Effects of Different Tillage Techniques on Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Broomcorn Millet

[Objective] The effects of different tillage techniques on dry matter accu- mulation, soil water content, water use efficiency and yield of broomcom millet were studied. [Method] With Jinsu 9 as an experiment material, the effects of deep tillage, traditional tillage and no tillage and rotary tillage on dry matter accumulation, soil water content, water use efficiency and yield of broomcom millet were investi- gated. [Result] Dry matter accumulation rate and accumulated amount were signifi- cantly higher in the deep tillage, no tillage and rotary tillage treatments than in the conventional tillage treatment, and the highest in the deep tillage treatment. The soil water content of the deep tillage treatment at 0-100 cm was higher than those of other tillage techniques, deep tillage also exhibited the highest soil water storage, and water use efficiency values were in order of deep tillage〉rotary tillage〉no tillage〉conventional tillage. The deep tillage treatment also showed the highest grain weight per spike, 1 000-grain weight and yield, while conventional tillage exhibited the lowest values, indicating that deep tillage is most beneficial to improvement of yield and water use efficiency of broomcom millet. [Conclusion] This study provides a scientific basis for water use efficiency of broomcorh millet in its main producing areas.

Current Status and Perspective Development of Broomcorn Millet Production in China

[Objective] This paper analyzed present status of broomcorn millet produc- tion in China, including cultivation methods, fertilization utilization, diseases, insect pests and disasters, machinery development, planting benefit and other aspects. [Method] The corn millet data reported by China Industrial and Technological Re- search System of Millet in 2011 were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis of EXCEL. [Result] The results show that 17 678.57 kg/ha of farm manure, 155.77 kg/ha of urea, 259.5 kg/ha of compound fertilizer, 203.13 kg/ha of phosphate fertilizer and 75 kg/ha of potash fertilizer were used in China; the national mechanization degree of broomcorn millet production is lower than 30% in all; the average income of broomcorn millet production is 10 503.33 yuan/ha, and the VCR is 2.64; most broomcorn millet producing areas are affected by mild pests and diseases, very few are affected by mild and moderate pests and diseases, and the impact of natural disasters is the lightest. [~onclusien] Currently fertilizer utilization for broomcorn millet is proper but the mechanization level and planting benefit are low, natural disasters, pests and diseases are not severe; finally the authors proposed some suggestions on the fertilizer utilization, mechanization production, benefit increasing, disaster warning, disease and insect controlling and government policy-making for broomcorn millet production.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Accumulation and Distribution of Dry Matter in Broomcorn Millet

[Objective] To understand the effect of nitrogen application on dry matter accumulation and allocation dynamics in broomcorn millet. [Method] The accumulation and distribution of dry matter were studied using cultivars Jin Shu 7 and Huang Mizi at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer at the jointing stage. [Result] The results showed that increasing N application led to the increase of green leaf area and the delay of leaf senescence, which was beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter.Appropriate nitrogen application(90 kg/hm2) could coordinate the translocation rate of dry matter among different plant parts, thereby enhancing the yield of broomcorn millet; among different organs, the contribution rate of stem to kernel was greater than that of leaf to kernel; there was obvious correlation between dry matter and yield. For Jin Shu 7, leaf area and dry weight of spike showed significant negative correlation with yield. [Conclusion] The formation of grain yield of broomcorn millet involved the accumulation and allocation of dry matter, the appropriate amount of nitrogen application(90 kg/hm2) could improve the rates of translocation and contribution of dry matter, thereby promoting the yield of broomcorn millet.

Response of broomcorn millet(Panicum miliaceum L.)genotypes from semiarid regions of China to salt stress

Salt tolerance of crops is becoming more and more important, owing to the constant increase of salinity in arid and semi-arid regions. Broomcorn millet(Panicum miliaceum L.),generally considered tolerant to salinity, can be an alternative crop for salt affected areas.To assess genotypic variation for vegetative-stage salinity tolerance, 195 broomcorn millet accessions from a core collection were evaluated for germination percentage, shoot length,and root length during germination in 8 m L of deionized water(control) or 8 m L of a120 mmol L-1salt solution(treatment). Six genotypes with different levels of salt tolerance were selected based on the growth parameters and ion concentrations in plant at the seedling stage and used for confirmation of the initial salinity response. Substantial variation for salinity tolerance was found on the basis of salt damage index [(germination percentage under control- germination percentage under salinity) / germination percentage under control × 100, SDI] and 39 accessions exhibited strong salt tolerance with SDI lower than 20%. The salt tolerance performance of the genotypes was generally consistent across experiments. In the seedling growth study, seedling number, root length and belowground biomass were adversely affected(showing more than 70%, 50%, and 32%reduction, respectively) in sensitive genotypes compared to tolerant genotypes(35%, 31%,and 3% reduction, respectively) under 160 mmol L-1Na Cl treatment. In general,whole-plant salinity tolerance was associated with increased Na+concentration and Na+/K+ratio, and salt-tolerant genotypes often had higher root and lower shoot Na+concentration than sensitive ones. Na+concentration in root was closely related to salt tolerance and may be considered as a selection criterion for screening salt tolerance of broomcorn millet at the seedling or vegetative stages.

Establishment of genome-editing system and assembly of a near-complete genome in broomcorn millet

The ancient crop broomcorn millet(Panicum miliaceum L.)is an indispensable orphan crop in semi-arid regions due to its short life cycle and excellent abiotic stress tolerance.These advantages make it an important alternative crop to increase food security and achieve the goal of zero hunger,particularly in light of the uncertainty of global climate change.However,functional genomic and biotechnological research in broomcorn millet has been hampered due to a lack of genetic tools such as transformation and genome-editing techniques.Here,we successfully performed genome editing of broomcorn millet.We identified an elite variety,Hongmi,that produces embryogenic callus and has high shoot regeneration ability in in vitro culture.We established an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation protocol and a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/Cas9-mediated genome-editing system for Hongmi.Using these techniques,we produced herbicide-resistant transgenic plants and edited phytoene desaturase(Pm PDS),which is involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis.To facilitate the rapid adoption of Hongmi as a model line for broomcorn millet research,we assembled a near-complete genome sequence of Hongmi and comprehensively annotated its genome.Together,our results open the door to improving broomcorn millet using biotechnology.

Investigation of the ultrastructural characteristics of foxtail and broomcorn millet during carbonization and its application in archaeobotany

Fossilized caryopses (or grains) of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) are important archaeobotanical materials for the study of early human agricultural activities.The morphology and ultrastructural characteristics of carbonized modern millets caryopses treated in a drying oven and burning in a field were investigated at different temperatures to study how fossilized millets are formed.The caryopses shrank gradually at temperatures below 200°C,and starch granules in the endosperm retained their crystalline structure.At 250°C the foxtail millet caryopses expanded,whereas the broomcorn millet caryopses were greatly deformed.At this temperature,the structure of the starch granules of both millets became amorphous.At 300°C the caryopses partially turned to ash and became porous,and the ultrastructure of the starch granules was transformed into alveolate cavities.Fossil caryopses from the prehistoric storage cellar at the Beiniu Site retained their crystalline structure and were formed by the dehydrating effect of carbonization,indicating that water molecules were not involved in the starch crystallization.The results of a field burning experiment demonstrated that the ultrastructure of carbonized caryopses placed on the ground under the fire was amorphous.The amorphous ultrastructure of the carbonized caryopses recovered from the archaeological layers is consistent with the expected structure of caryopses that have been carbonized at 250°C.Therefore,we suggest that the recovered caryopses were formed at about 250°C by baking rather than by burning in an open fire.

Biological aspects on the cultures of the entomophthoralean fungus Pandora delphacis grown on broomcorn millets

A novel method was developed to use glutinous broomcorn millets (Panicum miliaceum L.) as solid substrate to make cultures of the entomophthoralean fungus Pandora delphacis specifically pathogenic to planthoppers, leafhop-pers and aphids. Steamed millets with water content of 45% were inoculated with a liquid culture of P. delphacis at a ratio of 20% (v/w) and then incubated at 25℃ and L:D 12:12. The millets cultured for 3—17 d exhibited high potential for co-nidial production. The 5-d-old millet culture sporulated most abundantly, discharging up to 17.12 (1.31) 104 conidia/ millet. The cultures incubated for 7—11 d also had a satis-factory sporulation capability, yielding 13.00—13.90 104 conidia/millet. Compared to 2.32 (0.34) 104 conidia dis-charged from each of Myzus persicae adults killed by P. del-phacis and a ≤60-h duration of sporulation, each of the millets cultured for 5—11 d produced 5.6—7.4 times more conidia with an over doubled duration for conidial discharge (144 h). Among 106 M. persicae adults exposed to the shower of conidia discharged from the cultured millets, a total mor-tality of 69.8% caused by P. delphacis infection was observed within 7 d after exposure, but no death was attributed to the fungal infection in the aphids unexposed. The results indi-cate that the millet cultures of P. delphacis are biologically similar to aphid cadavers killed by the same fungus. Due to the superiority of the cultured millets to the cadavers in sporulation potential and duration, the method for making cultures of P. delphacis on the broomcorn millets is highly recommended for use in study of entomophthoralean fungi for microbial control. This is the first report on the success of the solid culture of Pandora species on cereals.

糜子种质资源淀粉含量与Waxy基因等位变异分析

本研究测定了100份糜子种质资源的直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量,采用分子标记对胚乳直链淀粉合成调控基因Waxy进行基因分型,并选取不同直链淀粉含量代表种质资源进行基因测序和差异位点分析。结果表明,100份糜子种质资源直链淀粉含量变化幅度为0~22.78%,平均6.07%,直链淀粉含量低于3.7%的糯性材料占36%,完全糯性材料占24%;支链淀粉含量变化幅度为4.55%~56.73%,平均15.30%。分子标记M5/R11扩增产物能有效区分S_(0)、S_(-15)和S_(0)S_(-15)基因型;标记int5Lf/R3和M12/R12的PCR产物利用内切酶ACC I和Eco N I剪切,可鉴别出L_(C)、L_(Y)、L_(F)基因型。100份糜子种质共发现9种基因型,其中S_(0)/L_(c)数量最多,占33%,S_(-15)/L_(F)占25%,杂合型S_(0)S_(-15)/L_(F)、S_(0)S_(-15)/L_(C)、S_(0)S_(-15)/L_(Y)L_(F)各占2%。通过Waxy基因序列比对,在地方品种甘谷黑蝉背、黑糜子、庆阳饿死牛,育成品种晋黍9号、赤糜2号等种质资源中发现了大量新的SNPs位点,可用于基因功能和糜子育种材料创制研究。本研究结果为糜子分子育种工作及品质改良提供了理论依据。

不同肥料配比对糜子产量和品质的调控效应

为探明不同施肥方式对糜子营养品质、食味品质和产量的影响,于2019年在山西河曲进行试验,以河曲大红糜子为材料,选用不同配比的有机肥(羊粪)、生物菌肥、尿素和复合肥,研究不同施肥配比对糜子品质和产量的影响。结果表明:不同肥料配比对糜子产量和品质性状显著影响,复合肥和有机肥(F+Y)配施显著提高糜子籽粒产量(GY)、净光合速率(Pn)、钙(Ca)和铁(Fe)含量,显著减低直链淀粉含量(AC);相关性分析发现,籽粒产量(GY)和净光合速率(Pn)呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.82,镁(Mg)与铁(Fe)呈极显著正相关,值为0.68,直链淀粉含量(AC)与醇溶蛋白含量(Gli)、钙(Ca)达到极显著负相关,值分别为-0.66和-0.50;主成分分析发现,糜子各性状指标分为4个主成分,分别代表糜子食味品质、营养品质、产量指标和蛋白营养品质,综合得分以复合肥和有机肥(F+Y)处理最高,并显著高于其他处理。综上所述,复合肥(187.5 kg·hm^(-2))与有机肥(1.5×10^(4)kg·hm^(-2))配施是糜子获得优质高产的主要施肥方式。

响应面分析优化晋西北酸粥和糜米总酚的提取工艺

以总酚提取量为指标,研究自然发酵的晋西北酸粥和其原材料糜米中总酚的最佳提取工艺,采用福林酚比色法测定总酚提取量。比较不同的单因素对晋西北酸粥和糜米中总酚提取量的影响。在此基础上,通过响应面分析,探讨不同丙酮浓度、料液比、提取时间和提取温度对总酚提取量的影响。结果发现,晋西北酸粥中总酚的最佳提取条件为丙酮浓度58.06%、料液比1∶41.13、提取时间30.57 min和提取温度41.81℃,在此条件下总酚的最大提取量为1.88 mg/g。糜米中总酚的最佳提取条件为丙酮浓度84.78%、料液比1∶44.76、提取时间34.34 min、提取温度42.11℃,在此条件下总酚的最大提取量为1.51 mg/g,而且晋西北酸粥中总酚提取量约是糜米中总酚提取量的1.24倍。

基于SSR的陕西糜子种质资源的分子鉴定

为构建糜子(Panicum miliaceum L.)DNA分子身份证,试验以181份陕西糜子核心种质为材料,对课题组前期开发的糜子特异性SSR标记进行多次PCR筛选和优化后获取核心引物。基于糜子参考基因组信息,经过BLAST序列比对后将核心标记进行染色体定位。在SSR引物的5′端标注荧光(FAM/HEX),根据毛细管电泳检测的片段有无采用“0/1”表示,利用ID Analysis4.0进行区分,十进制(0~9)统计扩增片段大小构建材料字符串,用Pop Gene、Power Marker、MEGA、Structure和NTSYS进行遗传多样性分析。试验结果表明,7个荧光SSR(RYW3、RYW6、RYW37、RYW40、RYW43、RYW125和RYW146)组合可区分181份材料,不均匀的分布在5条染色体上,共检测出77个等位变异,平均为11;检出Shannon多样性指数(I)为0.8145(RYW146)~7.8254(RYW125),平均5.9076;观测杂合度(Ho)为0.2627(RYW146)~0.9506(RYW3);期望观测杂合度(He)为0.3329(RYW146)~0.8747(RYW125);Nei’s基因多样性指数(Nei)为0.3315(RYW146)~0.8722(RYW125);多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.5923(RYW146)~0.9445(RYW125),平均为0.8419。基于UPGMA将181份资源划分为3个群组。基于主成分分析将材料分为10个类群,与地理来源一致。利用在线二维码技术(https://cli.im/)构建181份陕西糜子核心种质的DNA分子身份证。

77份山西黍稷DNA二维码身份证的构建

为了更好地管理黍稷资源,分辨其身份以及追溯来源,创建一个高效可行的种质资源鉴定系统十分必要。以山西省内各地77份黍稷资源为材料,用上海生工生物股份有限公司合成上游5’端加FAM (blue)荧光基团标记对77份黍稷资源进行PCR及毛细管电泳。结果发现,仅用5个标记组合(RYW3、RYW6、RYW20、RYW37和RYW40)可区分全部材料。其中,组合RYW6+RYW37可区分60份;组合RYW6+RYW20+RYW37可区分69份;组合RYW6+RYW20+RYW37+RYW40可区分73份;组合RYW3+RYW6+RYW20+RYW37+RYW40可区分全部77份。77份材料在8个位点共检出79个等位变异,每个位点检出平均为9.875个,检测到的有效等位变异(Ne)为2.675 9,Shannon多样性指数(I)为0.991 6,Nei’s基因多样性指数(Nei)为0.426 0,多样性信息含量(PIC)为0.553 3。在此基础上,利用ID analysis 4.0在线条形码生成器将对应字符串生成可扫描的条形码DNA分子身份证;利用二维码在线技术将材料基本信息转化成可扫描的二维码DNA分子身份证。

5个黍子育成品种耐盐性鉴定

土壤盐渍化会影响农业可持续发展,造成生态失去平衡。培育耐盐植物是经济效益最大化和土壤改良效果最优的重要环节。研究旨在为黍子耐盐新品种选育提供鉴定指标,为盐碱地黍子品种的种植提供材料。以5个黍子育成品种为试验材料,基于不同浓度的中性混合盐(NaCl和Na_(2)SO_(4)),采用培养皿发芽方法,从芽鲜质量(SFW)、芽长(BL)、发芽指数(GI)、发芽势(GP)、根鲜质量(RFW)、发芽率(GR)、根长(RL)、活力指数(VI)等8项农艺性状评估材料的耐盐程度。通过分析不同盐浓度下这5个黍子育成品种发芽势和发芽率的差异,结果发现,160 mmol/L为进行盐处理的最适浓度。在该浓度下,5份材料的8项指标变异丰富,变异系数分别为168.41%、48.12%、23.13%、15.11%、32.94%、18.90%、64.37%和123.53%。对8个指标进行相关性分析、主成分分析及综合评价D值综合评价,结果发现,SFW、BL、GI、GP和RFW等5项指标可作为黍子耐盐性评价的参考指标;5份材料耐盐性从强到弱依次为晋黍7号、龙黍19号、宁糜13号、齐黍1号和龙黍9号。

刈割对糜子生长及产量的影响

为了探明刈割对糜子生长及产量的影响,本文开展了苗期和拔节期刈割试验。结果表明,不同时期和位置刈割,糜子的根干重、秆干重、穗干重、株高、茎粗、主茎节数、叶长、叶宽、主穗长、单株分枝数、单株有效穗数和单株分蘖数均出现不同程度的变化。其中,植株6叶1心时余下基2叶刈割,糜子生长至成熟期获得的生物量最大,为本次试验中的最佳刈割时期和位置。表明在恰当的时期和位置进行刈割处理可以刺激植物体的冗余和补偿效应,达到增加糜子地上部分生物量的效果。

适宜机械化生产的优质抗逆糜子新品种冀黍9号的选育及其配套栽培技术

针对糜子生产中倒伏严重、不适宜机械化种植的问题,以黄糜子为母本、晋黍5号为父本进行有性杂交,采用系谱法选育出糜子新品种“冀黍9号”。该品种中矮秆,主茎高140.8cm,千粒重7.9g,丰产性好,稳产性高,抗逆性强,适宜机械化生产;2 a区域试验计14点次全部增产,平均产量为2 848.5 kg/hm^(2),较对照增产18.6%;抗倒性0级,抗旱性1级,抗黑穗病2级。

黑龙江省西部地区糜子灾害类型及防治措施

糜子是重要的救灾救荒作物,也是北方旱作地区农业生产的优势作物。为深入推动黑龙江省西部地区糜子生产和产业发展,本研究针对该地区糜子种植过程中遭遇的6种主要农业气象灾害类型,进行了系统分析与评估。针对每种灾害类型对糜子生长情况的影响、采取的防治措施,以及种植管理中的关键注意事项3个方面进行梳理和总结,为农户田间防灾减灾提供理论依据,合理推进相关气象灾害预防措施,最大限度减少灾害造成的经济损失。

喷施富硒肥料对糜子农艺性状、产量与籽粒硒含量的影响

【目的】研究不同时期喷施硒肥对内蒙古鄂尔多斯市糜子农艺性状及产量的影响,优化该地区富硒糜子生产技术。【方法】以当地两种主栽糜子品种伊糜11号和伊黍11号为试验材料,在糜子拔节期和灌浆期叶面喷施市售富硒肥料,并对不同硒肥处理下糜子农艺性状、产量及籽粒硒含量进行方差和互作效应分析。【结果】喷施硒肥有利于糜子千粒重增加,表现为灌浆期(A0B1)>灌浆期+拔节期(A1B1)>拔节期(A1B0)。在灌浆期+拔节期喷施硒肥后,伊糜11号产量和籽粒硒含量增幅均较伊黍11号大,伊糜11号增产17.85%,产量为6371.17 kg/hm^(2),而伊黍11号增产8.06%,产量为6142.28 kg/hm^(2);在灌浆期+拔节期喷施硒肥后,伊糜11号籽粒硒含量最高为1.167 mg/kg,伊黍11号籽粒硒含量最高为0.756 mg/kg,且较其他处理相比均极显著增加了糜子籽粒硒含量(P<0.01)。【结论】喷施硒肥可以增加糜子的产量,灌浆期+拔节期喷施效果最好;伊糜11号更适合搭配硒肥施用,籽粒灌浆期与拔节期都喷施硒肥能够兼顾高产与富硒。

糜子种质资源遗传多样性、生态适应性及丰产性研究

为解决内蒙古糜子育种及生产过程中存在的品种混杂与盲目选种等问题,以47份糜子种质资源为供试材料,采用方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析等方法,对其遗传变异、生态适应性及丰产性进行评价。结果表明:47份糜子种质资源存在丰富的遗传多样性,各农艺性状及产量变异幅度较大,改良空间较大;不同种植年份糜子种质资源生育进程整体一致,生态适应性良好;主茎长、主穗长和穗茎长3个性状应在育种实践中给予重点关注,赤黍2号、泾川小白糜2个品种可作为当地高产种质材料用于育种实践。

14种除草剂对野稷的活性测定及田间防效

参照除草剂室内生物测定和田间药效防治试验准则,在温室中测定了14种除草剂对野稷的生物活性,并进行了田间小区药效评价。生测结果表明,土壤处理药剂中,异噁唑草酮、氟噻草胺、乙草胺、精异丙甲草胺、异噁草松对野稷的活性较高,其ED90分别为43.08、47.14、137.09、209.93、583.74 g/hm^(2)(有效成分用量);茎叶处理药剂中,苯唑草酮、高效氟吡甲禾灵、烟嘧磺隆和苯唑氟草酮对野稷的活性较高,其ED90分别为22.21、35.95、95.64、111.43 g/hm^(2)。田间药效试验结果表明,野稷出苗前,土壤喷雾40%氟噻草胺SC (810 g/hm^(2))、900 g/L乙草胺EC (1 620 g/hm^(2))和960 g/L精异丙甲草胺EC (2 160 g/hm^(2))对野稷防效较高,药后40 d对野稷的株防效均在86.0%以上,鲜重防效在88.4%以上,其次是75%异噁唑草酮WG (90 g/hm^(2)),防效为82.5%~84.8%,480 g/L异噁草松EC (1 008 g/hm^(2))防效76.3%~81.6%,而38%莠去津SC (1 710 g/hm^(2))对野稷基本无效;茎叶处理剂中,108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC (72.9 g/hm^(2))对野稷的防效最高,施药后30 d对野稷的防效为94.8%~96.5%,其次是9%苯唑氟草酮OD (120 g/hm^(2))、30%苯唑草酮SC (27 g/hm^(2))和40 g/L烟嘧磺隆OD (60 g/hm^(2)),三者施药后30 d对野稷的防效为72.2%~84.5%,复配制剂28%硝磺·烟·莠去津OD(630 g/hm^(2))对野稷的防效较高。野稷发生危害重的田块,苗前土壤喷雾可选择氟噻草胺、乙草胺、精异丙甲草胺,苗后茎叶喷雾可选用高效氟吡甲禾灵或硝磺·烟·莠去津;野稷发生危害轻的田块,土壤喷雾还可以选择异噁唑草酮、异噁草松,苗后可选择苯唑草酮、苯唑氟草酮、烟嘧磺隆,在防控其他杂草的同时,对野稷进行防控。不同作物田需根据药剂的登记范围进行选取。

糜子新品种陇糜21号选育报告

为了给生产上提供高产稳产、抗旱抗病、品质优良的糜子新品种。以糜子自育品种陇糜7号为母本、从宁夏农业科学院固原分院引进的品种宁糜15号为父本,采用有性杂交后经多年系统选育育成的高产、抗逆的糜子新品种陇糜21号。2021年在甘肃省灵台县、会宁县、静宁县、华池县、陇西县、合水县等6个试点进行的生产试验中,陇糜1号平均折合产量3619.00 kg/hm^(2),比对照品种陇糜14号增产11.47%。在2021—2022年国家糜子品种糯性组区域试验中,2 a平均折合产量3391.35 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种陇糜14号增产10.91%。该品种生育期104~113 d,株高148.3~167.7 cm,主茎节数6.2~7.7节。主穗长29.2~34.1 cm,侧穗。花序绿色,籽粒黄色,卵圆形,米色黄色。穗粒重7.0~8.3 g,千粒重8.0~9.3 g。适宜在甘肃省庆阳、平凉、白银、定西,陕西省榆林、延安,内蒙古达拉特旗和宁夏固原等地及相似生态地区种植。