indiscriminate surface mining of lead-zinc without proposer waste management practices. Possible sourcing for portable water in the study area includes a deep borehole at Ishiagu, away from lead-zinc intrusives. At the Okposi axis, searching for portable water in boreholes should target shallower aquifers that do not communicate with the deeper-seated brine zones, likewise targeting zones farther away from these brine-invaded areas. A controlled pumping rate could potentially ensure that the cone of depression was not low enough to reach the brine zone at depth. In addition, desalination could also potentially render the salt water drinkable if properly handled to eliminate the high concentration of salts in the water to the level of acceptable limit by the WHO. Based on the study, the best area to target for portable water in the study area is Afikpo, with most geochemical elements naturally occurring within WHO’s standard concentration while portable water could be harnessed in areas further away from mining sites, especially at deep groundwater.

Highly selective electrocatalytic Cl− oxidation reaction by oxygen-modified cobalt nanoparticles immobilized carbon nanofibers for coupling with brine water remediation and H2 production

Combining the H2 production with brine remediation is regarded as a sustainable approach to achieving clean H2 energy. However, designing stable Cl− oxidation reaction (COR) electrocatalyst is the key to realize this route. Herein, a type of oxygen-modified Co nanoparticles anchored graphitic carbon nanofibers catalyst (Co/GCFs) was synthesized through a two-step strategy of adsorption and pyrolysis. The Co/GCFs-2.4 exhibits high selectivity and stability for COR at neutral electrolyte. It is worth noting that unlike the water oxidation, the chemical valence of cobalt has not changed during the COR. Further results demonstrated that the oxygen-modified Co nanoparticles provide active sites for selective COR, meanwhile, the graphitic carbon gives rise to strong catalytic stability. Thanks to the superior COR and H2 production activity of Co/GCFs-2.4, a two-electrode brine electrocatalysis system employing Co/GCFs-2.4 as both cathode and anode for H2 production exhibited robust stability, efficient and high Faraday efficiency (98%-100%). We propose that this work provides a novel strategy for designing efficient and stable catalysts with electrocatalytic COR and HER activities at neutral brine water for practically coupling with H2 production by water electrolysis and brine water remediation.

Solar-Driven Water Treatment: New Technologies, Challenges, and Futures

In this review, the new solar water treatment technologies, including solar water desalination in two direct and indirect methods, are comprehensively presented. Recent advances and applications of five major solar desalination technologies include solar-powered humidification–dehumidification, multi-stage flash desalination, multi-effect desalination, RO, and solar stills. Each technology’s productivity, energy consumption, and water production costs are presented. Also, common methods of solar water disinfection have been reviewed as one of the common and low-cost methods of water treatment, especially in areas with no access to drinking water. However, although desalination technologies have many social, economic, and public health benefits, they are energy-intensive and negatively affect the environment. In addition, the disposal of brine from the desalination processes is one of the most challenging and costly issues. In this regard, the environmental effects of desalination technologies are presented and discussed. Among direct solar water desalination technologies, solar still technology is a low-cost, low-tech, and low-investment method suitable for remote areas, especially in developing countries with low financial support and access to skilled workers. Indirect solar-driven water desalination technologies, including thermal and membrane technologies, are more reliable and technically more mature. Recently, RO technology has received particular attention thanks to its lower energy demand, lower cost, and available solutions to increase membrane durability. Disposal of brines can account for much of the water cost and potentially negatively affect the environment. Therefore, in addition to efforts to improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of solar technologies and water treatment processes, future research studies should consider developing new solutions to this issue.

西藏富锂盐湖-班戈错未来水位变化趋势预测

利用2016—2020年班戈错水位观测资料,采用ARIMA季节乘积模型、Winters线性模型及时间序列分解模型建立针对该湖的水位预测模型。通过对比时间序列分解模型在班戈错水位预测精度较高,运用时间序列分解模型对2022—2024年水位进行了预测,确定未来3年将会出现水位的明显升高,水位增幅达到0.97 m。研究结果能为LiCl矿的开采提供精度较高的水位预测,并通过水位监测来指导班戈错矿田建设。

反渗透浓盐水零排放与改进设计

某除盐水站采用反渗透膜工艺处理回用水,稳定产出一级除盐水和一级浓盐水。为进一步浓缩处理浓盐水,提高钢铁工艺全流程废水的回收率和综合利用率,继续采用二级反渗透系统处理一级浓盐水,分离得到二级除盐水和二级浓盐水。二级除盐水循环补充到钢铁工艺流程或工业水管网,二级浓盐水则进入高含盐水管网。针对高含盐管网用水需求量不稳定的情况,结合该站现有的中水处理设备设施,进行改进设计,优化管路,统筹各级水源串级使用,落实废水资源化利用和浓盐水零排放。

分析解吸废水和反渗透浓盐水技术在循环水中的应用

随着全球工业猛速发展,工业循环水处理逐步成为能源、化肥、煤矿等行业的组成部分。但尿素解吸废液是主要污染水源之一,若大量排放尿素则会污染水体。本文结合某煤化工厂案例,借助解吸废水和反渗透浓盐水技术的特点,坚持见效快、投资少的原则,通过制定方案、调整杀菌剂品种、优化阻垢缓蚀剂配方、优化浓盐水反渗透工艺等措施进行工艺改造,结果显示,循环水的腐蚀性降低,产水量各项指标达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2022)要求,水的回收率达到了90%。表明该方法有效解决了水解废液pH值波动大,COD、氨氮含量较高、腐蚀率高的问题,达到提高水资源利用效率的目的。

碳酸锂生产中提锂单元工艺脱析水热能增效研究

热能应用系统作为碳酸锂工艺路线不可或缺的基本单元,其蒸气能耗高,是众多碳酸锂生产企业面临的共性问题。文章就如何先综合利用过程热能、余热回收、源头减量化、数据采集与数据分析等方面进行探索研究,达到最优运行工况、降低蒸气消耗的目的。

Hydrochemistry of the Mixed Dead Sea-Red Sea Water under Different Impoundment Scenarios as a Time Dependent State

The expected water mixing process between Red/Dead Sea water during the proposed conveyance projects is the main target of this research. The project will ensue transporting Red Sea water to recover and maintain certain level of the Dead Sea, mostly will reach -395 m. It is found that, the two different water bodies with different EC values or different densities (salinities) are relatively divided by stable plane. This plane is defined as the BARZACH PLANE. In this study, the mixing process occurred between the Red Sea with the Dead Sea waters, located at 20% - 24% of the Dead Sea column depth based on the Barzach Plane level. During a laboratory experimental work, it is found that the mixed Red/Dead Sea water evaporates in a high rate until certain level where the solution attains oversaturated conditions with different dissolved solids. At this stage, a thin layer of solids suddenly formed and floated at the surface of the dense brine. The salinity of the captured water is so dense that floated salt layer cannot be dissolved. In addition, the formed floated salt layer at the surface prevents the below captured water to evaporate and at this stage, stalactites start to form until the excess dissolved solids are not oversaturated with any mineral.

几种重要热液矿床成矿的岩浆作用贡献探讨

本文运用地球科学相关基础学科的基本理论知识,结合地质工作实践认识和矿床地质特征分析,对几种重要热液矿床成矿的岩浆作用贡献进行分析探讨,提出了新的认识。研究结果认为:(1)地下水是通过补给和排泄交替循环的,因此,通过简单的地下水的循环逐步转化为含矿热液成矿是难以实现的,地下水层控热液矿床成矿流体往往是经历了深部岩浆房驱动的热水循环。(2)地下卤水不是形成内生多金属矿床的矿源体,其本身不具有形成多金属矿床的成矿物质条件,产于板缘地热异常带内的热卤水中的多金属元素,是板块活动引起的强烈的岩浆-火山活动所提供,卤水起到了活化、富集和搬运金属元素的作用。(3)MVT铅锌矿床和卡林型金矿床的矿床特征本身说明它们的成矿与岩浆热液有成因关系。(4)根据变质作用和变质岩的定义,所有的变化是在固态条件下进行的,变质作用和变质岩难以形成变质热液矿床,其成因类型可归为岩浆热液矿床。(5)韧性剪切带是岩浆热力作用和构造应力作用下的塑性变形,成矿是岩浆热液在后期脆性断裂中充填交代而成。对矿床成因的正确认识,可有效的指导找矿勘查工作。岩浆成矿作用是最广泛、最强烈的成矿作用之一。

以水为媒——古代神话、民间传说中的水与爱情

水在古代神话和民间传说中是一个非常重要的意象,因为水的存在,万物得以孕育、繁衍,水与爱情息息相关。水柔和含蓄的一面又和东方人内敛特性有共通性。水的形态万千,与人世间各种类型情爱相对应。水的波动对应爱情之痛,水的深广对应爱情的遥不可及,水的悠长对应爱情的心仪,水的流逝对应爱情的至死不渝。水的变化万千犹如爱情的变幻莫测。中国传统神话故事、民间传说中围绕着水的故事众多,关于爱情故事的描述更是数不胜数。该文主要以中国传统的神话故事、民间传说中的“水——爱情”为例,选用廪君和盐水女神、牛郎织女、孟姜女、白蛇传等故事,通过水这一媒介,探寻水意象与爱情的共同之处。

Characteristics analysis and model prediction of sea-salt water intrusion in lower reaches of the Weihe River,Shandong Province,China

Marine sedimentary strata are widely distributed in the coastal zone of the study area, and are rich in brine resources. The exploitation of underground water resources often first caused the intrusion of salt water in the marine strata. Based on the analysis of sea-salt water intrusion feature, the sea-salt water intrusion is divided into four stages: The occurrence and development stage(1976–1985), the rapid development stage(1986–1990), the slow development stage(1990–2000) and the stable development stage(2000–2015). Based on the comparative analysis of the relationship between seawater intrusion and influencing factors, this paper presents that the groundwater exploitation and the brine resources mining are the main control factors of sea-salt water intrusion. On this basis, we have established a numerical model of the sea-salt water intrusion. Using this model, we predicted the development trend of the sea-salt water intrusion. The results show that if the current development of groundwater and brine is maintained, the sea-salt water intrusion will gradually withdraw; once development of brine stops, sea-salt water will invade again. This provides the scientific basis for the rational exploitation of groundwater and the prevention of sea-salt water intrusion.

抗超高温高密度聚合物饱和盐水钻井液体系

设计并研制了3种聚合物类水基钻井液抗高温处理剂,即弱交联结构两性离子聚合物降滤失剂、柔性聚合物微球纳米封堵剂和梳型聚合物润滑剂,构建了能够满足深部地层钻井的抗超高温高密度聚合物饱和盐水钻井液体系。研究表明:弱交联结构两性离子聚合物降滤失剂具有良好的反聚电解质效应,200℃、饱和盐环境老化后API滤失量小于8 mL;柔性聚合物微球纳米封堵剂通过改善泥饼质量降低体系的滤失量,对纳米级孔缝具有良好的封堵效果;梳型聚合物润滑剂重均相对分子质量为4804,具有多个极性吸附位点,高温高盐条件下润滑性能优异。构建的密度为2.0 g/cm^(3)的钻井液体系流变性能良好,200℃的高温高压滤失量小于15 mL,高温静置5 d沉降因子小于0.52,对易水化岩屑的滚动回收率与油基钻井液接近,具有良好的封堵性能和润滑性能。

隧道顶部障碍物下游火灾烟气密度跃变特性

为考查隧道火灾烟气越过顶部障碍物时关键流动参数的变化及其对人员疏散和防排烟设计的影响,采用盐水试验研究不同障碍物高度与火源热释放速率下,火灾烟气越过隧道顶部障碍物后发生密度跃变的条件,并获得质量卷吸比与密度跃变前后烟气层厚度比等特性参数。结果表明:顶部障碍物的出现可使其下游的火灾烟气弗劳德数(Fr)突增至1以上而后再骤降至1以下,即从超临界状态转变为亚临界状态,这是诱发烟气密度跃变的原因;该跃变过程造成烟气卷吸大量空气,烟气厚度增大。障碍物的高度是影响烟气密度跃变特性的关键参数,密度跃变后与跃变前的烟气厚度之比、跃变前后Fr之比以及质量卷吸比均随障碍物高度增加而增大;当障碍物的无量纲高度超过0.267后,上述3个参数随障碍物高度增加而减小。障碍物下游的烟气密度跃变产生的质量卷吸比可能超过0.3,且高于既有理论模型计算值。

浅析岩盐水溶开采过程中结晶原因及处置方法

我国发现的岩盐矿床一般都处在地表1000m以下,最深达3000m,按地温梯度测算,矿层与地面常温相差30~70℃。由于溶腔内环境温度与其所在矿层温度相近,采用水溶法开采岩盐,容易出现氯化钠结晶体,会造成井组管道的堵塞,影响井组生产运行。本文对开采过程中饱和卤水的结晶情况进行了一些探讨和分析,为岩盐开采过程中解决卤水结晶问题提供了一定的生产经验。

环保水处理类反渗透浓盐水处理研究

在环保理念的影响下,反渗透技术可以切实满足浓盐水处理要求,能够提升反渗透浓盐水的处理效率。因此在进行环保水处理的过程中,应该规范开展环保水处理工作,加强对反渗透浓盐水处理的关注度,从而全面提升浓盐水处理效果。基于此,分析了反渗透技术的原理和应用,并探讨了反渗透浓盐水的处理工艺。

结晶造粒流化床技术在浓盐水软化除硬处理中的设计应用

石油化工企业脱盐水用水量大,出于节水的考虑,需要将浓水进行回收处理,为了防止回收处理的浓缩过程结垢,保证浓水反渗透正常运行,在一项石化企业的脱盐水处理项目上,采用结晶造粒流化床技术对反渗透浓盐水进行化学除硬预处理,处理后的浓盐水硬度约为200 mg/L,收到了良好的应用效果。

莱州湾地下卤水资源利用与相图分析

介绍了莱州湾地下卤水的水质特征,简述莱州湾地下卤水的资源利用情况和典型生产利用过程;以水盐体系相图理论为指导,对莱州湾地下卤水水质的长周期变化进行分析,说明现有原盐生产中面临的困境;对莱州湾地下卤水资源利用中兑卤法生产硫酸钾的生产过程进行典型系统分析,介绍工业化中的技术特点及资源回用的工艺;对膜分离技术在卤水纳滤精制过程中的工业化应用过程进行了相图理论的解析,并从水盐体系相图的角度,对利用不同选择性纳滤膜组合进行多段纳滤生产硫酸镁的技术路线的可能性进行分析;简述了沸石离子筛提钾技术应用于地下卤水的可能性,对沸石离子筛技术提钾工艺的后端分离技术的相图利用进行分析,演示了硝酸钾产品的蒸发结晶分离的可能工艺技术路线。

卤水系统淡盐水注井工艺改造

在全卤制碱工艺中,采出的卤水经过一次盐水精制工序处理后,合格盐水送至二次盐水精制工序,将含有不溶物的卤水经压滤处理后注井采卤。针对淡盐水注井过程中存在的问题,进行了技术改造,达到了预期效果。

盐水浸泡作用下石膏岩力学特性试验研究

为研究盐岩溶腔油气储库建造过程中,盐溶液对石膏夹层的侵蚀效应,在实验室对自然状态(干试件)、饱和与半饱和盐溶液中浸泡20d的石膏(湿试件)进行单调单轴压缩与小幅反复加卸载作用方式下的单轴压缩试验,初步揭示石膏在这一特殊条件下的力学特性。研究结果表明:反复加卸载使石膏单轴抗压强度由单调加载条件下的14.6MPa降至12.3MPa,降幅15.8%,而峰值强度所对应轴向应变也从0.39%降为0.19%,反复加卸载使得石膏的强度与变形均有所降低,但弹性模量基本不变。在反复加卸载作用方式下,与干试件强度相比,在饱和与半饱和盐水中浸泡20d之后的石膏强度并未降低,说明盐水对石膏侵蚀作用不明显。在盐溶液中浸泡之后试件变形能力增强,与干试件情形相比,增幅高达73%～147%,相应弹性模量也从干试件的6.6GPa分别降为4.5和2.8GPa。由于结构致密、孔隙率低,加之化学成分为难溶物质,在常温及酸性化学溶液作用下,石膏晶体在细观结构上未受到盐溶液的侵蚀损伤,强度并不随溶液浸泡作用而降低。但是,20d浸泡作用下有少量溶液由表及里的浸入,从而使石膏变形呈软化趋势,且随溶液浓度不同而不同。在层状盐岩矿床油气储库建造及运营过程中,对石膏夹层的这一力学特性变化应予以考虑。所获得的结果对揭示石膏力学特性及指导层状盐岩溶腔油气储库建造具有重要意义与价值。