Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid assessment facilitates precision medicine for lung cancer

Lung cancer is the most common and fatal malignant disease worldwide and has the highest mortality rate among tumor-related causes of death.Early diagnosis and precision medicine can significantly improve the survival rate and prognosis of lung cancer patients.At present,the clinical diagnosis of lung cancer is challenging due to a lack of effective non-invasive detection methods and biomarkers,and treatment is primarily hindered by drug resistance and high tumor heterogeneity.Liquid biopsy is a method for detecting circulating biomarkers in the blood and other body fluids containing genetic information from primary tumor tissues.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)is a potential liquid biopsy medium that is rich in a variety of bioactive substances and cell components.BALF contains information on the key characteristics of tumors,including the tumor subtype,gene mutation type,and tumor environment,thus BALF may be used as a diagnostic supplement to lung biopsy.In this review,the current research on BALF in the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of lung cancer is summarized.The advantages and disadvantages of different components of BALF,including cells,cell-free DNA,extracellular vesicles,and micro RNA are introduced.In particular,the great potential of extracellular vesicles in precision diagnosis and detection of drug-resistant for lung cancer is highlighted.In addition,the performance of liquid biopsies with different body fluid sources in lung cancer detection are compared to facilitate more selective studies involving BALF,thereby promoting the application of BALF for precision medicine in lung cancer patients in the future.

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing assay for identifying pathogens in lung cancer patients

Background:For patients with lung cancer,timely identification of new lung lesions as infectious or non-infectious,and accurate identification of pathogens is very important in improving OS of patients.As a new auxiliary examination,metagenomic next-generation sequencing(mNGS)is believed to be more accurate in diagnosing infectious diseases in patients without underlying diseases,compared with conventional microbial tests(CMTs).We designed this study tofind out whether mNGS has better performance in distinguishing infectious and non-infectious diseases in lung cancer patients using bronchoalveolar lavagefluid(BALF).Materials and Methods:This study was a real-world retrospective review based on electronic medical records of lung cancer patients with bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL)and BALF commercial mNGS testing as part of clinical care from 1 April 2019 through 30 April 2022 at The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.164 patients were included in this study.Patients were categorized into the pulmonary non-infectious disease(PNID)group(n=64)and the pulmonary infectious disease(PID)group(n=100)groups based onfinal diagnoses.Results:BALF mNGS increased the sensitivity rate by 60%compared to CMTs(81%vs.21%,p<0.05),whereas there was no significant difference in specificity(75%vs.98.4%,p>0.1).Among the patients with PID,bacteria were the most common cause of infection.Fungal infections occurred in 32%of patients,and Pneumocystis Yersini was most common.Patients with Tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)therapy possess longer overall survival(OS)than other anti-cancer agents,the difference between TKIs and immuno-checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)was insignificant(median OS TKIs vs.ICIs vs.Anti-angiogenic vs.Chemo vs.Radiotherapy=76 vs.84 vs.61 vs.58 vs.60).Conclusions:our study indicates that BALF mNGS can add value by improving overall sensitivity in lung cancer patients with potential pulmonary infection,and was outstanding in identifying Pneumocystis infection.It could be able to help physicians adjust the follow-up treatment to avoid the abuse of antibiotics.

Value of eosinophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: A case report

BACKGROUND An immediate hypersensitive immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus antigens is one of the main characteristic features of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis(ABPA).As ABPA is an allergic respiratory disease,immunoglobulin E and peripheral-blood eosinophilia have been used as diagnostic indicators.However,eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)has not been considered in the diagnostic criteria for ABPA.CASE SUMMARY We present a case of ABPA in which the eosinophil count in peripheral blood was not increased,whereas the eosinophil percentage in BALF reached 60%.After antifungal and hormone therapy,imaging revealed very good resolution of lung infiltration.CONCLUSION The value of the eosinophil count in BALF for the diagnosis of ABPA is worthy of the clinician's attention,especially when the patient’s clinical features lack specificity and the diagnostic parameters are negative.

Effects of early bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected from dogs with smoke inhalation injury on the lungs of rats

Objective: Whether early massive bronchoalveolar lavage can remove the harmful substances from the lungs injured with smoke inhalation remains uncertain. This study was designed to observe the effects of early massive bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) on the healthy lungs in rats. Methods: Mongrel dogs were inflicted with severe smoke inhalation injury. The injured lungs were lavaged with large amount of normal saline in the first hour after injury and the BALF was collected. The BALF was injected into the healthy lungs of 30 rats (group C) in the dosage of 5 ml/kg. The functions and pathological changes of the lungs were observed 24 h after perfusion with the BALF. The data were compared with those of 23 rats (group B) whose lungs were perfused with the BALF collected from normal dogs and those of 21 rats (group A) whose lungs were perfused with normal saline. Results: The mortality rate 24 h after lung perfusion was higher in group C than in groups A and B. The survivors of group C exhibited fluctuation of respiratory rate (RR), remarkable decrease of PaO 2, significantly higher content of lung water, decrease of total static pulmonary compliance and pulmonary expansion index, and increasse of inflammatory cytokines in the tissues of lungs. Only slight mechanic obstructive effect on the airway was observed in rats of group A and B. The pathological changes of the lungs of the rats in group C were similar to those of the dogs with actual smoke inhalation injury. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the BALF collected from dogs with acute severe smoke inhalation injury in the early stage after injury injured the normal lungs of rats with the bioactive substances in the BALF. These findings show us that it is a valuable therapeutic procedure to apply massive bronchoalveolar fluid lavage in the early stage after inhalation injury.

HPLC Quantification of Dexamethasone Palmitate in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Rat after Lung Delivery with Large Porous Particles

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the determination of dexamethasone palmitate (DXP) in bronchoalveolar fluid lavage samples (BALF). DXP in rat BALFs containing the internal standard (IS), testosterone decanoate (TD), was extracted using a mixture of chloroform and methanol (9:1, v/v). Extracts were then centrifuged, dried and dissolved in acetonitrile. A chromatographic separation based on an isocratic elution was done using acetonitrile and water (85:15, v/v) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The graph of the developed method was linear within the tested calibration range of 0.5 - 40 μg/mL. The overall extraction recovery of DXP from BALF samples was 84.3% ± 1.6%. The accuracy (relative error) and precision (coefficient of variation) values were within the pre-defined limits of ≤15% at all concentrations. This methodology has been applied to determine levels of DXP in BALF samples collected from rats treated with DXP large porous particles. The measured concentrations were successfully evaluated using a non-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Since the developed method requires only a microvolume (100 μL) of BALF sample for analysis, it is therefore particularly suitable for the evaluation of drug biodistribution in lung.

Expression of endostatin in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with lung cancer

Objective To evaluate the expression of endostatin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum in patients with lung cancer,and to analysis the relationship between endostatin expression and clinical prognosis as well as pathophysiological characteristics. Methods The samples of serum and BALF were obtained from 57

纳米孔测序技术对涂阴肺结核患者诊断价值的多中心临床研究

目的:分析纳米孔测序技术用于涂阴肺结核患者的诊断价值。方法:本研究采集了来自北京、安徽、青海和吉林4个不同省份传染病专科医院2021年9月至2022年4月收治的107例疑似涂片阴性肺结核患者的支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)作为研究样本,对其进行BACTEC MGIT 960液体培养(简称“MGIT 960培养”)和GeneXpert MTB/RIF(简称“Xpert”)检测和纳米孔测序。以临床最终诊断结果为参照标准,比较3种方法对肺结核的检测效能。结果:107例疑似肺结核患者中,最终诊断为肺结核70例(65.42%),非结核分枝杆菌病15例(14.02%),非结核病22例(20.56%)。以临床最终诊断结果为参照标准,纳米孔测序技术、MGIT 960培养和Xpert检测的敏感度分别为84.29%(59/70)、37.14%(26/70)和41.43%(29/70),特异度分别为86.49%(32/37)、75.68%(28/37)和97.30%(36/37),约登指数分别为0.71、0.13和0.39。纳米孔测序的曲线下面积(AUC值)为0.854(95%CI:0.773~0.935),Xpert检测的AUC值为0.694(95%CI:0.596~0.792),MGIT 960培养的AUC值为0.564(95%CI:0.451~0.677)。结论:纳米孔测序技术在检测涂阴肺结核方面具有较Xpert和MGIT 960培养更好的诊断效能。

支气管肺泡灌洗液宏基因组二代测序在儿童肺部感染病原体诊断中的价值

目的探讨支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)宏基因组二代测序(mNGS)对儿童肺部感染的病原体诊断价值。方法分析2023年3月1日至2024年3月1日在甘肃省妇幼保健院住院治疗的109例肺部感染患儿的临床资料,比较患儿BALF mNGS与常规微生物学检测(CMT)结果。结果109例患儿BALF mNGS检出率(96.3%)高于CMT(66.1%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);BALF mNGS共检出280株病原菌,CMT共检出130株病原菌,mNGS能够检测出更多的病原体,尤其对病毒的检出率远高于CMT;在70例mNGS与CMT双阳性样本中,42例mNGS与CMT结果完全或部分匹配,匹配样本中48%为流感嗜血杆菌,19%为肺炎支原体,17%为肺炎链球菌;分析重症肺炎患儿BALF mNGS的病原菌特征发现,重症肺炎患儿的流感嗜血杆菌、副流感病毒及人偏肺病毒检出率均高于非重症肺炎患儿,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);比较出生信息为足月正常体重儿与早产低体重儿BALF mNGS检测结果发现,早产低体重儿的铜绿假单胞杆菌mNGS检出率高于足月正常体重儿,且早产低体重有合并症患儿的铜绿假单胞杆菌mNGS检出率高于早产低体重无合并症患儿,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);足月正常体重儿肺炎支原体mNGS检出率高于早产低体重儿,且足月正常体重无合并症患儿的肺炎支原体mNGS检出率高于足月正常体重有合并症患儿,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论BALF mNGS对于肺部感染患儿具有较高的微生物检测阳性率,尤其对于重症感染及复杂病例,BALF mNGS是常规病原学检测的重要补充。

肺部惠普尔养障体感染患者临床及影像特征分析

目的分析和总结肺部惠普尔养障体(TW)感染患者的临床资料,进一步提高对肺部TW感染的认识。方法收集2021年9月1日至2023年1月31日民航总医院呼吸内科收治的7例肺部TW感染患者的临床资料(包括基础信息、检验结果、胸部CT、治疗及转归情况)行回顾性分析。结果7例肺部TW感染患者中男3例、女4例,年龄67(45,73)岁。所有患者既往病史中均存在至少1种可能导致免疫功能异常的基础疾病,最常见的为冠心病(冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病)。所有患者外周血白细胞计数均在正常范围,但2例混合感染的患者中性粒细胞百分比明显升高,分别达86.9%和95.9%。胸部CT多表现为磨玻璃密度影、弥漫小结节影或斑片影。7例患者均经支气管肺泡灌洗液病原体靶向二代测序明确诊断,其中2例患者TW为唯一病原体。7例患者均接受抗微生物治疗,其中6例患者治疗后临床症状和影像学均明显改善,1例患者失访。结论肺部TW感染的患者常伴有免疫功能异常的疾病,且常规实验室检查难以确诊,多通过二代测序诊断,胸部CT可呈多种非特异性改变。抗微生物治疗可明显改善病情。

基于IL-4/IL-13信号通路探讨肺炎支原体对气道炎症的影响

目的探讨肺炎支原体肺炎(Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,MPP)中白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-4/IL-13信号通路对辅助型T细胞2(T helper 2 cell,Th2)分化及气道炎症的影响。方法采用回顾性研究方法,选择2022年1月至2023年1月在首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院怀柔医院住院的45例MPP患儿(其中轻度MPP组23例,重度MPP组22例)和18例异物吸入患儿(对照组)作为研究对象。收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF),使用人类细胞因子/趋化因子磁珠板试剂盒测定BALF中肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(monocyte chemotactic protein 1,MCP1)、IL-6、IL-1β、IL-4、IL-10、IL-13、IL-5、IL-2、γ-干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)水平。统计学方法采用单因素方差分析、LSD-t检验、χ^(2)检验、Fisher确切概率法和线性判别分析。结果重度MPP组患儿的C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、中性粒细胞百分比均高于轻度MPP组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。轻度MPP组患儿BALF中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、MCP1、IL-4、IL-10和IFN-γ水平均高于对照组,重度MPP组患儿BALF中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、MCP1、IL-4、IL-10和IFN-γ水平均高于轻度MPP组;轻度和重度MPP组患儿中IL-13和IL-5水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。线性判别分析结果显示,基于细胞因子分组法可以正确识别88.9%的对照组、78.3%的轻度MPP组和86.4%的重度MPP组。轻度、重度MPP组和对照组患儿中的IFN-γ/IL-4比值(3.10±1.75、2.43±1.70与0.97±0.48)、IFN-γ/IL-13比值(2.78±1.95、3.47±2.68与1.00±0.56)显示,轻度和重度MPP组显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。结论轻度MPP和重度MPP的特征是Th1相关细胞因子(IFN-γ)的增加高于Th2相关细胞因子(IL-4和IL-13)的增加,导致BALF炎症增加。

肺泡灌洗液Xpert、抗酸杆菌涂片、分枝杆菌培养对痰液Xpert阴性肺结核的诊断价值

目的:探讨3种肺泡灌洗液检测方法对痰液XpertMTB/RIF(Xpert)阴性肺结核的诊断价值。方法:选取2021年1月至2023年6月间温州市中心医院收治的痰液Xpert阴性的疑似肺结核患者121例,所有患者均予肺泡灌洗液Xpert、抗酸杆菌涂片、分枝杆菌培养,以临床诊断结果为确诊标准,回顾性比较3种检测方法的诊断价值。结果:121例疑似肺结核患者中有73例诊断为肺结核,肺结核患者比非肺结核患者更年轻(P<0.05)。肺泡灌洗液Xpert的AUC为0.774、灵敏度为54.79%、特异度为100%;抗酸杆菌涂片的AUC为0.510、灵敏度为8.22%、特异度为93.75%;分枝杆菌培养的AUC为0.667、灵敏度为52.05%、特异度为80.85%;3种方法联合检测的AUC为0.721、灵敏度为63.01%、特异度为81.25%。Xpert和联合检测的AUC差异无统计学意义,两者均要高于抗酸杆菌涂片、分枝杆菌培养。3种方法联合的检测灵敏度最高,Xpert次之,抗酸杆菌涂片最低。结论:肺泡灌洗液Xpert、抗酸杆菌涂片、分枝杆菌培养联合检测能够提高痰液Xpert阴性肺结核的诊断性能,减少肺结核的漏诊。

肺部感染儿童支气管肺泡灌洗液病原及细胞学分析

目的分析肺部感染儿童支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的病原及细胞学成分,为临床提供诊断及治疗依据方法选取2021年8月至2022年10月于泉州市儿童医院住院治疗的42例患儿作为研究对象,其中23例BALF培养确诊为细菌感染性肺炎的患儿为细菌性肺炎组,19例支气管异物行异物取出术后BALF培养无细菌生长的患儿为支气管异物组。采用液基细胞学沉降法对上述两组患儿BALF进行病理学分析。结果23例细菌性肺炎以肺炎链球菌感染为主,肺部CT易合并肺不张;19例支气管异物以左主支气管异物多见,其中以坚果类异物为主。细菌性肺炎组的中性粒细胞百分比、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平高于支气管异物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);细菌性肺炎组的淋巴细胞百分比低于支气管异物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);细菌性肺炎组BALF中性粒细胞百分比高于支气管异物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组BALF中淋巴细胞百分比、巨噬细胞百分比、纤毛柱状上皮细胞百分比比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论儿童细菌性肺炎以肺炎链球菌感染多见,其BALF细胞学组成以中性粒细胞为主,这为临床诊断及治疗提供了依据,避免临床抗生素滥用。

2017—2022年山东地区肺泡灌洗液分离菌的构成及药物敏感性分析

目的了解山东地区成人和儿童肺泡灌洗液的分离菌株的构成及耐药性。方法回顾分析2017年1月—2022年12月山东省儿童细菌耐药监测研究协作网(SPARSS)59家网点单位支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中分离菌株的分布及药物敏感性。结果共收集BALF中分离菌12992株,前五位细菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌(16.51%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(14.66%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(13.97%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(9.21%)、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(6.27%);儿童分离菌占21.44%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌(19.74%)、肺炎链球菌(17.73%)和流感嗜血杆菌(13.60%);成人分离菌占78.56%,主要为铜绿假单胞菌(19.01%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(16.59%)和鲍曼不动杆菌(16.35%)。BALF分离革兰阴性菌占75.0%,成人分离的肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对头孢曲松/头孢噻肟的耐药率分别为36.6%/31.0%和67.1%/61.0%,儿童株为57.5%/62.1%和71.1%/68.1%。成人分离肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率分别为7.7%~8.3%、2.4%~3.3%、16.5%~19.2%和85.2%~85.3%,儿童分离株为15.4%~16.2%、3.2%~4.9%、11.9%~13.8%和34.7%~45.0%,成人CRKP和CRBA的检出率自2017年的1.2%和70.6%升至2022年的12.5%和84.4%。儿童和成人分离的流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林的耐药率分别为83.3%和78.7%,BLNAR株的检出率分别为9.3%和12.0%。革兰阳性菌占17.7%,以金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌为主,成人与儿童的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率分别为22.58%和29.73%,分别从2017年的42.3%和36.8%降至2022年的19.6%和26.6%,成人与儿童青霉素敏感的肺炎链球菌检出率分别为97.4%和94.6%,未发现对万古霉素或利奈唑胺耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌。结论2017—2022年山东地区成人与儿童BALF分离菌株的构成和药物敏感性存在较大差异,应加强当地流行病学及耐药性的监测,把握不同人群病原谱和耐药性的特点及变化趋势,以便合理经验用药;加强抗菌药物管理以遏制耐药菌的传播,减轻患者治疗负担。

mNGS在老年社区获得性肺炎病原学诊断的临床价值

目的 分析宏基因二代测序(metagenomic next-generation sequencing, mNGS)在老年社区获得性肺炎(community acquired pneumonia, CAP)病原学检测的临床价值。方法 以收治的112例老年CAP患者为研究对象,比较mNGS与常规微生物学试验(sconventional microbiological tests, CMTs)对病原体的检出效率。采用Fisher精确检验统计及ROC曲线分析其结果,比较mNGS与CMTs的诊断性差异。结果 mNGS对老年CAP患者的总诊断率优于CMTs,差异有统计学意义(94.6%vs. 65.2%,P<0.001);mNGS的检测时间显著低于CMTs的检测时间[(26.3±5.9)h vs.(85.5±6.4)h;t=21.034,P<0.05]。mNGS在细菌、病毒、真菌、非典型病原体的检测例数均高于CMTs。mNGS对混合感染标本检出率为76.4%,明显高于CMTs的60.3%(χ^(2)=6.851,P<0.05)。mNGS与CMTs的病原体检测一致者64例,部分一致者35例,完全不一致者13例。结论 mNGS对老年社区获得性肺炎能检测出更多和更广谱的病原体,且具有重要的临床价值。

儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎的危险因素分析

目的探讨儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎(SMPP)发生的危险因素,为临床医师早期诊断和治疗SMPP提供参考。方法回顾性分析2023年4月至2024年6月在广西壮族自治区人民医院儿科住院,支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)肺炎支原体(MP)DNA检测阳性的399例肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)患儿的临床资料,根据病情分为重症组(230例)和轻症组(169例)。比较两组间实验室指标、BALF中MP-DNA载量和MP耐药基因23S rRNA的A2063G基因位点突变阳性率差异,分析影响SMPP发生的危险因素。结果重症组患儿中性粒细胞百分比(NEU%)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、白介素-6(IL-6)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、D-二聚体(D-D)水平和A2063G基因位点突变阳性率高于轻症组,淋巴细胞百分比(LYM%)、白蛋白(ALB)水平低于轻症组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,CRP[OR(95%CI):1.085(1.051~1.120)]、LDH[OR(95%CI):1.031(1.022~1.040)]、D-D[OR(95%CI):40.359(9.417~172.975)]水平升高和A2063G基因位点突变阳性[OR(95%CI):2.677(1.372~5.222)]是发生SMPP的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,CRP(AUC=0.761)、LDH(AUC=0.809)、D-D(AUC=0.817)对于SMPP具有中等诊断价值。结论SMPP患儿炎症指标明显升高,CRP、LDH、D-D水平升高和MP耐药基因23S rRNA的A2063G基因位点突变是SMPP发生的危险因素,对SMPP诊断具有参考价值。

急性下呼吸道感染患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液病原菌特征分析

目的研究急性下呼吸道感染患儿病原菌特点,探讨支气管肺泡灌洗液荧光PCR检测对儿童急性呼吸道感染病原学的诊断价值。方法选择2018年6月至2019年5月吉林大学第一医院收治的急性呼吸道感染住院患儿172例为研究对象,收集其支气管肺泡灌洗液,通过多重实时荧光定量PCR检测其病原体。结果本研究中172例支气管肺泡灌洗液样本致病菌检出有106例,阳性率为61.63%(106/172);排在前三位的病原菌检出率依次为肺炎链球菌26.74%(46/172),流感嗜血杆菌17.44%(30/172),百日咳鲍特菌8.14%(14/172),且不同年龄组的病原菌检出率存在差异,P<0.01。结论急性下呼吸道感染患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中肺炎链球菌检出率最高,依次为流感嗜血杆菌、百日咳鲍特菌、卡他莫兰汉菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。急性下呼吸道感染患儿的病原菌检出率在不同年龄段分组中存在差异。

老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液细菌培养及药敏分析

目的 分析老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液细菌构成及药敏情况。方法 纳入2022年3月至2023年8月收治的老年重症肺炎患者180例,对患者支气管肺泡灌洗液进行细菌培养和鉴定,采用最低抑菌浓度(MIC)法进行药物敏感试验分析。结果 180例老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液共分离出217株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌141株(64.98%),革兰阳性菌57株(26.27%),真菌19株(8.76%)。革兰阴性菌中肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌分布最广,肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星、复方新诺明的敏感率较高,对哌拉西林、环丙沙星、氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率较高;鲍曼不动杆菌对复方新诺明、妥布霉素的敏感率较高,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢曲松的耐药率较高;铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟的敏感率较高,对亚胺培南、哌拉西林、头孢他啶的耐药率较高。革兰阳性菌中肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌分布最广,肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、利福平、青霉素的敏感率较高,对四环素、红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率较高;金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利福平、克林霉素的敏感率较高,对青霉素、庆大霉素、红霉素的耐药率较高。结论 老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液的主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌,不同病原菌药敏分析结果差异较大,临床应根据药敏结果合理应用抗生素。

不同时期RMPP患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液SPA表达及与肺功能的关系

目的探讨不同时期难治性支原体肺炎(refractory mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,RMPP)患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中表面活性物质相关蛋白-A(surfactant protein A,SPA)的表达水平及与肺功能的关系。方法选取2021年1月—2023年1月南通市第一人民医院收治的62例RMPP患儿为对象,以同期行支气管镜异物取出术且无肺部感染的50例患儿为对照组。RMPP患儿于急性期、恢复期行支气管肺泡灌洗液中SPA检测以及肺功能指标检测[第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV_(1))、用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)、FEV_(1)/FVC],对照组同样如此。比较三者检测结果差异,使用Pearson分析RMPP患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中SPA水平与肺功能指标的相关性。结果RMPP患儿肺泡灌洗液中的SPA急性期(59.82±12.64)μg/L、恢复期(129.91±24.86)μg/L高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。RMPP急性期、RMPP恢复期的FEV_(1)、FVC、FEV_(1)/FVC(80.95±6.88)%、(88.41±5.75)%较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);RMPP患儿于急性期时肺泡灌洗液中的SPA较恢复期低,FEV_(1)、FVC、FEV_(1)/FVC较恢复期低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);RMPP患儿肺泡灌洗液中SPA水平与FEV_(1)、FVC、FEV_(1)/FVC呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论RMPP患儿病情处于急性发展阶段的情况下其支气管肺泡灌洗液中的SPA表达相较病情恢复阶段更低,同时RMPP患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中SPA水平与其肺功能指标呈正相关性。

202例呼吸机相关肺炎患者肺泡灌洗液的病原学特点及耐药性分析

目的分析呼吸机相关肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)患者病原学特点及耐药性,为VAP患者早期治疗提供指导。方法回顾性收集我院2018年5月至2023年5月收治重症监护病房发生呼吸机相关肺炎患者202例,采用VITEK 2-Compact全自动细菌分析仪、VITEK MS全自动快速微生物质谱系统进行细菌鉴定,采用K-B纸片扩散法和最小抑菌浓度进行药敏试验,统计病原菌分布情况,分析主要病原菌耐药特征。结果共收集呼吸机相关肺炎患者202例,培养出病原菌252株,细菌218株,其中革兰阴性菌168株(66.67%),革兰阳性菌28株(11.11%),致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主,主要包括铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌;真菌34株(13.49%),以白色念珠菌为主。其中,铜绿假单胞菌对替卡西林克拉维酸、氨曲南的耐药率较高,分别为50.00%、53.33%,对头孢吡肟、妥布霉素、多粘菌素耐药率较低,分别为14.6%、12.5%、6.25%;鲍曼不动杆菌对替卡西林克拉维酸耐药率最高,为80.0%,对替加环素较敏感,耐药率为6.67%,对多粘菌素全敏感。结论呼吸机相关肺炎患者感染的病原体以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌为主,建议参考病原菌及其药敏谱合理选用抗菌药物,本研究结果可望为及时有效地治疗呼吸机相关肺炎提供指导。

支原体肺炎患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液、血清细胞因子特点及与支原体线粒体DNA载量的相关性分析

目的分析支原体肺炎患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液、血清细胞因子特点及与支原体线粒体DNA载量的相关性。方法回顾性分析2021年1月至2023年12月句容市人民医院收治的单纯支原体肺炎患儿(观察组)及单纯细菌性肺炎患儿(对照组)各40例。比较两组支气管肺泡灌洗液及血清中的细胞因子水平,分析支原体线粒体DNA(MP-DNA)载量与细胞因子水平变化的相关性。结果观察组支气管肺泡灌洗液中白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6和γ干扰素(IFN-γ)水平均高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组血清IL-1β、IL-6和IFN-γ水平均高于对照组(P<0.05);支原体肺炎患儿MP-DNA载量与支气管肺泡灌洗液及血清中的IL-1β、IL-6和IFN-γ水平均呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论支原体肺炎患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液及血清中的细胞因子水平较高,且与MP-DNA载量呈正相关。