History and Development of Zhuang Medicine Shallow Needling from Bone Needle,Pottery Needle,and Bronze Needle to Electroacupuncture

Zhuang medicine shallow needling has a long history and plays a significant role in Chinese medicine.With the development of medical treatment in China,there is a constant improvement in the use of needles.Bone needles have been modified to pottery needles,bronze needles,and electroacupuncture.From this long development history,there are some improvements in terms of material and technology.By analyzing and comparing the primitive and current acupuncture instruments used in China and their therapeutic effects,it can be seen that China’s medical treatment is constantly improving and will continue to improve with technology.

Translation Skills of Children’s Literature from the Perspective of Recep tion Theory:A Case Study of Bronze and Sunflower

With the development of society and the prosperity of Chinese literature,as a part of China’s soft power,Chinese chil dren literature is faced with the problem of international dissemination.The English version of Cao Wenxuan’s Bronze and Sunflow er won Hans Christian Andersen Award,the top award of children’s literature,which is a successful example of such dissemina tion.Therefore,the Chinese-English translation skills employed are worth studying.This paper aims to analyze the skills used to in the translation of short clauses,reiterative locution,simile,parallelism and dingzhen from the perspective of reception theory.It is found that by using such translation skills as omission,alliteration,repetition of prepositions and pronouns,and literal translation,the translator preserves and recreates the effect of the original text in ways that are more acceptable and idiomatic for the target reader.

Astronomy and Sun Cult in the Swedish Bronze Age

The Scandinavian Bronze Age started quite rapidly at around 1750 BC, and is marked by three simultaneous events: 1) importation of bronze from the east Mediterranean region, 2) export of amber from southeast Sweden to the east Mediterranean region, and 3) the carving of pictures of big ships on bedrock and boulders in southern Scandinavia. We take this as evidence of travel and trading by people coming from the east Mediterranean region on big ships via Gibraltar and the North Sea to Scandinavia. At the same time, the Sun cult flourished in southern Sweden and Denmark, as evidenced by monuments perfectly oriented with respect to the Sun’s daily and annual motions over the sky (e.g. Ales Stones), rock carvings of solar symbols and in solar alignment, and a number of ritual objects related to the Sun Cult (e.g. The Golden Sky Dome). In this paper, we summarize and update available data, especially the data from Southern Sweden.

DIFFUSION COUPLE BETWEEN HIGHSTRENGTH WEAR-RESISTING ALUMINUM BRONZE AND MACHINING TOOLS MATERIALS

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Grain refinement of bronze alloy by equal-channel angular pressing(ECAP) and its effect on corrosion behaviour

The corrosion behaviour of bronze alloy prepared by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) was investigated in 3.5 wt. % Na Cl solution.Immersion corrosion tests and different electrochemical techniques were carried out. The results showed that ECAPed bronze samples exhibited higher corrosion resistance compared with the as-cast alloy and the passive current density decreased with increasing number of passes. Moreover,the morphology of alloys indicated that the corrosion damage on the surface of ECAPed bronze was smooth and uniform while the as-cast alloy suffered from selective corrosion.

Formation and Oxidation of Hydrogen Molybdenum Bronze on Platinum Electrode in Sulfuric Acid Solution

Hydrogen molybdenum bronze (HxMoO3) can be electrodeposited on platinum and oxidized in two steps to the hydrogen molybdenum bronze with less amount of hydrogen HyMoO3 (y<x) and MoO3 when platinum electrode is cycled from -0.2 to 1.3V (vs. SCE) in 0.05 mol/L Na2MoO4 + 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution. During the formation of HxMoO3, the electrochemical reduction of molybdate existing in the form of polymolydate is reversible and is about a five-electron transfer reaction.

Preparation and performance of a cold gas dynamic sprayed high-aluminum bronze coating

By mixing preheated high-aluminum bronze powders with different amounts of Al_2O_3 powder, a low-pressure cold-sprayed coating was prepared and sprayed onto a Cr12MoV steel substrate. The hardness of the coating and the bonding strength between the coating and the substrate were tested with a HV-1000 microhardness tester and a mechanical universal testing machine. The surface microstructure, cross-section and tensile fracture surface of the coating were observed with a scanning electron microscope(SEM). Correspondingly, the influences of the preheat treatment temperature of the bronze powder and the Al_2O_3 content on the coating performance were investigated. The results indicate that the hardness of bronze powders decreased and the coating deposition rate increased after the preheating treatment of the bronze powder. The Al_2O_3 content in the mixed powders contributed to the deformation of bronze powders during the spraying process. This trend resulted in varied performance of the coating.

Microstructure evolution of Nb_3Sn superconductors during diffusion treatment by bronze route

The element diffusion process of Nb_3Sn superconductors by bronze route was studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The critical current of superconductors was measured by four-point method. The results show that a diffusion layer has formed around the boundaries between the filaments and bronze matrix after 15 h heat treatment. The diffusion layer thickness keeps stable after heat treatment duration of 50~75 h. The stable and solid Nb 3 Sn layer is obtained in the sample after 100 h heat treatment. Excessive heat treatment would induce superconductivity degeneration because of superconductor grain coarsening. The characteristics of the element diffusion process were discussed. The diffusion of tin atom is the governing factor in diffusion. In this study, Nb_3_Sn superconductors with good superconducting property were fabricated successfully at 670 °C after 100h heat treatment.

Elements inter-diffusion in the turning of wear-resistance aluminum bronze

Inter-diffusion of elements between the tool and the workpiece during theturning of aluminum bronze using high-speed steel and cemented carbide tools have been studied. Thetool wear samples were prepared by using M2 high-speed steel and YW1 cemented carbide tools to turna novel high strength, wear-resistance aluminum bronze without coolant and lubricant. Adhesion ofworkpiece materials was found on all tools' surface. The diffusion couples made of tool materialsand aluminum bronze were prepared to simulate the inter-diffusion during the machining. The resultsobtained from tool wear samples were compared with those obtained from diffusion couples. Stronginter-diffusion between the tool materials and the aluminum bronze was observed in all samples. Itis concluded mat diffusion plays a significant role in the tool wear mechanism.

High Temperature Gaseous Rare-Earth Permeation of Polyoxotungstates: An New Effective Method for the Preparation of Tungsten Bronzes

New polyoxometalate α-K 12H 3[Y(BW 11O 39) 2]·25H 2O was synthesized and treated by high temperature gaseous rare earth permeation to prepare tungsten bronze K 0.475WO 3. XRD, TG-DTA, XPS, 183W-NMR,CV and AC impedance spectra were used to characterize the resulting material. The results of XPS indicate that La has permeated and diffused into the body of the sample and exists in the forms of binding with other components. The crystal structure parameters of K 0.475WO 3 were obtained by the analysis of XRD, which shows tetragonal crystal system with lattice parameters: a=12 28 nm, c=3.833 nm, V=578.48 nm -3. The conductivities calculated from the results of AC impedance spectra of the material increase with the increasing of temperature, which shows a semiconductor character.

Electro-Chemical Impedance Spectral (EIS) Study of Patinated Bronze Corrosion in Sulfate Media: Experimental Design Approach

The aim of the present investigation was to model the experimental conditions of tin bronze patination using full factorial experimental design. In this sense, a full factorial design approach was developed to model the corrosion behavior of patinated tin bronze alloy in sulfate electrolyte. Three experimental factors (the immersion time in the chloride electrolyte, the potential limit for the anodic sweep Elim, and the potential scan rate) were chosen to identify the significant factor on the patina growth process at the bronze substrate. The experimental responses were the kinetic parameters extracted from the electro-chemical spectra (EIS) for eight different experiments. An equivalent electrical circuit containing an electrolyte resistance (Re), a double layer capacitance (CPEdl), a charge transfer resistance (Rt) and Gerischer element (G), was developed to model the patinated bronze corrosion process. The electro-chemical spectra (EIS) show that the corrosion process of the patinated bronze alloy occurred from a chemical reaction is followed by an electrochemical one. Analysis of the experimental responses showed that while the scan rate is the most influent factor for the corrosion potential (Ecorr), the electrolyte resistance (Re), and the double layer capacitance CPEdl variation, the potential limit is the significant factor for charge transfer resistance Rt, reciprocal of the admittance parameter Y0 and the effective transfer rate of the chemical reaction k variation.

Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of bronze/steel bimetallic laminated composite prepared by protective atmosphere casting process

The bonding quality of bronze/steel bimetallic laminated composite is the key factor to whether it can be used in poor working conditions.In this study,bimetallic billets were prepared by the protective atmosphere casting process.The microstructural characteristics,mechanical properties and interface bonding mechanism of the bronze/steel bimetallic composites were analyzed comprehensively through a series of microstructure analysis(inicluding OM,SEM,and EDS)and mechanical properties tests.The experimental results demonstrate that the vaporization of lead(Pb)element in the bronze is only 0.4%in weight,and alloy elements are diffused into both sides at the interface.Moreover,the hardness in the bronze region exceeds 100.0 HV which indicates excellent wear resistance.Tensile and shear tests indicate that the fractures mainly occur on the bronze side with the interaction of the brittle fracture of Pb particles and the ductile fracture of Cu-Sn solid solution.The maximum tensile strength and shear strength reach 204.0 MPa and 211.0 MPa,respectively.These results demonstrate that the protective atmosphere casting process is applicable for the preparation of bronze/steel bimetallic laminated composite with high quality.

Effect of RE on Cast Structure and Properties of High Manganese Aluminium Bronze

The effects of various amount of Y and La on the cast structure.the fluidity,the wearability and corrosion resistance of the high manganese aluminium bronze have been investigated.The results have shown that a proper content of rare earth elements is able to refine the cast structure of the alloy,and furthermore to enhance its wearability and corrosion resistance.The reasons for these phenomena have also been discussed.

Chemical and Electrochemical Characterization of Artifi cial Sulphate Patina on Bronze

Copper patinas are generally regarded as aesthetically pleasing and are supposed to protect copper against further corrosion. The preparation of artificial sulphate patina on bronzes has been realized by immersing the bronze into CuSO4 solution. The effect of immersion time on the formation of the patina has been investigated. The sulphate patina obtained with immersion time of 500 h in CuSO4 solution consists of fiat area and crystals. The flat area in the patina is mainly made of cuprite, whereas the crystals are mainly composed of brochantite. The electrochemical measurement of sulphate patina in simulated acid rain with pH 3.1 shows that the protective effectiveness of patina decreases with time and the dissolution of patina is the key factor leading to the degradation of patina. The investigation of the formation mechanism of sulphate patina shows that the cuprite layer forms on the surface of bronze in the initial patination. Then, crystal brochantite grows on the surface of cuprite by the oxidation of cuprite and the incorporation of CuSO4 solution.

Experimental study of electron beam welded titanium alloy to chromium bronze joint with a vanadium sheet

Electron beam welding experiment of titanium alloy to chromium bronze with a vanadium filler metal was carried out. Microstructure of the joint was observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Tensile strength of the joint was evaluated. The fracture surface of the joint was also analyzed. The results showed that the addition of vanadium filler metal reduced the brittleness of joint by increasing the amount of vanadium-based solid solution in the weld. But the melting point of vanadium.filler metal was so high that large heat input was needed to completely melt the filler metal. Thus, a large amount of interfacial compounds were produced. The tensile strength of joint was 280 MPa with a brittle fracture mode.

Corrosion Behavior of Heat Treated Nickel-Aluminum Bronze Alloy in Artificial Seawater

The effect of microstructure of nickel-aluminum bronze alloy (NAB) on the corrosion behavior in artificial seawater is studied using linear polarization, impedance and electrochemical noise tests. The alloy was heat treated in different heating cycles including quenching, normalizing and annealing. Microstructure of the specimens was characterized before and after heat treatment by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the value of pearlite phase in the normalized alloy is much more than other specimens, leading to higher corrosion resistance. Polarization test showed that starting point of passivation in the polarization of the normalized alloy is lower than other specimens. The dissolution of Mn and Fe rich phases increased the Mn and Fe contents in solid solution, and this enhanced the passivation power of the surface of the alloy. The effect of the alloying elements was seen by a lower corrosion potential and an inflexion at around 280 mV (SCE) in the polarization curve, indicating the preferential dissolution of some elements beyond that potential. The polarization curve showed that the anodic polarization behavior of the alloy in the solution was essentially controlled by the intermetallic phases, mainly containing Cu. Two types of corrosion, pitting and selective corrosion, were observed in the specimens after being exposed to artificial seawater.

Electrochemical and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Alpha-Al Bronze in Sulfide-Polluted Salt Water: Effect of Environmentally-Friendly Additives

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of α-Al bronze alloy (Cu7Al) was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution in the absence and in the presence of different concentrations of Na2S under open circuit potentials using the constant slow strain rate technique. Also, the addition of different concentrations of cysteine (cys), and alanine (ala) to the test solution, as corrosion inhibitors, was studied. Increasing the sulfide ions concentration in polluted salt water resulted in a reduction in the maximum stress (σmax) and an increase in the susceptibility of α-Al bronze towards SCC. The addition of ala and cys to the test electrolyte increased the time to failure by changing the mode of failure from brittle transgranular cracking to ductile failure. Electrochemical tests were performed to assist the interpretation of the SCC data. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to investigate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition. The results support film rupture and anodic dissolution at slip steps as the operating mechanism of the SCC process. Therefore, cys and ala can be considered as potential environmentally-friendly corrosion inhibitors for the SCC of α-Al bronze in 3.5% NaCl solution containing sulfide ions.

Dielectric Properties of Unfilled Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze Ba4PrFe(0.5)Nb(9.5)O(30) Ceramics

In order to found new dielectrics ceramics in tungsten bronze structure, unfilled tungsten bronze（TB） ceramics with nominal formula Ba4PrFe（0.5）Nb（9.5）O（30） were prepared by the solid state reaction method. The microstructure and dielectric properties were studied using powder X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, and variable temperature dielectric test system. The results show that the ceramics have a single phase and belong to the space group of P4bm with the cell of a = b = 12.4839（3） ？, c = 3.9409（5） ？, V = 614.192（2） ？3. The frequency dependent dielectrics properties show that the ceramics have a Debye-like relaxation at room temperature, while the temperature dependent dielectrics properties indicate that the ceramics are a relaxor and the relaxation is due to the nanopolars and oxygen vacancies. The ceramics have a potential application in electronic ceramics as temperature-stable multilayer ceramic capacitors.

The Pearl on the Yangtze River:Bronze Work of the San Xingdui Site

The development of Chinese Bronze has lasted for 3000 years.This kind of Bronze Culture also developed into a historical peak during the Shang Dynasty and Western-Zhou Dynasty,it's commonly considerated that the Bronze Works discovered at Henna and Shanxi along the Yellow River represents the highest level of Chinese Bronze Work.However,as time goes by,a large number of bronze relics have been discovered in Hubei.Hunan and Sichuan province.Some of those relics manufacturing level of has exceeded the Central Civilization's,those treasures unparalleled also show us that Changjiang River Civilization could be as brilliant and gorgeous as the civilization of yellow river basin.

Rectangular Bronze Mirror with Dragon and Phoenix Pattern Decorations and Five Hangers

The back of the mirror is mainly decorated with dragon patterns,in which the head of the dragon is perking up.and the body of the dragon stretches freely.This is the largest ancient copper mirror ever seen.The bronze mirror is used to reflect the human image.SO the surface must be bright and fiat.For sucha casting with a large flat surface,it is extremely difficult to control the mirror surface without warpingdeformation.