Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid assessment facilitates precision medicine for lung cancer

Lung cancer is the most common and fatal malignant disease worldwide and has the highest mortality rate among tumor-related causes of death.Early diagnosis and precision medicine can significantly improve the survival rate and prognosis of lung cancer patients.At present,the clinical diagnosis of lung cancer is challenging due to a lack of effective non-invasive detection methods and biomarkers,and treatment is primarily hindered by drug resistance and high tumor heterogeneity.Liquid biopsy is a method for detecting circulating biomarkers in the blood and other body fluids containing genetic information from primary tumor tissues.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)is a potential liquid biopsy medium that is rich in a variety of bioactive substances and cell components.BALF contains information on the key characteristics of tumors,including the tumor subtype,gene mutation type,and tumor environment,thus BALF may be used as a diagnostic supplement to lung biopsy.In this review,the current research on BALF in the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of lung cancer is summarized.The advantages and disadvantages of different components of BALF,including cells,cell-free DNA,extracellular vesicles,and micro RNA are introduced.In particular,the great potential of extracellular vesicles in precision diagnosis and detection of drug-resistant for lung cancer is highlighted.In addition,the performance of liquid biopsies with different body fluid sources in lung cancer detection are compared to facilitate more selective studies involving BALF,thereby promoting the application of BALF for precision medicine in lung cancer patients in the future.

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing assay for identifying pathogens in lung cancer patients

Background:For patients with lung cancer,timely identification of new lung lesions as infectious or non-infectious,and accurate identification of pathogens is very important in improving OS of patients.As a new auxiliary examination,metagenomic next-generation sequencing(mNGS)is believed to be more accurate in diagnosing infectious diseases in patients without underlying diseases,compared with conventional microbial tests(CMTs).We designed this study tofind out whether mNGS has better performance in distinguishing infectious and non-infectious diseases in lung cancer patients using bronchoalveolar lavagefluid(BALF).Materials and Methods:This study was a real-world retrospective review based on electronic medical records of lung cancer patients with bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL)and BALF commercial mNGS testing as part of clinical care from 1 April 2019 through 30 April 2022 at The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.164 patients were included in this study.Patients were categorized into the pulmonary non-infectious disease(PNID)group(n=64)and the pulmonary infectious disease(PID)group(n=100)groups based onfinal diagnoses.Results:BALF mNGS increased the sensitivity rate by 60%compared to CMTs(81%vs.21%,p<0.05),whereas there was no significant difference in specificity(75%vs.98.4%,p>0.1).Among the patients with PID,bacteria were the most common cause of infection.Fungal infections occurred in 32%of patients,and Pneumocystis Yersini was most common.Patients with Tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)therapy possess longer overall survival(OS)than other anti-cancer agents,the difference between TKIs and immuno-checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)was insignificant(median OS TKIs vs.ICIs vs.Anti-angiogenic vs.Chemo vs.Radiotherapy=76 vs.84 vs.61 vs.58 vs.60).Conclusions:our study indicates that BALF mNGS can add value by improving overall sensitivity in lung cancer patients with potential pulmonary infection,and was outstanding in identifying Pneumocystis infection.It could be able to help physicians adjust the follow-up treatment to avoid the abuse of antibiotics.

Value of eosinophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: A case report

BACKGROUND An immediate hypersensitive immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus antigens is one of the main characteristic features of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis(ABPA).As ABPA is an allergic respiratory disease,immunoglobulin E and peripheral-blood eosinophilia have been used as diagnostic indicators.However,eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)has not been considered in the diagnostic criteria for ABPA.CASE SUMMARY We present a case of ABPA in which the eosinophil count in peripheral blood was not increased,whereas the eosinophil percentage in BALF reached 60%.After antifungal and hormone therapy,imaging revealed very good resolution of lung infiltration.CONCLUSION The value of the eosinophil count in BALF for the diagnosis of ABPA is worthy of the clinician's attention,especially when the patient’s clinical features lack specificity and the diagnostic parameters are negative.

HPLC Quantification of Dexamethasone Palmitate in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Rat after Lung Delivery with Large Porous Particles

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the determination of dexamethasone palmitate (DXP) in bronchoalveolar fluid lavage samples (BALF). DXP in rat BALFs containing the internal standard (IS), testosterone decanoate (TD), was extracted using a mixture of chloroform and methanol (9:1, v/v). Extracts were then centrifuged, dried and dissolved in acetonitrile. A chromatographic separation based on an isocratic elution was done using acetonitrile and water (85:15, v/v) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The graph of the developed method was linear within the tested calibration range of 0.5 - 40 μg/mL. The overall extraction recovery of DXP from BALF samples was 84.3% ± 1.6%. The accuracy (relative error) and precision (coefficient of variation) values were within the pre-defined limits of ≤15% at all concentrations. This methodology has been applied to determine levels of DXP in BALF samples collected from rats treated with DXP large porous particles. The measured concentrations were successfully evaluated using a non-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Since the developed method requires only a microvolume (100 μL) of BALF sample for analysis, it is therefore particularly suitable for the evaluation of drug biodistribution in lung.

Effects of early bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected from dogs with smoke inhalation injury on the lungs of rats

Objective: Whether early massive bronchoalveolar lavage can remove the harmful substances from the lungs injured with smoke inhalation remains uncertain. This study was designed to observe the effects of early massive bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) on the healthy lungs in rats. Methods: Mongrel dogs were inflicted with severe smoke inhalation injury. The injured lungs were lavaged with large amount of normal saline in the first hour after injury and the BALF was collected. The BALF was injected into the healthy lungs of 30 rats (group C) in the dosage of 5 ml/kg. The functions and pathological changes of the lungs were observed 24 h after perfusion with the BALF. The data were compared with those of 23 rats (group B) whose lungs were perfused with the BALF collected from normal dogs and those of 21 rats (group A) whose lungs were perfused with normal saline. Results: The mortality rate 24 h after lung perfusion was higher in group C than in groups A and B. The survivors of group C exhibited fluctuation of respiratory rate (RR), remarkable decrease of PaO 2, significantly higher content of lung water, decrease of total static pulmonary compliance and pulmonary expansion index, and increasse of inflammatory cytokines in the tissues of lungs. Only slight mechanic obstructive effect on the airway was observed in rats of group A and B. The pathological changes of the lungs of the rats in group C were similar to those of the dogs with actual smoke inhalation injury. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the BALF collected from dogs with acute severe smoke inhalation injury in the early stage after injury injured the normal lungs of rats with the bioactive substances in the BALF. These findings show us that it is a valuable therapeutic procedure to apply massive bronchoalveolar fluid lavage in the early stage after inhalation injury.

Comparison on Detection Results of Pathogen Nucleic Acids for Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Lung Infection Infants Between Uighur Nationality and Han Nationality

Objective:To analyze the detection results of pathogen nucleic acids for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)of lung infection infants from Uighur nationality and Han nationality.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the 318 infants with lung infection who were admitted to the hospital from April 2018 to April 2019.According to their nationality,they were divided into Uighur nationality group(190 cases)and Han nationality group(128 cases).The BALF specimens were collected to test pathogen nucleic acid.The distribution and positive rates of[respiratory syncytial virus(RSV),adenovirus(ADV),influenza virus A(IFA),influenza virus B(IFB),parainfluenza virus type 1(PIV I),parainfluenza virus type 2(PIV II),parainfluenza virus type 3(PIV III)],bacteria(Streptococcus pneumoniae,Haemophilus influenzae,staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,klebsiella pneumoniae),Mycoplasma pneumoniae(MP)and Chlamydia pneumoniae(CP)in both groups were observed and compared.Results:The virus detection for RSV,ADV and PIV III were on the top three in BALF from the children in both groups.The total positive rate of virus examination in Uighur nationality group was higher than that in Han nationality group(P<0.05).BALF in both groups was mainly on Streptococcus pneumoniae.The total positive rate of bacteria,MP and detection rate of chlamydia were higher in Uighur nationality group were higher than those in Han nationality group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The pathogen nucleic acid examination for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in infants with lung viral infection is in the majority,mainly on RSV virus infection.The positive rates of virus,bacteria,MP and CP of children in Uighur nationality are high than those in Han nationality.

Expression of endostatin in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with lung cancer

Objective To evaluate the expression of endostatin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum in patients with lung cancer,and to analysis the relationship between endostatin expression and clinical prognosis as well as pathophysiological characteristics. Methods The samples of serum and BALF were obtained from 57

血清IL-17联合血清GM试验和BALF-GM试验对ICU侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的诊断价值

目的通过监测ICU内具有真菌侵袭高风险的肺部感染患者血清IL-17水平、血清半乳甘露聚糖(GM)试验及肺泡灌洗液(BALF)-GM试验变化,探索联合检测对于早期诊断ICU侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)的价值。方法选择60例肺部感染且具有真菌感染相关危险因素的患者,将其分为2组,试验组为确诊+临床诊断IPA组(30例);对照组为拟诊IPA组(30例)。分别进行年龄、危重度评分、血常规(淋巴细胞绝对值)、血清IL-17水平、血清GM试验、BALF-GM试验、BALF真菌培养鉴定和细胞学检测以及肺部影像学检查,并采集数据。应用电化学发光法检测各组血清IL-17水平,采用酶联免疫吸附试验进行GM试验检测。应用logistic回归分析及绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),分析血清IL-17水平、血清GM试验以及BALF-GM试验诊断IPA的效能;进一步评估3种指标联合检测对早期诊断IPA的效能。两两指标联合为血清GM试验联合BALF-GM试验、血清IL-17联合血清GM试验、血清IL-17联合BALF-GM试验。结果试验组患者血清IL-17、血清GM试验以及BALF-GM试验水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);logistic回归分析及ROC曲线分析结果显示,血清IL-17联合BALF-GM试验对IPA诊断的灵敏度为86.7%,特异度为80.0%,曲线下面积为0.852,高于血清IL-17联合血清GM及血清GM联合BALF-GM检测。结论IPA患者血清IL-17高表达,且与BALF-GM试验联合检测,能提升IPA的早期诊断价值。

肺结核患者Th1/Th2细胞状态与BALF中微生物群及Notch2 mRNA、IL-27 mRNA表达的相关性

【目的】探讨肺结核患者Th1/Th2细胞状态与支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中微生物群及Notch2、白细胞介素-27(IL-27)表达的相关性。【方法】776例肺结核患者,按病情进展情况分为活动组(n=370)和非活动组(n=406),另选352例非肺结核呼吸系统疾病患者作为对照组,检测患者BALF中微生物群水平,Notch2 mRNA、IL-27 mRNA表达水平和外周血Th1、Th2细胞比例,分析Th1/Th2与BALF中微生物群、Notch2 mRNA、IL-27 mRNA表达的相关性。【结果】活动组、非活动组外周血Th1、Th2细胞比例及Th1/Th2值均低于对照组,活动组Th1细胞比例及Th1/Th2值低于非活动组(P<0.05),但两组Th2细胞比例比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);活动组、非活动组嗜血杆菌、奈瑟菌数量,IL-27 mRNA表达高于对照组,链球菌数量、Notch2 mRNA表达低于对照组(P<0.05),且活动组嗜血杆菌、奈瑟菌数量,IL-27 mRNA高于非活动组,链球菌数量、Notch2 mRNA表达低于非活动组(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,肺结核患者Th1/Th2值与链球菌数量及Notch2 mRNA表达呈正相关(P<0.05),与嗜血杆菌、奈瑟菌数量、IL-27 mRNA表达呈负相关(P<0.05)。【结论】肺结核患者的Th1/Th2细胞比例偏低,且随病情发展进一步降低,该免疫失衡与患者BALF中嗜血杆菌、奈瑟菌、链球菌感染及Notch2 mRNA、IL-27 mRNA表达有关。

Analysis of the T cell receptor Vδ region gene repertoire in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood of asthmatics

Objective To explore the role of γδT cells in the airway of asthmatics and to identify the forces which induce and maintain the inflammatory processMethods Peripheral blood (PB) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were obtained from7 asthmatic subjects and 7 nonsmoker control subjects The percentage of γδT cells in the PB and BALF was measured by immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry The frequency of usage and the clonality of Vδ subfamilies (Vδ 1-Vδ 3) were assessed by RTPCR and gene scanning Results A higher proportion of γδT cell was detected in the BALF of asthmatic subjects (7.8%±4.7%) than that from control subjects (3.3%±3.0%, P=0.04) No selective usage for a particular Vδ subfamily was found, but the relative expression level of Vδ 1 was significantly higher in the asthmatic airway (44%±13%) than in the control (19%±5%, P=0.0002) In asthmatic subjects, the monoclonal or oligoclonal expansion of γδT lymphocytes was predominant in the BALF, especially Vδ 1+ T lymphocytes Conclusions Antigenic specific γδT cells might play an important role in the inducement and maintenance of airway inflammation Persistent antigenic stimulation may be the key factor that maintains chronic airway inflammation in asthma

XpertMTB/RIF Assay for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Based on Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid:A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Currently,tuberculosis(TB)is the second most lethal disease in the world caused by a single infectious pathogen.Rapid diagnosis of TB is of great importance for its treatment and management.Xpert MTB/RIF is a novel rapid diagnostic assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB(PTB).Use of the Xpert assay based on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)samples is indicated when TB is suspected and sputum smears or cultures are negative.The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Xpert assay based on BALF samples for the diagnosis of PTB.A systematic review of previously published articles was performed,and rel-evant data were extracted.Meta-DiSc 1.4 and Stata 12.0 were used to analyze the data.When Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures were used as the criterion standard,the combined sensitivity of BALF-based Xpert was 0.89(95%CI,0.87–0.91),the specificity was 0.87(95%CI,0.85-0.88),the positive likelihood ratio was 8.28(95%CI,5.39–12.71),the negative likelihood ratio was 0.14(95%CI,0.10–0.19)and the diagnostic ratio was 84.08(95%CI,42.00–168.31).When composite reference standard was used as the criterion standard,the above observations were 0.69(95%CI,0.67–0.72),0.98(95%CI,0.97–0.98),41.40(95%CI,14.56–117.71),0.28(95%CI,0.21–0.37)and 190.47(95%CI,50.56–717.54),respectively.The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was close to 1 for both.Overall,the Xpert MTB/RIF assay based on BALF samples showed high sensitivity and specificity for the diag-nosis of PTB and seems to be a reliable rapid detection method.

血清和BALF半乳甘露聚糖检测对非中性粒细胞减少患者侵袭性肺曲霉病的诊断价值

目的 探讨血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)半乳甘露聚糖(GM)检测对非中性粒细胞减少患者侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(IPA)的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析2020年4月至2023年4月诊治的104例患者,其中IPA组37例,非IPA组67例,检测比较患者BALF和血清GM水平,分析BALF和血清GM检测的相关性,受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线确定BALF GM检测的临界值,并比较两种检测的诊断效能。结果 IPA组BALF和血清GM值高于非IPA组,不同基础疾病患者BALF和血清GM水平无明显差异。BALF GM的临界值为0.87,灵敏度为91.7%,特异度为92.5%,Youden指数为0.842。IPA患者BALF GM阳性率高于血清GM(χ^(2)=42.659,P<0.001)。Pearson分析显示,IPA组BALF和血清GM呈较弱正相关(r=0.296,95%CI:0.170~0.412,P<0.001)。BALF GM灵敏度为91.7%,特异度为92.5%;血清GM灵敏度为16.7%,特异度为98.5%;双阳性的灵敏度为8.3%,特异度为99.3%;BALF和血清任一阳性的灵敏度为99.6%,特异度为91.8%。结论 BALF GM检测的临界值为0.87,对IPA的诊断灵敏度高于血清GM检测,不同的组合可以侧重于提高检测的灵敏度或特异度。

TB-RNA、TB-DNA、基因芯片技术检测BALF对儿童涂阴肺结核的早期诊断价值

目的评估结核菌核糖核酸(tuberculosis bacterium ribonucleic acid,TB-RNA)、结核菌脱氧核糖核酸(tuberculosis bacterium deoxyribonucleic acid,TB-DNA)、基因芯片技术检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)对儿童涂阴肺结核的早期诊断价值。方法收集2019年1月至2022年8月于福建省福州肺科医院住院的227例0~17岁疑似涂阴肺结核患儿的BALF,进行TB-RNA、TB-DNA、基因芯片检测,分析三种检测方法的诊断效能。结果诊断为肺结核168例,非肺结核59例。以临床综合诊断(composite reference standard,CRS)为金标准,三种方法单独检测及联合检测BALF的敏感度分别为40.48%、39.29%、38.69%、56.55%,特异度分别为98.31%、96.61%、100%、94.92%,曲线下面积(Area under the curve,AUC)分别为0.694、0.679、0.693、0.757,单独检测的敏感度与培养法(44.64%)比较,差异均无统计学意义(χ^(2)分别为1.24,1.73,2.53,P均>0.05),联合检测的敏感度高于培养法及单独检测,差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)分别为9.52,25.04,27.03,28.03,P均<0.05);三种方法检测的敏感度BALF明显高于痰,差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)分别为41.33,24.92,28.17,P均<0.05)。以培养结果阳性为金标准,BALF进行三种方法单独检测及联合检测的敏感度分别为76.00%、69.33%、72%、85.33%,特异度分别为98.31%、96.61%、100%、94.92%,阳性预测值(Positive predictive value,PPV)分别为98.28%、96.30%、100%、95.52%,阴性预测值(Negative predictive value,NPV)分别为76.32%、71.25%、73.75%、83.58%,Kappa值分别为0.72、0.64、0.69、0.79,AUC分别为0.872、0.830、0.860、0.901。结论TB-RNA、TB-DNA、基因芯片检测BALF可快速诊断涂阴肺结核,联合检测可以提高儿童涂阴肺结核的病原学诊断率。

2017—2022年山东地区肺泡灌洗液分离菌的构成及药物敏感性分析

目的了解山东地区成人和儿童肺泡灌洗液的分离菌株的构成及耐药性。方法回顾分析2017年1月—2022年12月山东省儿童细菌耐药监测研究协作网(SPARSS)59家网点单位支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中分离菌株的分布及药物敏感性。结果共收集BALF中分离菌12992株,前五位细菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌(16.51%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(14.66%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(13.97%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(9.21%)、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(6.27%);儿童分离菌占21.44%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌(19.74%)、肺炎链球菌(17.73%)和流感嗜血杆菌(13.60%);成人分离菌占78.56%,主要为铜绿假单胞菌(19.01%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(16.59%)和鲍曼不动杆菌(16.35%)。BALF分离革兰阴性菌占75.0%,成人分离的肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对头孢曲松/头孢噻肟的耐药率分别为36.6%/31.0%和67.1%/61.0%,儿童株为57.5%/62.1%和71.1%/68.1%。成人分离肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率分别为7.7%~8.3%、2.4%~3.3%、16.5%~19.2%和85.2%~85.3%,儿童分离株为15.4%~16.2%、3.2%~4.9%、11.9%~13.8%和34.7%~45.0%,成人CRKP和CRBA的检出率自2017年的1.2%和70.6%升至2022年的12.5%和84.4%。儿童和成人分离的流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林的耐药率分别为83.3%和78.7%,BLNAR株的检出率分别为9.3%和12.0%。革兰阳性菌占17.7%,以金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌为主,成人与儿童的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率分别为22.58%和29.73%,分别从2017年的42.3%和36.8%降至2022年的19.6%和26.6%,成人与儿童青霉素敏感的肺炎链球菌检出率分别为97.4%和94.6%,未发现对万古霉素或利奈唑胺耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌。结论2017—2022年山东地区成人与儿童BALF分离菌株的构成和药物敏感性存在较大差异,应加强当地流行病学及耐药性的监测,把握不同人群病原谱和耐药性的特点及变化趋势,以便合理经验用药;加强抗菌药物管理以遏制耐药菌的传播,减轻患者治疗负担。

mNGS在老年社区获得性肺炎病原学诊断的临床价值

目的分析宏基因二代测序(metagenomic next-generation sequencing,mNGS)在老年社区获得性肺炎(community acquired pneumonia,CAP)病原学检测的临床价值。方法以收治的112例老年CAP患者为研究对象,比较mNGS与常规微生物学试验(sconventional microbiological tests,CMTs)对病原体的检出效率。采用Fisher精确检验统计及ROC曲线分析其结果,比较mNGS与CMTs的诊断性差异。结果mNGS对老年CAP患者的总诊断率优于CMTs,差异有统计学意义(94.6%vs.65.2%,P<0.001);mNGS的检测时间显著低于CMTs的检测时间[(26.3±5.9)h vs.(85.5±6.4)h;t=21.034,P<0.05]。mNGS在细菌、病毒、真菌、非典型病原体的检测例数均高于CMTs。mNGS对混合感染标本检出率为76.4%,明显高于CMTs的60.3%(X^(2)=6.851,P<0.05)。mNGS与CMTs的病原体检测一致者64例,部分一致者35例,完全不一致者13例。结论mNGS对老年社区获得性肺炎能检测出更多和更广谱的病原体,且具有重要的临床价值。

肺部感染儿童支气管肺泡灌洗液病原及细胞学分析

目的分析肺部感染儿童支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的病原及细胞学成分,为临床提供诊断及治疗依据方法选取2021年8月至2022年10月于泉州市儿童医院住院治疗的42例患儿作为研究对象,其中23例BALF培养确诊为细菌感染性肺炎的患儿为细菌性肺炎组,19例支气管异物行异物取出术后BALF培养无细菌生长的患儿为支气管异物组。采用液基细胞学沉降法对上述两组患儿BALF进行病理学分析。结果23例细菌性肺炎以肺炎链球菌感染为主,肺部CT易合并肺不张;19例支气管异物以左主支气管异物多见,其中以坚果类异物为主。细菌性肺炎组的中性粒细胞百分比、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平高于支气管异物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);细菌性肺炎组的淋巴细胞百分比低于支气管异物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);细菌性肺炎组BALF中性粒细胞百分比高于支气管异物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组BALF中淋巴细胞百分比、巨噬细胞百分比、纤毛柱状上皮细胞百分比比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论儿童细菌性肺炎以肺炎链球菌感染多见,其BALF细胞学组成以中性粒细胞为主,这为临床诊断及治疗提供了依据,避免临床抗生素滥用。

急性下呼吸道感染患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液病原菌特征分析

目的研究急性下呼吸道感染患儿病原菌特点,探讨支气管肺泡灌洗液荧光PCR检测对儿童急性呼吸道感染病原学的诊断价值。方法选择2018年6月至2019年5月吉林大学第一医院收治的急性呼吸道感染住院患儿172例为研究对象,收集其支气管肺泡灌洗液,通过多重实时荧光定量PCR检测其病原体。结果本研究中172例支气管肺泡灌洗液样本致病菌检出有106例,阳性率为61.63%(106/172);排在前三位的病原菌检出率依次为肺炎链球菌26.74%(46/172),流感嗜血杆菌17.44%(30/172),百日咳鲍特菌8.14%(14/172),且不同年龄组的病原菌检出率存在差异,P<0.01。结论急性下呼吸道感染患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中肺炎链球菌检出率最高,依次为流感嗜血杆菌、百日咳鲍特菌、卡他莫兰汉菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。急性下呼吸道感染患儿的病原菌检出率在不同年龄段分组中存在差异。

老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液细菌培养及药敏分析

目的 分析老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液细菌构成及药敏情况。方法 纳入2022年3月至2023年8月收治的老年重症肺炎患者180例,对患者支气管肺泡灌洗液进行细菌培养和鉴定,采用最低抑菌浓度(MIC)法进行药物敏感试验分析。结果 180例老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液共分离出217株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌141株(64.98%),革兰阳性菌57株(26.27%),真菌19株(8.76%)。革兰阴性菌中肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌分布最广,肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星、复方新诺明的敏感率较高,对哌拉西林、环丙沙星、氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率较高;鲍曼不动杆菌对复方新诺明、妥布霉素的敏感率较高,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢曲松的耐药率较高;铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟的敏感率较高,对亚胺培南、哌拉西林、头孢他啶的耐药率较高。革兰阳性菌中肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌分布最广,肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、利福平、青霉素的敏感率较高,对四环素、红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率较高;金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利福平、克林霉素的敏感率较高,对青霉素、庆大霉素、红霉素的耐药率较高。结论 老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液的主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌,不同病原菌药敏分析结果差异较大,临床应根据药敏结果合理应用抗生素。

不同时期RMPP患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液SPA表达及与肺功能的关系

目的探讨不同时期难治性支原体肺炎(refractory mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,RMPP)患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中表面活性物质相关蛋白-A(surfactant protein A,SPA)的表达水平及与肺功能的关系。方法选取2021年1月—2023年1月南通市第一人民医院收治的62例RMPP患儿为对象,以同期行支气管镜异物取出术且无肺部感染的50例患儿为对照组。RMPP患儿于急性期、恢复期行支气管肺泡灌洗液中SPA检测以及肺功能指标检测[第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV_(1))、用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)、FEV_(1)/FVC],对照组同样如此。比较三者检测结果差异,使用Pearson分析RMPP患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中SPA水平与肺功能指标的相关性。结果RMPP患儿肺泡灌洗液中的SPA急性期(59.82±12.64)μg/L、恢复期(129.91±24.86)μg/L高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。RMPP急性期、RMPP恢复期的FEV_(1)、FVC、FEV_(1)/FVC(80.95±6.88)%、(88.41±5.75)%较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);RMPP患儿于急性期时肺泡灌洗液中的SPA较恢复期低,FEV_(1)、FVC、FEV_(1)/FVC较恢复期低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);RMPP患儿肺泡灌洗液中SPA水平与FEV_(1)、FVC、FEV_(1)/FVC呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论RMPP患儿病情处于急性发展阶段的情况下其支气管肺泡灌洗液中的SPA表达相较病情恢复阶段更低,同时RMPP患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中SPA水平与其肺功能指标呈正相关性。

涂阴肺结核患者支气管肺泡灌洗部位CT表现对灌洗结果影响分析

目的 探讨涂阴肺结核患者支气管肺泡灌洗部位CT征象对支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)涂片、培养和Xpert结果的影响。方法 选取528例涂阴肺结核患者支气管肺泡灌洗部位CT征象与BALF涂片、培养及Xpert结果间的关系进行分析。结果 BALF涂片、培养和Xpert的阳性率分别为9.66%、32.39%、58.33%。其中以支气管扩张伴管壁增厚、支气管狭窄、充气支气管征及引流支气管征CT征象所在肺叶/段BALF涂片、培养和Xpert阳性率均高于阴性率,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。以空洞、磨玻璃影及树芽征所在部位BALF获得Xpert和培养阳性与阴性结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而以肿块、单纯支气管扩张、支气管闭塞三种CT征象的BALF获得三种结果阳性率与阴性率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多因素回归分析显示支气管扩张伴管壁增厚、支气管狭窄及充气支气管征是获得三种灌洗结果阳性的独立预测因素(P<0.05)。结论 涂阴肺结核患者选择支气管异常改变、空洞、磨玻璃影及树芽征所在的部位进行支气管肺泡灌洗可提高灌洗结果阳性率。