Translation Skills of Children’s Literature from the Perspective of Recep tion Theory:A Case Study of Bronze and Sunflower

With the development of society and the prosperity of Chinese literature,as a part of China’s soft power,Chinese chil dren literature is faced with the problem of international dissemination.The English version of Cao Wenxuan’s Bronze and Sunflow er won Hans Christian Andersen Award,the top award of children’s literature,which is a successful example of such dissemina tion.Therefore,the Chinese-English translation skills employed are worth studying.This paper aims to analyze the skills used to in the translation of short clauses,reiterative locution,simile,parallelism and dingzhen from the perspective of reception theory.It is found that by using such translation skills as omission,alliteration,repetition of prepositions and pronouns,and literal translation,the translator preserves and recreates the effect of the original text in ways that are more acceptable and idiomatic for the target reader.

Elements inter-diffusion in the turning of wear-resistance aluminum bronze

Inter-diffusion of elements between the tool and the workpiece during theturning of aluminum bronze using high-speed steel and cemented carbide tools have been studied. Thetool wear samples were prepared by using M2 high-speed steel and YW1 cemented carbide tools to turna novel high strength, wear-resistance aluminum bronze without coolant and lubricant. Adhesion ofworkpiece materials was found on all tools' surface. The diffusion couples made of tool materialsand aluminum bronze were prepared to simulate the inter-diffusion during the machining. The resultsobtained from tool wear samples were compared with those obtained from diffusion couples. Stronginter-diffusion between the tool materials and the aluminum bronze was observed in all samples. Itis concluded mat diffusion plays a significant role in the tool wear mechanism.

High Temperature Gaseous Rare-Earth Permeation of Polyoxotungstates: An New Effective Method for the Preparation of Tungsten Bronzes

New polyoxometalate α-K 12H 3[Y(BW 11O 39) 2]·25H 2O was synthesized and treated by high temperature gaseous rare earth permeation to prepare tungsten bronze K 0.475WO 3. XRD, TG-DTA, XPS, 183W-NMR,CV and AC impedance spectra were used to characterize the resulting material. The results of XPS indicate that La has permeated and diffused into the body of the sample and exists in the forms of binding with other components. The crystal structure parameters of K 0.475WO 3 were obtained by the analysis of XRD, which shows tetragonal crystal system with lattice parameters: a=12 28 nm, c=3.833 nm, V=578.48 nm -3. The conductivities calculated from the results of AC impedance spectra of the material increase with the increasing of temperature, which shows a semiconductor character.

Electro-Chemical Impedance Spectral (EIS) Study of Patinated Bronze Corrosion in Sulfate Media: Experimental Design Approach

The aim of the present investigation was to model the experimental conditions of tin bronze patination using full factorial experimental design. In this sense, a full factorial design approach was developed to model the corrosion behavior of patinated tin bronze alloy in sulfate electrolyte. Three experimental factors (the immersion time in the chloride electrolyte, the potential limit for the anodic sweep Elim, and the potential scan rate) were chosen to identify the significant factor on the patina growth process at the bronze substrate. The experimental responses were the kinetic parameters extracted from the electro-chemical spectra (EIS) for eight different experiments. An equivalent electrical circuit containing an electrolyte resistance (Re), a double layer capacitance (CPEdl), a charge transfer resistance (Rt) and Gerischer element (G), was developed to model the patinated bronze corrosion process. The electro-chemical spectra (EIS) show that the corrosion process of the patinated bronze alloy occurred from a chemical reaction is followed by an electrochemical one. Analysis of the experimental responses showed that while the scan rate is the most influent factor for the corrosion potential (Ecorr), the electrolyte resistance (Re), and the double layer capacitance CPEdl variation, the potential limit is the significant factor for charge transfer resistance Rt, reciprocal of the admittance parameter Y0 and the effective transfer rate of the chemical reaction k variation.

Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of bronze/steel bimetallic laminated composite prepared by protective atmosphere casting process

The bonding quality of bronze/steel bimetallic laminated composite is the key factor to whether it can be used in poor working conditions.In this study,bimetallic billets were prepared by the protective atmosphere casting process.The microstructural characteristics,mechanical properties and interface bonding mechanism of the bronze/steel bimetallic composites were analyzed comprehensively through a series of microstructure analysis(inicluding OM,SEM,and EDS)and mechanical properties tests.The experimental results demonstrate that the vaporization of lead(Pb)element in the bronze is only 0.4%in weight,and alloy elements are diffused into both sides at the interface.Moreover,the hardness in the bronze region exceeds 100.0 HV which indicates excellent wear resistance.Tensile and shear tests indicate that the fractures mainly occur on the bronze side with the interaction of the brittle fracture of Pb particles and the ductile fracture of Cu-Sn solid solution.The maximum tensile strength and shear strength reach 204.0 MPa and 211.0 MPa,respectively.These results demonstrate that the protective atmosphere casting process is applicable for the preparation of bronze/steel bimetallic laminated composite with high quality.

Chemical and Electrochemical Characterization of Artifi cial Sulphate Patina on Bronze

Copper patinas are generally regarded as aesthetically pleasing and are supposed to protect copper against further corrosion. The preparation of artificial sulphate patina on bronzes has been realized by immersing the bronze into CuSO4 solution. The effect of immersion time on the formation of the patina has been investigated. The sulphate patina obtained with immersion time of 500 h in CuSO4 solution consists of fiat area and crystals. The flat area in the patina is mainly made of cuprite, whereas the crystals are mainly composed of brochantite. The electrochemical measurement of sulphate patina in simulated acid rain with pH 3.1 shows that the protective effectiveness of patina decreases with time and the dissolution of patina is the key factor leading to the degradation of patina. The investigation of the formation mechanism of sulphate patina shows that the cuprite layer forms on the surface of bronze in the initial patination. Then, crystal brochantite grows on the surface of cuprite by the oxidation of cuprite and the incorporation of CuSO4 solution.

Experimental study of electron beam welded titanium alloy to chromium bronze joint with a vanadium sheet

Electron beam welding experiment of titanium alloy to chromium bronze with a vanadium filler metal was carried out. Microstructure of the joint was observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Tensile strength of the joint was evaluated. The fracture surface of the joint was also analyzed. The results showed that the addition of vanadium filler metal reduced the brittleness of joint by increasing the amount of vanadium-based solid solution in the weld. But the melting point of vanadium.filler metal was so high that large heat input was needed to completely melt the filler metal. Thus, a large amount of interfacial compounds were produced. The tensile strength of joint was 280 MPa with a brittle fracture mode.

Corrosion Behavior of Heat Treated Nickel-Aluminum Bronze Alloy in Artificial Seawater

The effect of microstructure of nickel-aluminum bronze alloy (NAB) on the corrosion behavior in artificial seawater is studied using linear polarization, impedance and electrochemical noise tests. The alloy was heat treated in different heating cycles including quenching, normalizing and annealing. Microstructure of the specimens was characterized before and after heat treatment by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the value of pearlite phase in the normalized alloy is much more than other specimens, leading to higher corrosion resistance. Polarization test showed that starting point of passivation in the polarization of the normalized alloy is lower than other specimens. The dissolution of Mn and Fe rich phases increased the Mn and Fe contents in solid solution, and this enhanced the passivation power of the surface of the alloy. The effect of the alloying elements was seen by a lower corrosion potential and an inflexion at around 280 mV (SCE) in the polarization curve, indicating the preferential dissolution of some elements beyond that potential. The polarization curve showed that the anodic polarization behavior of the alloy in the solution was essentially controlled by the intermetallic phases, mainly containing Cu. Two types of corrosion, pitting and selective corrosion, were observed in the specimens after being exposed to artificial seawater.

Electrochemical and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Alpha-Al Bronze in Sulfide-Polluted Salt Water: Effect of Environmentally-Friendly Additives

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of α-Al bronze alloy (Cu7Al) was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution in the absence and in the presence of different concentrations of Na2S under open circuit potentials using the constant slow strain rate technique. Also, the addition of different concentrations of cysteine (cys), and alanine (ala) to the test solution, as corrosion inhibitors, was studied. Increasing the sulfide ions concentration in polluted salt water resulted in a reduction in the maximum stress (σmax) and an increase in the susceptibility of α-Al bronze towards SCC. The addition of ala and cys to the test electrolyte increased the time to failure by changing the mode of failure from brittle transgranular cracking to ductile failure. Electrochemical tests were performed to assist the interpretation of the SCC data. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to investigate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition. The results support film rupture and anodic dissolution at slip steps as the operating mechanism of the SCC process. Therefore, cys and ala can be considered as potential environmentally-friendly corrosion inhibitors for the SCC of α-Al bronze in 3.5% NaCl solution containing sulfide ions.

The Pearl on the Yangtze River:Bronze Work of the San Xingdui Site

The development of Chinese Bronze has lasted for 3000 years.This kind of Bronze Culture also developed into a historical peak during the Shang Dynasty and Western-Zhou Dynasty,it's commonly considerated that the Bronze Works discovered at Henna and Shanxi along the Yellow River represents the highest level of Chinese Bronze Work.However,as time goes by,a large number of bronze relics have been discovered in Hubei.Hunan and Sichuan province.Some of those relics manufacturing level of has exceeded the Central Civilization's,those treasures unparalleled also show us that Changjiang River Civilization could be as brilliant and gorgeous as the civilization of yellow river basin.

A fractal-based model for the microstructure evolution of silicon bronze wires fabricated by dieless drawing

The back-propagation neural （BPN） network was proposed to model the relationship between the parameters of the dieless draw- ing process and the microstrecmres of the QSi3-1 silicon bronze alloy. Combined with image processing techniques, grain sizes and grain-boundary morphologies were respectively determined by the quantitative metallographic method and the flactal theory. The outcomes obtained show that the deformed microstructures exhibit typical fractal features, and the boundaries can be characterized quantitatively by ffactal dimensions. With the temperature of 600-800℃ and the drawing speed of 0.67-1.00 mm-s-1, either a lower temperature or a higher speed will cause a smaller grain size together with an elevated fractal dimension. The developed model can be capable for forecasting the microstructure evolution with a minimum error. The average relative errors between the predicted results and the experimental values of grain size and fractal dimension are 3.9% and 0.9%, respectively.

Fabrication of phosphor bronze/Al two-phase material by recycling phosphor bronze chips using hot extrusion process and investigation of their microstructural and mechanical properties

Despite the existence of conventional methods for recycling chips,solid-state techniques have become popular,whereby waste metals are directly recycled into consolidated products with the desired shapes and designs.We investigated the feasibility of recycling phosphor bronze chips through a hot extrusion process using aluminum powder as a metal binder for the fabrication of a metal-fiber-reinforced aluminum matrix composite.To do so,mixtures containing 20 vol%–50 vol%of chips were prepared,cold-compacted,and extruded.The quality of the consolidated samples was evaluated by determining the density of the fabricated composites and studying their microstructures.In addition,we performed tensile and hardness tests to evaluate the mechanical properties of the fabricated composites.We also analyzed the fracture surfaces of the samples to study the fracture mechanism as a function of the volume fraction of phosphor bronze chips in the fabricated composite.The results indicated that the most effective consolidation occurred in the sample containing 20 vol%of chips extruded at 465℃in which the chips serve as ideal fibers for improving the mechanical properties,especially the ultimate tensile strength,in comparison with those of Al matrixes that contain no chips but are produced under the same conditions.

Formation of Black Patina on Bronze Mirrors Caused by Multiphenol

Hot solution of hydroquinone is oxidized by air forming quinone and quinhydrone, both of which have weak oxidizeability, enabling to oxidize metals on the surface of bronze mirror samples forming black and brilliant patina. SEM and electron micro probe analysis show that Cu content is lower than that of the original alloy due to Cu loss; Sn content is higher than the original alloy in patina. This indicates that humic acid is not the substance resulting in making black patina on the bronze mirror surface, but the black patina which produced from hydroquinone solution absence of Si, Al and Mg.

Every Cloud has a Silver Lining: Using Silver Concentration to Identify the Number of Sources of Lead used in Shang Dynasty Bronzes

The use of lead, some of which is characterized by a highly radiogenic signature, sharply distinguishes Bronze Age China from the rest of Eurasia. Scholars have long hypothesized that silver can offer an independent proxy to characterize lead minerals. The summary of silver distribution associated with Shang and Western Zhou bronzes in this paper reveals an important difference between the south(Sanxingdui, Hanzhong, Jinsha, Panlongcheng, Xin’gan) and the Central Plains. Correlating silver with lead content as well as with the isotopic signature indicates that south China and the Central Plains had different lead sources during the late Shang period, and also that the highly radiogenic and common lead used at Anyang come from geochemical environments which cannot be distinguished by the level of silver.

THE INITIAL CORROSION MECHANISM OFα-PHASE ALUMINIUM BRONZE IN NaCI SOLUTION

The polarization curves of theα-PHASE aluminium bronze measured in 5%NaCl electrochemically show that the corrosion process of the alloy is controlled by the diffusion of oxygen.The corrosion surface of theα-PHASE A1 bronze in NaCl solution for a short time was analysed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS).The results indicate that the initial corrosion product of the A1 bronze consists of a simple Cu20 phase.A1 and Ni are incorporated in Cu20 lattice structure in the form of ions,and none of the aluminium compound can be detected.The authors propose that the initial corrosion mechanism ofα-PHASE A1 bronzes in NaCl solution should include oxidation,reduction and diffusion.

Effect of Annealing Atmosphere on the Mechanical Property of Free-cutting Phosphor Bronze Alloy

The present work is focused on the influence of annealing atmosphere on the microstructure and mechanical property of free-cutting phosphor bronze alloy.The annealing of the alloy was conducted in the three kinds of annealing atmosphere such as air,vacuum and nitrogen.After annealing,a discernable difference in recystallized grain size and lead particle size was not appeared with different annealing atmosphere.The tensile strength of the alloy annealed in air or nitrogen atmosphere was higher than that of those annealed in vacuum atmosphere.In thecase of the alloy annealed in vacuum atmosphere,the mechanical strength was reduced by vaporization of zinc.In the case of annealing in nitrogen and in air atmosphere,the sweating of lead was occurred.However,the inverse segregation of lead was suppressed by copper oxide layer on the surface annealed in air.This copper oxide layer leads to a decrease of the yield during fabrication process. Therefore,annealing of the alloy in nitrogen atmosphere is favorable in terms of the mechanical strength and yield.

Researches on Mischmetal Preventing Lead Segregation in High Lead Bronze

The effect of mischmetal addition on lead segregation in high lead bronze(grade ZQPb25-5)is studied in this paper.The testing results confirm that 0.5 to 1.0% misehmetal addition can effectively prevent lead from gravity and inverse segregation.The results of preventing lead from segregation respectively by mischmetal and nickel are also compared in the paper.The mischmetal addition in high lead bronze is distributed in the copper matrix mainly in the form of a compound which promotes early precipitation and refinement of α-dendrites, thus restraining the Pb-rich melt from either sinking to the bottom or escaping to the surface layer of the casting.As a result,the tendency of lead segregation is significantly decreased.Proper addition of mischmetal can also improve the mechanical properties,especially the ductility of high lead bronze.In addition,the contents of tin in high lead bronze can partially be substituted by mischmetal addition.

The Bronze "Zun" with Veins of Snakes

Late "Chun Qiu" Period (early 6th century B.C)Bronae.Height: 21 cm, caliber diameter:15.5cm . "Zun", is a utensil to contain wine.

Simulating Tests for the Heat-treatment of Ancient Bronze Mirrors

In academic circles there are different views on question if existed heat-treatment technique for ancient bronze mirrors in China. On this question a series of simulating tests were carried out. By using quenching and tempering the same structure as in ancient bronze mirrors was obtained, therefore, it was proved that Chinese ancient bronze mirrors underwent heat-treatment. Meanwhile the view that the tempered structure of bronze at high temperature is analogous to its quenched structure at high temperature was corrected.

The welding technique in building the largest bronze Buddha in the world

The Temple-of-heaven Buddha,situated on the Mo Yu Peak of Da Yu Hill in Hong Kong,is the largest open air bronze statue of Buddha in the world.The key technique of the Buddha developing project is the welding pro- cess.This paper states the adoption of combination of MIG and TIG process with special filler wires in the Buddha project,and the satisfactory results achieved.