Dynamic behaviors of rockslides subjected to brittle failure of locked segments

Locked segments are recognized as a critical role that controls the stability of rock slopes but remain an unclear and challenging problem with respect to their role incorporated into the failure mechanism.In order to study the effect of the locked segments on the initial failure process of rockslides,thirty-six groups of locked segment specimens with three different lithologies were prepared,direct shear tests were carried out to obtain the accelerations caused by brittle failure of the locked segment specimens.Experiment results showed that the maximum accelerations caused by the brittle failure of locked segment specimens was 2.91 g in the horizontal direction,and 3.18 g in the vertical direction.We took the Wangjiayan rockslide in 2008 Wenchuan earthquake as an example,the critical balance condition of the sliding mass under combined effect of gravity and accelerations induced by brittle failure of locked segment was analyzed,which indicated that the initial failure process of the Wangjiayan rockslides was notably influenced by the existence of the locked segment.The departure acceleration and direction of the Wangjiayan rockslide were proposed.The study results can provide a new insight into the understanding of the initial failure mechanism of rockslides with locked segments.

Phenomena and theoretical analysis for the failure of brittle rocks

Rockburst, an unstable failure of brittle rocks, has been greatly concerned in rock mechanics and rock engineering for more than 100 years. The current understanding on the mechanical mechanism of rockburst is based on the Coulomb theory, i.e. compressive-shear failure theory. This paper illustrates a series of tensile and tensile-shear fracture phenomena of rockburst, and proposes a methodology for the analysis of fracture mode and its energy dissipation process based on Griffith theory. It is believed that: (1) the fracture modes of rockburst should include compressive-shear, tensile-shear and pure tensile failures; (2) the rupture angle of rock mass decreases with the occurrence of tensile stress; (3) the proportion of kinetic energy in the released strain energy from a rockburst may be much larger than that transferred into surface energy; and (4) the understanding on the tensile and tensile-shear failure modes of rockburst may change the basic thinking of rockburst control, i.e. from keeping the reduction in initial compressive stress σ3 to restricting the creation of secondary tensile stress.

Nonlinear criterion for strength mobilization in brittle failure of rock and its extension to the tunnel scale

As underground excavations are getting deeper and field stresses increase, the behavior of intact rock blocks plays an increasingly important role in understanding and estimating the overall rock mass strength. To model the brittle behavior of intact rock blocks, the stress–strain curve is usually idealized considering a linear strength mobilization approach(cohesion-weakening-friction-strengthening, CWFS),however, it is well recognized that rock presents a nonlinear behavior in terms of the confining stress.This study extends the strength mobilization in brittle failure of rock using nonlinear criteria. To determine the model parameters, a standard statistical method that uses the complete laboratory stress–strain curves of the intact rock is employed. Several hypotheses of linear and nonlinear models are statistically compared for different types of rock and confining stress levels. Results demonstrate that the best approach to model the brittle failure of rock is to consider a nonlinear strength envelope, such as the Hoek-Brown criterion assuming a residual uniaxial compressive strength different from zero and a mi parameter that increases, both with simultaneous mobilization. This model helps to recreate highconfining conditions and a more realistic transition between peak and post-peak strength. The obtained parameters are discussed and compared with literature values to verify the validity and to develop guidelines for the estimation of parameters, providing an objective mobilization criterion. Finally, the nonlinear model was applied to a finite element code and extended to a tunnel scale in the brittle rock under high-stress conditions. A reasonable fit between the simulations and the in-situ overbreak measurements was found.

Cascading failure prevention of complex systems based on brittleness entropy game

A non-cooperative game model based on brittleness entropy is formulated for preventing cascading failure of complex systems.Subsystems of a complex system are mapped to the players of the game.The influence of collapsed subsystems to other subsystems is also taken into account in the definition of payoff function except for their own entropy increase.This influence is named brittleness entropy.Each player has two optional strategies;rational for negative entropy and irrational for negative entropy.The model is designed to identify the players who select an irrational strategy for negative entropy.The players who select the irrational strategy for negative entropy continue to compete for negative entropy after the recovery of ordered state and make other subsystems can' t get enough negative entropy to reduce entropy increase.It leads to cascading failure of the complex system in the end.Genetic algorithm is used to seek the solution of game model,and the simulation result verifies the effectiveness of the proposed model.The model provides a new way to prevent cascading failure of complex systems.

Micro-failure process and failure mechanism of brittle rock under uniaxial compression using continuous real-time wave velocity measurement

In this study,the micro-failure process and failure mechanism of a typical brittle rock under uniaxial compression are investigated via continuous real-time measurement of wave velocities.The experimental results indicate that the evolutions of wave velocities became progressively anisotropic under uniaxial loading due to the direction-dependent development of micro-damage.A wave velocity model considering the inner anisotropic crack evolution is proposed to accurately describe the variations of wave velocities during uniaxial compression testing.Based on which,the effective elastic parameters are inferred by a transverse isotropic constitutive model,and the evolutions of the crack density are inversed using a self-consistent damage model.It is found that the propagation of axial cracks dominates the failure process of brittle rock under uniaxial loading and oblique shear cracks develop with the appearance of macrocrack.

Brittleness Generation Mechanism and Failure Model of High Strength Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

The brittleness generation mechanism of high strength lightweight aggregate con-crete(HSLWAC) was presented, and it was indicated that lightweight aggregate was the vulnerable spot, initiating brittleness. Based on the analysis of the brittleness failure by the load-deflection curve, the brittleness presented by HSLWAC was more prominent compared with ordinary lightweight aggregate concrete of the same strength grade. The model of brittleness failure was also established.

Considerations of rock dilation on modeling failure and deformation of hard rocks-a case study of the mine-by test tunnel in Canada

For the compressive stress-induced failure of tunnels at depth, rock fracturing process is often closely associated with the generation of surface parallel fractures in the initial stage, and shear failure is likely to occur in the final process during the formation of shear bands, breakouts or V-shaped notches close to the excavation boundaries. However, the perfectly elastoplastic, strain-softening and elasto-brittle-plastic models cannot reasonably describe the brittle failure of hard rock tunnels under high in-situ stress conditions. These approaches often underestimate the depth of failure and overestimate the lateral extent of failure near the excavation. Based on a practical case of the mine-by test tunnel at an underground research laboratory (URL) in Canada, the influence of rock mass dilation on the depth and extent of failure and deformation is investigated using a calibrated cohesion weakening and frictional strengthening (CWFS) model. It can be found that, when modeling brittle failure of rock masses, the calibrated CWFS model with a constant dilation angle can capture the depth and extent of stress-induced brittle failure in hard rocks at a low confinement if the stress path is correctly represented, as demonstrated by the failure shape observed in the tunnel. However, using a constant dilation angle cannot simulate the nonlinear deformation behavior near the excavation boundary accurately because the dependence of rock mass dilation on confinement and plastic shear strain is not considered. It is illustrated from the numerical simulations that the proposed plastic shear strain and confinement-dependent dilation angle model in combination with the calibrated CWFS model implemented in FLAC can reasonably reveal both rock mass failure and displacement distribution in vicinity of the excavation simultaneously. The simulation results are in good agreement with the field observations and displacement measurement data.

Micromechanics of rock damage: Advances in the quasi-brittle field

Constitutive models play an essential role in numerical modeling and simulation of nonlinear deformation, progressive damage and failure of rock-like materials and structures. Recent advances in the quasi-brittle field show that upscaling methods by homogenization have provided a new efficient way to derive macroscopic formulations of rocks from their microstructure information and local properties and then to model nonlinear mechanical behaviors identified at laboratory. This paper aims first at relating the mechanical phenomena on sample scale to their respective mechanisms on microscale. Main focus is put on unilateral effects due to crack’s opening/closure transition, material anisotropy induced by crack growth in some preferred directions and multiphysical coupling at microcracks. After a brief introduction to the linear homogenization method and its application to crack problems, we present some recent advances achieved in the combined homogenization/thermodynamics framework, including anisotropic unilateral damage-friction coupling, theoretical failure prediction in conjunction with deformation analyses, poromechanical coupling, analytical solutions and numerical implementation with application to typical brittle rocks.

Identifying crack initiation stress threshold in brittle rocks using axial strain stiffness characteristics

As an estimate for the in-situ spalling strength around massive underground excavations to moderately jointed brittle rocks, crack initiation stress marks the initiation of rock micro fracturing. It is crucial to accurately identify crack initiation stress level by proper method. In this study, confined compression tests of sandstone samples are used to examine the validity/applicability of proposed axial strain stiffness method. The results show that by highlighting the minuscule changes in stress-strain curve, the axial strain stiffness curve provided further insight into rock failure process and revealed five stages:(a) irregular fluctuation,(b) nearly horizontal regular fluctuation,(c) irregular fluctuation gradually decreasing to zero,(d) extreme fluctuation, and(e) near zero, which mainly correspond to five stages of stress–strain curve. The ratio of crack-initiation stress to peak strength determined using this approach is 0.44–0.51, similar to the ranges previously reported by other researchers. In this method, the key is to accurately detect the end point of the stage(b), "nearly horizontal regular fluctuation" characterized by a sudden change in axial strain stiffness curve, and the sudden change signifies crack initiation in rock sample. Finally, the research indicates that the axial strain stiffness curve can provide a mean to identify the crack-initiation stress thresholds in brittle rocks.

Numerical simulation of triaxial compression test for brittle rock sample using a modified constitutive law considering degradation and dilation behavior

The understanding of the rock deformation and failure process and the development of appropriate constitutive models are the basis for solving problems in rock engineering. In order to investigate progressive failure behavior in brittle rocks, a modified constitutive model was developed which follows the principles of the continuum damage mechanics method. It incorporates non-linear Hoek-Brown failure criterion, confining pressure-dependent strength degradation and volume dilation laws, and is able to represent the nonlinear degradation and dilation behaviors of brittle rocks in the post-failure region. A series of triaxial compression tests were carried out on Eibenstock(Germany) granite samples. Based on a lab data fitting procedure, a consistent parameter set for the modified constitutive model was deduced and implemented into the numerical code FLAC3 D. The good agreement between numerical and laboratory results indicates that the modified constitutive law is well suited to represent the nonlinear mechanical behavior of brittle rock especially in the post-failure region.

Limestone mechanical deformation behavior and failure mechanisms： a review

In this paper, several mechanical deformation curves of limestone are reviewed, and the effects of temperature, confining pressure, and fluid are discussed. Generally, Mohr–Coulomb is used for limestone brittle fracture. The characteristic of low temperature cataclastic flow and the conditions and constitutive equations of intracrystal plastic deformation such as dislocation creep,diffusion creep, and superplastic flow are discussed in detail. Specifically, from the macroscopic and microscopic view, inelastic compression deformation(shear-enhanced compaction) of large porosity limestone is elaborated.Compared with other mechanics models and strength equations, the dual porosity(macroporosity and microporosity) model is superior and more consistent with experimental data. Previous research has suffered from a shortage of high temperature and high pressure limestone research; we propose several suggestions to avoid this problem in the future:(1) fluid-rock interaction research;(2) mutual transition between natural conditions and laboratory research;(3) the uniform strength criterion forshear-enhanced compaction deformation;(4) test equipment; and(5) superplastic flow mechanism research.

THE DAMAGE STATES AND TENSILE FAILURE BEHAVIOR OF TORSIONAL PRESTRAINED STEELS

In this paper,the damage state of a torsional prestrained steel is examined by means of the concepts of continuum damage mechanics and then the tensile properties and fracture ductility of two kinds of steels under various torsional prestrained conditions are investigated from both macroscopic and microscopic points of very slight as contrasted with tensile damage;(2)after torsional prestraining,both yielding strength and ultimate tensile strength become higher for 20 steel and lower for 40Cr steel;(3)when the torsional prestrain exceeds a critical value,that is about 70% of pure torsional shear fracture strain,the ductile-brittle transition of tensile fracture behavior may initiates.Moreover,the advantages and applicable conditions of torsional prestrain strengthening technique are also discussed.

加载速率影响下板裂化脆性岩石失稳破坏试验研究

深部脆性岩体开挖常发生板裂破坏,并可能进一步发生片帮剥落、岩爆等工程灾害,严重威胁深埋隧(巷)道施工安全。在深部岩体工程中,受构造应力、开挖条件和工程扰动等因素的影响,岩体开挖后应力重分布的速率、来压快慢均存在差别。为探究加载速率对板裂围岩失稳破坏的影响,采用脆性岩石加工成的板裂试样进行单侧限单轴压缩试验,对不同加载速率下试样宏观破裂、强度特性、声发射(AE)特征以及能量机制进行综合研究。结果表明:(1)低加载速率下试样发生大块剥落,整体失稳并发生分离,高加载速率下试样未发生大块分离,但有小块动力弹射现象;(2)低频、高幅信号的增多及b值的变化表明试样产生了突发式的裂纹失稳扩展,且这个过程中大小尺度破裂不断交替产生;(3)在平稳加载阶段,高加载速率使试样AE活动更加剧烈,而临近失稳及失稳破坏阶段则相反,且低加载速率下低频信号、大尺度破裂事件占比更大。因不同开挖方案、施工方法导致的围岩应力重布快慢差异,在工程上会导致围岩发生板裂后,进一步诱发不同模式破坏。

大型危岩体崩塌灾害早期监测预警技术研究综述

作为中国常见的一种地质灾害,大型危岩崩塌成因复杂、分布范围广、隐蔽性和突发性强、危害性大,其早期预警一直难以实现。通过总结岩体崩塌灾害失稳机理与预警模型可知,开展岩桥结构面损伤识别及静力学-动力学-环境量参量(SDEI)的综合性监测技术研究是实现大型危岩体崩塌灾害早期监测预警的关键所在,而基于分离破坏前兆识别的早期预警机制研究是提高崩塌灾害预警时效性的有效手段之一。随着微机电系统与云边融合技术的发展,在未来有望形成一套稳定性动态评价、失稳工况预测与失稳时间预测模型实时联动的多元预警新范式。与此同时,还需通过不断丰富大型危岩崩塌等脆性破坏灾害预警技术体系,实现危岩体预警等级、稳定性状态、失稳工况、失稳时间的实时分析,进而有效解决大型危岩体崩塌灾害科学精准防控与智慧化应急决策的双重难题。最后,针对目前崩塌灾害早期监测预警研究中存在的技术瓶颈问题,提出具体的发展策略与应对措施,以期为中国地质灾害高风险区更好地应对大型危岩体崩塌灾害提供一些参考。

橡胶-机制砂UHPC压缩破坏特性及能量演化特征

为减少超高性能混凝土(UHPC)的河砂用量,改善其压缩破坏特性,本研究通过设计四因素四水平正交试验,分析了机制砂、橡胶颗粒、水胶比和钢纤维在不同水平状态下对UHPC流动性和抗压强度的影响,获得了综合性能最佳的优选组,并探究了橡胶-机制砂UHPC的压缩破坏能量演化特征。结果表明:1)在各因素中,对UHPC拌合物的流动性和抗压强度影响最大的因素分别为水胶比和钢纤维,随着水胶比增加,UHPC的流动性显著增加,而抗压强度与钢纤维掺量之间为正效应;2)当橡胶和机制砂替代河砂掺量分别10%和40%(橡胶为等体积替代河砂,机制砂为等质量替代河砂,相当于节约了50%的河砂)时,试件抗压强度仍达到118.5 MPa;3)从破坏形态和能量演化看,钢纤维和橡胶颗粒混掺后UHPC表现出脆-延转换力学特征,优选组UHPC在达到应力峰值时较对照组保持了较好的完整度。

煤矿巷道断层滑移型冲击地压试验系统研制与试验验证

断层滑移型冲击地压是煤矿冲击地压的主要类型,目前对其发生全过程缺乏系统研究,其机理与防控仍是根本难题。为实现断层滑移型冲击地压的试验模拟,研制了煤矿巷道断层滑移型冲击地压试验系统,开发了低强高脆相似模拟材料,制备了包含断层与巷道的大尺寸相似模型,开展了一系列验证试验,实现了巷道冲击破坏模拟与断层剪切滑移模拟。煤矿巷道断层滑移型冲击地压试验系统具备三向六面加载功能,竖向加载能力为20 MPa,模型尺寸为1.50 m×0.75 m×0.75 m;主体框架创新采用键板连接,确保了主体框架的高刚度;发明了蜂窝加载壳结构,实现了密集油缸群加载,能够满足断层滑移型冲击地压试验模拟的要求。开发了适用于断层滑移型冲击地压模拟的相似材料,材料以水玻璃为胶结物、以氟硅酸钠为固化剂、以滑石粉为骨料,单轴抗压强度介于3.44~7.81 MPa,冲击能指数为9.2,弹性能指数为8.83,兼具低强高脆特性。基于试验系统和低强高脆材料实现了静载巷道冲击破坏模拟,验证了低强高脆相似材料模拟巷道冲击破坏的可行性,获得了巷道极限平衡状态的加载条件,巷道帮部连续片落为巷道冲击破坏的显著前兆特征。实现了粗糙锯齿断层的剪切滑移模拟,证实粗糙断层剪切滑移会对巷道形成动载扰动,获得了断层剪切滑移的合理加载方式,采用动区顶部先加载、底部后卸载的方式能够实现断层的瞬间滑移,并能消除对静区应力状态的影响。

高压管汇中活动弯管BC直接头失效分析

高压管汇作为压裂设备核心部件之一,比泵头体、泵阀等易损件失效危害更大。为此,以失效活动弯管BC直接头为研究对象,采用硬度检测、金相检验、扫描电镜检测等手段分析了失效直接头材料力学性能和断口形貌,并利用有限元方法计算了直接头轴肩根部含初始缺陷处的应力强度。分析结果表明:BC直接头失效是由应力集中导致的脆性断裂而产生;应力集中、组装配合不当使其受力不均、材料硬度偏高和力学性能不达标,由此造成接头在循环载荷作用下发生脆性断裂;建议严格控制接头原材料复检及产品质量检验,规范产品结构组装标准,定量规范管汇安装标准。所得结论可为压裂高压管汇接头的失效分析提供理论参考。

硐室岩壁过渡型破坏模式及最大线应变理论分析研究

地下硐室所在的岩体应力条件复杂,破坏模式随着与开挖面距离的不同发生转变,开挖所引起的原位脆性岩体应力集中会导致平行于自由面的局部损伤演化,称为表面不稳定性。而在深层条件下,低强度硐室岩壁的表面不稳定性及过渡型破坏模式很常见。针对目前实验室中圆柱形试样在单轴压缩试验中试样受力不符合岩壁单元实际应力状态的局限性,研发一款可模拟硐室岩壁过渡式破坏的试验测试仪。对长方体砂岩、花岗岩试样进行单临空面双向应力加载试验,分析岩石试样的裂纹发展、应力应变规律和破坏模式过渡转化。基于最大线应变理论及胡克定律提出最大线应变强度分析公式,建立基于最大线应变理论的岩壁表面不稳定性破坏的试验测试和分析方法,并且同Mohr-Coulomb准则及Hoek-Brown强度理论进行比较,通过试验数据验证最大线应变理论解释硐室岩壁过渡型破坏模式的适用性。

岩石脆性破坏全过程的准态基近场动力学方法

近场动力学(peridynamics,PD)作为一种新兴方法,正展现出成为一种分析复杂岩体力学响应方法的巨大潜力.然而,键基近场动力学与连续介质力学联系薄弱,缺乏对岩石多类型断裂模式和峰后行为的处理能力,而且接触-摩擦模型严重简化.为此,提出了一种准态基近场动力学方法.首先,通过基于键型区分的力密度计算方法,实现了键的应力张量计算,加深了其与连续介质力学的联系;然后,提出了一种通用式的断裂准则引入思路,推导了一种适于当前理论的单直线型虚拟裂缝模型,实现了对岩石多类型脆性破坏的全过程模拟;最后,通过粒子网格孪生算法,实现了不同介质状态的物质点和孪生网格的同步处理,通过势函数和库伦摩擦定律,实现了对各类接触情形和接触程度的准确判断和表征,并增加了考虑摩擦系数的摩擦力密度计算.已有算例表明,模拟结果与实验结果的吻合程度很高.这使得完善后的近场动力学的近场动力学处理非连续介质形成-演化过程的能力得到了有效提升,扩充了原有的理论框架和适用范围.

某45钢电机转轴早期断裂失效分析

本文对某机床45钢电机转轴早期异常断裂情况,采用直读光谱、扫描电子显微镜、硬度计、蔡司金相显微镜等分析设备对转轴进行了检测和分析,内容包括对断口位置的化学成分、夹杂物,宏观形貌和微观组织,以及显微维氏硬度。结果表明:化学成分和非金属夹杂物、带状组织、晶粒度,转轴基材符合国标对45钢的要求。断裂主要原因是轴与轴套接触位置配合不当,应力集中导致在断裂源处发生热摩擦,使转轴表面有过热重熔现象,形成了粗大显微组织,降低了转轴表面强度,从而加快疲劳裂纹的形成和扩展,导致早期异常断裂的发生。