Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase and Carbapenamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae Causing Urinary Tract Infection among Children in Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Enterobacteriaceae causing urinary tract infections (UTI) have developed resistance to the commonly used antibiotics due to emergence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) and Carbapenamase producing Enterobactericeae which are a public health problem worldwide. This study aims to determine the prevalence and characterize ESBLs and carbapenamase producing Enterobactericeae. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Gertrude’s Children’s Hospital, Nairobi. 238 urine samples were collected from patients with urinary symptoms attending the outpatient department within the period 2020-2021. The urine were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were done using VITEK® 2 Compact system (BioMérieux). Double disc synergy test and modified hodge tests were done as confirmatory tests for ESBLs and Carbapenamase phenotypes respectively. Polymerase Chain Reaction was used for the detection of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaKPC and blaOXA-48 genes. Results: From the 238 children sampled the prevalence of UTI caused by Enterobactericeae was 22.3%. The Enterobacteriaceae species isolated were Escherichia coli (84.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.66%), Proteus mirabillis (5.66%), Enterobacter aerogenes (1.89%) and Morganella morganii (1.89%). The isolated species were resistant to ampicillin. Meropenem had the highest susceptibility. Only E. coli species had the ESBLs (26.4%) and carbapenamase (1.9%) phenotypes. 100% had BlaCTX-M while 50% had blaTEM resistant gene. There was a significant association (p Conclusion: Ampicillin resistance resulted to use of alternative drugs and Meropenem was the drug of choice where increased resistance to the recommended drugs was noted. Further research on resistant genes is recommended.

Molecular Detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase and Carbapenemase Genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Isolated from Chickens Consumed Outdoors in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of resistance genes in strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from free-range chickens in Ouagadougou, where resistant bacteria can be transmitted to humans via faeces or contaminated meat. A total of 280 strains of Escherichia coli and 129 strains of Salmonella spp. resistant to at least one beta-lactam or carbapenem antibiotic were used in this study. PCR analyses revealed the presence of ESBL (extended spectrum beta lactamase) resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates, with 3.21% (9/280) possessing the CTX-M (Cefotaximase) gene, 15.35% (43/280) had the SHV (Sulfhydril Variable) gene, and 11.42% (32/280) had carbapenemase resistance genes, more specifically IMP (Imipenemase metallo-beta-lactamase). As regards Salmonella spp. strains, only the presence of the SHV (Sulfhydril Variable) gene was identified in 2.32% (3/129) of isolates belonging to the ESBL family, while 26.35% (34/129) and 13.95% (18/129) of isolates respectively possessed the IMP (Imipenemase metallo-beta-lactamase) and NDM (New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase) genes, both of the carbapenemase type. The significant prevalence of resistance genes in bacterial strains isolated from chickens sold outdoors in Ouagadougou raises major public health concerns, due to the possible transmission of these resistant strains to humans through the consumption of contaminated meat, thus complicating the treatment of bacterial infections.

Detection of Beta-Lactamase and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase of Pathogens Isolated from Pig and Chicken and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

The antibacterial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics or their combinations with inhibitor sulbactum against non-lactamase- producing strains, lactamase-producing and ESBLs-producing isolates was evaluated with twofold dilution method after pathogens isolated from pigs and chickens were detected, respectively, for beta-lactamase and extended-spectrum beta- lactamases （ESBLs）, The results revealed that most of 43 clinically isolated strains could produce beta-lactamase and 3 strains of shigella isolated from chicken samples produced ESBLs. All of 30 lactamase-producing strains isolated and only one of 16 non-lactamase-producing strains were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin. MICs of ampicillin against lactamaseproducing isolates decreased 10-40 and 10-20 times respectively, when it was conbined with sulbactam at ration of 1：2 and 1：4. All clinical isolates were susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins. The MICs of third-generation cephalosporins against lactamase-producing isolates did not change when they were conbined with sulbactam. MICs of ceftiofur and ceftriaxone against ESBLs-producing isolates decreased 2-4 times when they were conbined with sulbactam.

Post-appendectomy pelvic abscess with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli : A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Appendicitis, the inflammation of the appendix, is the most common abdominal surgical emergency requiring expedient surgical intervention. Extendedspectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs) are bacterial enzymes that catalyse the degradation of the betalactam ring of penicillins and cephalosporins(but without carbapenemase activity), leading to resistance of these bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics. Recent increases in incidence of ESBL-producing bacteria have caused alarm worldwide. Proportion estimates of ESBLEnterobacteriaceae hover around 46% in China, 42% in East Africa, 12% in Germany, and 8% in the United States.CASE SUMMARY The impact of ESBL-producing bacteria on appendiceal abscesses and consequent pelvic abscesses are yet to be examined in depth. A literature review using the search words "appendiceal abscesses" and "ESBL Escherichia coli(E. coli)" revealed very few cases involving ESBL E. coli in any capacity in the context of appendiceal abscesses. This report describes the clinical aspects of a patient with appendicitis whodeveloped a postoperative pelvic abscess infected with ESBL-producing E. coli. In this report, we discuss the risk factors for contracting ESBL E. coli infection in appendicitis and post-appendectomy pelvis abscesses. We also discuss our management approach for postappendectomy ESBL E. coli pelvic abscesses, including drainage, pathogen identification, and pathogen characterisation. When ESBL E. coli is confirmed, carbapenem antibiotics should be promptly administered, as was done efficaciously with this patient. Our report is the first one in a developed country involving ESBL E. coli related surgical complications in association with a routine laparoscopic appendectomy.CONCLUSION Our report is the first involving ESBL E. coli and appendiceal abscesses, and that too consequent to laparoscopic appendectomy.

Appendical Perforation by Infection with Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i>: Case Report

We report the very rare case of a huge appendical abscess with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) as the pathogen. There have been several reports of appendical infections such as appendicitis and appendical abscess caused by ESBL-producing bacteria in adults. The treatment of ESBL-producing E. coli infection is specific, and ESBL-producing bacteria have recently been reported as pathogens associated appendicitis in children. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second report of perforated appendicitis with abscess due to ESBL-producing E. coli. We discuss the diagnostic modalities and treatments for appendical abscess with ESBL-producing E. coli. and propose that the patients with perforated appendicitis and abscess formation due to ESBL-producing E. coli should be administered the antibiotic MEPM within 2 weeks to treat the abscess more effec-tively without producing other multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Producing Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infections among Expectant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Ruiru Sub County Hospital, Kenya

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection affecting males and females but is more prevalent in expectant women. ESBLs are bacteria with enzymes that make them resistant to many antibiotics, posing a significant health challenge. This study aims to determine the characteristics of ESBL-producing bacteria causing UTIs in expectant women. Methodology: A self-administered survey was carried out;300 expectant women were recruited using a random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic information. Urine samples were collected in sterile universal bottles and processed at the JKUAT Zoology laboratory. Urine samples were analyzed using urinalysis, microscopy, culture, and sensitivity testing. ESBL-producing bacteria were identified phenotypically using the double-disc synergy test (DDST) and genotyped for specific resistant genes using PCR. Results: UTI prevalence was 32.7% (98/300). UTI was significantly associated with the history of previous UTI (OR = 0.84, p = 0.02) and multigravida (OR = 0.14 p = 0.01). UTI was common in women aged between 28-37 years in their second trimester. Bacteria isolated were E. coli 57.1% (56/98), S. aureus 21.4% (21/98) K. pneumonia 11.2% (11/98) and Proteus spp 10.4% (10/98). Bacteria antibiotic resistance patterns were E. coli-tetracycline (91.1%), sulfamethoxazole (55.4%), cefotaxime (53.4%) and augmentin (53.4%). S. aureus-sulfamethozaxole (100%) and augmentin (71.4%), K. pneumoniae-sulfame-thoxazole (72.2%) cefotaxime (63.6%), chloramphenicol and tetracycline (54.5%). Proteus spp: tetracycline (100%), nitrofurantoin (90%), cefotaxime and chloramphenicol (50%). The proportion of ESBLs bacterial producers was 37.6% (29/77) and 44.8% (13/29) possessed ESBLs resistant genes;Bla CTX-M 53.8% (7/13), Bla SHV and Bla TEM 23.1% (3/13) each, Bla OXA (0%) was not detected. Conclusion: The study revealed a high proportion of ESBLs producing bacteria responsible for UTI in expectant women. ESBLs screening, routine culture and sensitivity testing will guide on proper management and empirical treatment of UTI patients thus reducing multi-drug resistance.

Diagnostic Validity of Cica Beta Test 1 for the Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Gram Negative Bacteria by Comparing with Phenotypic Method

Background: Detection of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing bacteria is an important issue in the clinical settings. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to validate the Cica Beta Test 1 for detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. Method: This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from January 2006 to December 2006 for a period of one (01) year. All the patients presented with the clinical features of urinary tract infection and surgical as well as burn wound infection at any age with both sexes were selected as study population. All bacteria were isolated and identified by their colony morphology, staining characters, pigment production, motility and other relevant biochemical tests. Phenotypic confirmation of ESBLs producing isolates were done by inhibitor potentiated disc diffusion test according to CLSI recommendation. The Cica Beta Test 1 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Result: A total number of 288 Gram negative bacteria were isolated. Among these isolates Cica Beta test 1 was positive in 97 strains and phenotypic confirmatory test was positive in 89 strains. The test sensitivity of Cica Beta Test 1 was 100% (95% CI 95.9% to 100.0%). Specificity of the test was 96.0% (95% CI 92.2% to 98.2%). The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 92.7% (95% CI 84.5% to 95.7%) and 100.0% (95% CI 98.0% to 100.0%) respectively. The accuracy of the test was 97.2% (95% CI 95.1% to 99.1%). Area under ROC curve = 0.980 (95% CI 0.964 to 0.996);p value 0.0001. Conclusion: In conclusion, Cica Beta Test 1 is very high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of ESBL from Gram negative bacteria.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Metallo-Beta-Lactamase and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase among Enterobacteria Isolated at National Public Health Laboratory of Brazzaville

The improper use of antimicrobials against infectious diseases has allowed microorganisms to develop defense mechanisms that give them insensitivity to these agents. All bacteria are concerned by this phenomenon. This work aimed to assess prevalence of beta-lactamase produced by enterobacterial isolates. Then, disc diffusion, double disc synergy test (DDST) and combined disc test (CDT) were respectively used for antimicrobial resistance, detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) and Metallo-Beta-Lactamases (MBL). bla genes were detected by PCR. A total of 132 enterobacterial strains were studied. Resistance to antibiotic families was observed with a greater frequency than 50%. Gentamicin was the least active beta-lactam antibiotic, with a resistance rate of 88%. 40.9% of strains show an ESBL phenotype and 16.6% were MBL. An overall prevalence of 74% (40/54) and respectively rates of 29.6%, 27.7% and 16.7% for blaSHV, blaCTX and blaTEM genes were observed. SHV, CTX, CTX/SHV/TEM, CTX/TEM, SHV/TEM and CTX/SHV were different ESBL genotypes observed. ESBL-producing enterobacteria isolation worried about the future of antimicrobial therapy in the Republic of Congo. This is a public health problem that requires careful monitoring and implementation of a policy of rational antibiotics use.

Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Broiler Chickens in YaoundéCapital City of Cameroon

Background: Escherichia coli are ubiquitous bacteria colonising both humans and animals. Extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli has been selected as a suitable indicator for the monitoring and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Death due to resistant bacteria is continuously rising in Cameroon, but the contribution of the aviary sector is not well studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the resistance profile of extended spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli strains, isolated from faeces of broiler chickens in Yaoundé, capital city of Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out from February to June 2020. Escherichia coli were isolated from samples of broilers in poultry farms in Yaoundé and submitted to the extended spectrum β-lactamase screening. The logistic regression was used to assess the statistical association of a significance threshold p-value of 0.05. Results: Out of 385 faecal samples collected in broiler farms, 114 Escherichia coli isolates were obtained out of which 30 (26.32%) were Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases-producing Escherichia coli. These isolates revealed high resistance to all antibiotic families. Poor storage conditions for feeds and the proximity to latrines, the troughs on the ground, the lack of foot bath and uniforms, the inadequate treatment of faeces, the poor usage of preventive antibiotics and the lack of water treatment have been identified as risk factors to faecal carriage of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli. Conclusion: This work reveals the emergence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases-producing Escherichia coli in poultry farms in Yaoundé and the failure in the biosecurity system. As such, the awareness of poultry breeders on the respect of biosecurity measures may be an effective tool to tackle antimicrobial resistance, specifically in livestock industries using a One Health approach.

Activity of Fosfomycin in Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Producing Klebsiella pneumonae from Hospital Acquired Urinary Tract Infections

Treatment of hospital acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended-spectrum beta-Lactamases producing Klebsiella pneumonae is a major problem. This organism expresses a high level of resistance to many groups of antibiotics. Fosfomycin is an agent which is recommended for treatment of UTIs caused by ESBLs producers. The aim of this study is to determine the sensitivity pattern of ESBLs producing urinary K. pneumonae to antimicrobial agents including fosfomycin in patients of MUHs and determine the prevalence of fosfomycin resistance mediated by plasmid mediated fosfomycin modifying enzymes fosA, fosB and fosA3. Methods: Klebsiella pneumonae urinary isolates were collected from patients with hospital acquired UTIs in Mansoura University Hospitals (MUHs). The susceptibility pattern was determined by Kirby Baur method. Isolates resistant to extended spectrum cephalosporins were tested for ESBLs production by double disc diffusion method. Fosfomycin resistance was determined by broth dilution method. Isolates resistant to fosfomycin were tested for fosA, fosB and fosA3 by PCR. Results: A total of 128 ESBLs producing K. pneumonae isolates were collected. The highest sensitivity was to imipenem (94.5%). The lowest was to trimethoprime-sulphamethoxazole (21.8%). Co-resistance of ESBLs isolates with fosfomycin was 23.2%. Eighteen fosfomycin resistant isolates (18/30) were positive to fosA. Conclusion: ESBLs producing urinary Klebsiella pneumonae express moderate sensitivity to fosfomycin. Resistance is mainly mediated by plasmid mediated fosfomycin modifying enzymes fosA.

Detection of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in Two Hospitals in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

In this study, the prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates from the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and the National Hospital was determined. A total of two hundred and fifteen (215) clinical isolates were examined, of which 60% were E. coli and 40% K. pneumoniae respectively. The isolates were collected from various samples namely: Stool, Urine, Pus, High Vagina Swab, Sputum and Wound swab. Out of these isolates, 54 of K. pneumoniae were screened to be ESBL negative and 32 as ESBL positive isolates, while 88 and 40 E. coli were also screened as ESBL negative and ESBL positive isolates respectively. These represent 37.9% of all K. pneumoniae isolates and 31.25% of E. coli isolates respectively. The prevalence of ESBL among the species was not however statistically different (p > 0.05). Multiple resistance in these isolates was common and there is the need for routine screening of ESBL in our hospitals to guide rational and effective use of antibiotics.

Antimicrobial Resistance and β-Lactamase Production among Hospital Dumpsite Isolates

Metallo-β-Lactamases (MBLs) and Extended Spectrum β-Lactamses (ESBLs) have emerged world-wide as a significant source of β-lactam resistance. The emergence of MBLs and ESBLs encoded on plasmids among Gram-negative pathogens in hospital dumpsites was investigated. Soils of different government and private hospitals were collected and processed following standard bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by the disk-diffusion technique using Ceftazidime (30 μg), Cefuroxime (30 μg), Cefotaxime (30 μg), Cefixime (5 μg), Trimethprim-sulfamethoxazole (25 μg), Gentamycin (100 μg) Amoxicillin-Clavunalate (30 μg), Ciprofloxacin (5 μg), Ofloxacin (5 μg), Nitrofurantoin (300 μg) and Imipenem (10 μg). The role of plasmids in resistance was evaluated by subjecting isolates to curing using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS). ESBLs production by Double-Disk Synergy Test (DDST) was carried out. Isolates resistant to Imipenem were subjected to a confirmatory test using Modified Hodge’s test and to MBLs production by DDST. Eighty-two Gram-negative isolates comprising of 32 (39.02%) Escherichia coli, 20 (24.39%) Serratia marcescens, 14 (17.07%) Klebsiella pneumonia, 10 (12.28%) Proteus mirabilis and 6 (7.32%) Enterobacter aerogenes were obtained. Susceptibility results revealed a 100% resistance of all isolates to Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Amoxycillin-clavulanate and Cefotaxime. A total of 66 (80.48%) isolates harboured plasmids out of which 26 (31.71%) isolates were ESBL producers. MBLs production was observed in 8 (25.00%) E. coli, 2 (2.41%) Klebsiella pneumonia and 2 (2.41%) Proteus mirabilis isolates. All MBLs producing isolates were ESBLs producers. The finding of highly resistant isolates producing ESBLs and MBLs in a hospital environment is quite disturbing and should be addressed urgently.

Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Resistance among <i>Enterobacter</i>spp. Isolated from Infection in Animals

Nosocomial infections are frequent complications of hospitalization, caused by opportunistic pathogens that gain access to hosts undergoing invasive procedures, such as surgery, intubation, and placement of deep vein lines. Nosocomial infections in animal hospitals can infect other animals, as well as be transmitted to human personnel. Enterobacter is a genus of common gram-negative bacteria, which can be associated with antibiotic resistant hospital infections. Because of an outbreak in antibiotic resistance in the genus, we decided to investigate five years of Enterobacter infections in the Large Animal Services of the Lois Bates Acheson Veterinary Teaching Hospital (LBAVTH) at Oregon State University. The demographics from 37 Enterobacter-infected patients of the LBAVTH were obtained from charts and analyzed. The identified clusters of infections suggested possible patient-environment sources of infection. The environment of the hospital was sampled in an attempt to determine the source of infection. Although Enterobacter was not isolated, three of the collected samples contained bacteria with resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. Enterobacter isolates from six of the 37 patients were further analyzed for presence of specific ESBL resistance genes. All six of the isolates harbored multiple extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes, i.e., CTX-M-15, TEM-80, SHV-2 and AmpC. In summary, Enterobacter infection in the veterinary hospital was caused by beta-lactam-resistant strains, carrying ESBL-resistant genes. Veterinary hospital personnel should be aware of the potential for transmission, to both humans and animals, of ESBL-gene-containing bacteria.

产金属β-内酰胺酶猪源ST201型多杀性巴氏杆菌的耐药性和致病性分析

为探究湖北荆州某生猪养殖企业育肥猪呼吸道疾病的致病原,采集病猪肺组织进行病原的筛查和分离鉴定。本研究对分离菌株进行形态学观察、生理生化、16S rDNA基因序列测定、血清型分型、多位点序列分析、药物敏感性试验、耐药基因测序分析以及动物致病性试验。结果显示,分离菌株Pm0525为革兰阴性短杆菌;生化试验、PCR和16S rDNA测序鉴定为多杀性巴氏杆菌。该菌为荚膜血清型A型,分子分型为ST201型,与ST1615型聚为一支;分离菌株对庆大霉素、卡那霉素、麦迪霉素等13种抗生素敏感,对氯霉素、克林霉素、头孢呋辛、头孢他啶和四环素耐药;分离菌株具有中等生物被膜形成能力,携带SulⅠ、SulⅡ、tetA和bla-TEM四种耐药基因,可通过产金属β-内酰胺酶(MBL)方式发挥抗β-内酰胺类抗生素的作用。中药药敏试验结果显示,该分离菌株对中药黄连呈现明显的敏感性。该分离株携带18种毒力基因,并对小鼠具有较强的致病性。本研究系统性分析了猪源多杀性巴氏杆菌的血清型、分子分型、药物敏感性和致病性,为进一步研究多杀性巴氏杆菌感染的致病机制、防控和精准施治提供科学依据和数据参考。

Identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains harboring inactive extended-spectrum beta-lactamase antibiotic-resistance genes

Background The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase （ESBL）-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae has increasingly become a major contributor to nosocomial infections and can exhibit multiple antibiotic resistance.Previous studies have focused on the resistance genes in ESBL-producing strains,and the resistance-associated genetic environment of non-ESBL-producing strains has been ignored until now.Here,we investigated the occurrence and characteristics of non-ESBL-producing K.pneumoniae,which potentially carries unexpressed resistance genes.Methods K.pneumoniae strains were collected from five medical institutions in China from February 2010 to August 2013.The VITEK-2 ESBL detection system was used as a primary screen to identify the ESBL-producing phenotype,and the three primary types of ESBL-associated genes （CTX,SHV,and TEM） were detected by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） to confirm the strains presenting with a non-ESBL-producing phenotype.mRNA expression in the non-ESBL-producing strains was further screened by reverse-transcription PCR （RT-PCR） to validate their transcriptional efficiency.Results Out of 224 clinically isolated antibiotic-sensitive K.pneumoniae strains with a non-ESBL-producing phenotype,5 （2.2％） were identified to carry inactivated ESBL blaSHV genes with intact upstream promoter regions and resistance gene sequences.Interestingly,three of the five antibiotic-sensitive K.pneumoniae strains containing ESBL blaSHV genes still exhibited mRNA transcription of blasHv,while the other two exhibited no mRNA transcription.Conclusion These findings suggest that inactivated ESBL genes exist in non-ESBL-producing antibiotic-sensitive K.pneumoniae strains,which have the potential to transform the strain into an ESBL phenotype if an inappropriate application or overdose of antibiotics is implemented during clinical management.

一株新现食源性多重耐药非典型肠致病大肠杆菌特征分析

探究一株新现食源性多重耐药非典型肠致病大肠杆菌(aEPEC)表型、生化及遗传特征。从市售食品中分离到一株产ESBL且携带质粒介导多粘菌耐药基因mcr-1的aEPEC菌株E2892A1,利用API 20E对其生化特征进行了分析,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定了常见抗生素MICs,通过基因组测序分析了遗传特征(耐药基因、质粒类型、毒力基因),并基于cgSNP对其遗传进化关系进行了探究。结果表明,该菌株对多种常用抗生素如头孢他定,头孢曲松,四环素、氨苄西林等耐药,且属于ESBL菌株。测序结果显示,该菌株为aEPEC,其携带17种耐药基因和EPEC特征毒力基因eae,具有4种复制子类型。这是国内外首次发现多种耐药基因(特别是CTX-123和mcr-1)共存于同一株多重耐药aEPEC ST752菌株中。接合实验证实mcr-1基因可水平传播至大肠杆菌C600。这类菌株存在于食品中对人体健康构成了重要威胁,需特别关注其扩散情况。该研究为食品中高毒力多重耐药菌风险监测提供了重要基础数据,可为畜牧养殖中抗生素合理使用和食源性疾病用药方案制定提供数据参考。

菌血症性尿路感染的临床特征及实验指标分析

目的回顾性分析菌血症性尿路感染(Bacteremic urinary tract infection,BUTI)的临床特征、危险因素和实验指标,为临床早期干预和治疗提供参考。方法回顾性分析2018年1月—2022年12月本院收治的195例尿路感染患者的临床资料,根据血培养结果分为BUTI组(34例)和非BUTI组(161例),比较分析两组的临床特点及实验指标,并应用二元logistic回归分析发生BUTI的危险因素,构建受试者工作曲线(ROC)评价实验指标对BUTI的诊断效能。结果195例尿路感染患者中BUTI发生率为17.42%(34/195),BUTI中以大肠埃希菌最常见89.23%(27/34);产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性率为41.38%(12/29)。尿路感染中老人女性占比多,两组年龄无差异(P>0.05);与非BUTI组相比,BUTI男性患者发病率高,无泌尿系统症状多,入院时体温更高,病程更长,而合并骨质疏松和自身免疫病的比例较低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。尿亚硝酸酶、外周血白细胞计数、外周血粒淋比值、C反应蛋白和降钙素原均高于非BUTI组,白蛋白低于非BUTI组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);自身免疫病是发生BUTI的危险因素;绘制两组患者ROC曲线显示,外周血粒淋比值、C反应蛋白和降钙素原的AUC分别为0.767、0.840、0.795,三项联合检测对BUTI组AUC大于单项检测,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论菌血症性尿路感染患者主要病原学以大肠埃希菌为主,外周血粒淋比值、C反应蛋白和降钙素原三项联合检测可提高对BUTI的诊断效能。

对比黏液型肺克超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)表达和毒力基因分布的相关性并对其耐药性进行分析

目的分析黏液型肺克(MT-KPN)的超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)表达、耐药性、毒力基因分布情况。方法收集郑州市第一人民医院2021年3月至2022年3月非重复性KPN 725株,黏液丝试验分离出123株MT-KPN,对其ESBLs表达、耐药性使用CITEK 2 Compact系统分析,毒力基因分布情况使用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)实验分析。结果肺炎克雷伯菌(KPN)检出率最高的科室是重症医学科;同一科室检出KPN类型差异较大的是重症医学科、全科医学科、神经外科,肾内科只检出cKPN;123株MT-KPN包括ESBLs阳性菌34株、ESBLs阴性菌89株。ESBLs阳性菌耐药性高达100.00%的7种药物(头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢西丁、氨曲南、阿莫西林/克拉维酸),ESBLs阴性菌对上述药物耐药性显著低于ESBLs阳性菌(P<0.05);妥布霉素、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药性ESBLs阳性菌>ESBLs阴性菌(P<0.05);庆大霉素、美罗培南、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星耐药性ESBLs阳性菌>ESBLs阴性菌(P>0.05);MT-KPN的荚膜血清型基因检出率wzyK2最高;荚膜血清型基因检出率ESBLs阳性菌、ESBLs阴性菌相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);MT-KPN毒力基因检出率最高的是mrkD;aerobactin、iroN、wcaG检出率相比ESBLs阳性菌<ESBLs阴性菌(P<0.05);其他毒力基因检出率ESBLs阳性菌、ESBLs阴性菌相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论MT-KPN携带毒力基因检出率较高,临床需结合其耐药性和毒力基因分布情况合理用药。

猪鸡致病菌β-内酰胺酶、超广谱β-内酰胺酶检测与药敏试验

对分离的猪鸡致病菌,分别进行了?-内酰胺酶、超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检测,并用试管二倍稀释法测定了β-内酰胺环类抗生素或β-内酰胺环类抗生素与抑制剂舒巴坦联用对非产酶菌、产?-内酰胺酶菌、产ESBLs菌的抗菌活性.结果表明,43株分离菌的大多数可产生?-内酰胺酶,3株鸡志贺氏菌为ESBLs阳性菌株.30株分离产酶菌均对阿莫西林、氨苄西林耐药(MIC≥32 μg/ml),16株非产酶菌(标准菌株及分离株)中的15株对阿莫西林、氨苄西林敏感,只有一株非产酶分离菌耐药.氨苄西林与舒巴坦以2∶1、4∶1配比联用时,其对分离产酶菌的MIC值分别降低10~40倍、10~20倍.临床致病菌对三代头孢均敏感,与舒巴坦以2∶1、4∶1配比联用时,三代头孢的MIC值不变.当头孢噻呋、头孢曲松与舒巴坦以2∶1配比联用时,其对产ESBLs菌的MIC值降低2～4倍.

β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合抗菌药物的使用量与产ESBLs细菌分离率关系研究

目的 探讨临床上产超广谱 β 内酰胺酶 (ESBLs)细菌分离率的增加 ,是否与含 β 内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合β 内 酰胺类抗菌药物使用量有关 ,为抗菌药物的规范合理使用提供依据。方法 用SPSS10 0统计软件包 ,统计分析 1998～ 2 0 0 2年 ,每年含β 内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合 β 内酰胺类抗菌药物使用量与产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分离率间的相关性关系。结果 5年来含 β 内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合 β 内酰胺类抗菌药物使用总量从16 5 4kg/年增加到 15 6 86 8kg/年 ,增加了 84 8 4 % ;培养总样本数从 10 897份增加到 185 6 7份 ,增加了 70 4 % ;两者间相关系数r =0 884 ,P <0 0 5 ;抗菌药物使用总量与细菌分离株数间的相关系数r =0 4 4 9,P >0 0 5 ,与产ESBLs细菌总分离率间的相关系数r =0 933,P <0 0 5 ;年平均每份送检样本中此类抗菌药物的使用量与细菌分离株数间的相关系数r =0 389,P >0 0 5 ,与产ESBLs细菌总分离率间的相关系数r =0 889,P <0 0 5。结论 产ESBLs细菌分离率的增加与含 β 内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合 β 内酰胺类抗菌药物使用总量及年平均每份送检样本中此类抗菌药物的使用量呈正相关 ,提示临床使用抗菌药物应更具合理性。