“我的关中我的原”:陈忠实的文学地理与叙事空间

陈忠实文学地理的形成和叙事空间的生成,在受到“原乡文化”、本土重要作家的影响和国外著名作家的启发下,通过独特的“生活体验”“艺术体验”和“生命体验”,在“文学寻根”与“文化心理结构”的指引下,不断“寻找属于自己的句子”,进行文学的“精神探原”。他以反复吟诵的“我的关中”作为文学地理的“版图复原”和辖域空间,以古朴厚重的“西安城”作为“乡土关中”文学地理的参照物和坐标系,进而逐步聚焦到神奇的“白鹿原”文学地理空间高地。

Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Imply Anhui Musk Deer a Valid Species in Genus Moschus

Anhui musk deer [ Moschus ( moschiferus/berezovskii ) anhuiensis ] has been a taxonomic mystery since its discovery in early 80's.In this paper,with museum samples,we sequenced the complete cytochrome b gene of five Anhui musk deer.When compared with other species in Genus Moschus ,Anhui musk deer showed a rather level of sequence divergence from all the other species in this genus.The phylogenetic trees constructed by multiple methods supported the same topology,in which the monophyly of Anhui musk deer was clearly demonstrated.Therefore,our molecular data suggest a full species status for Anhui musk deer ( Moschus anhuiensis ),rather than a subspecies of either M moschiferus or M berezovskii previously suggested by morphological studies.

Identification of sika deer and red deer using partial cytochrome b and 12s ribosomal RNA genes

A study was conducted on the identifications of the degraded samples of sika deer （Cervus nippon） and red deer （Cervus elaphus） by phylogenetic and nucleotide distance analysis of partial Cytb and 12s rRNA genes sequences. 402 bp Cytb genes were achieved by PCR-sequencing using DNA extracted from 8 case samples, and contrasted with 27 sequences of Cytb gene downloaded from GenBank database. The values of three nucleotide distance between three suspected samples and sika deer were identical （0.026±0.006）, which was smaller than the smallest nucleotide distance between eastern red deer and sika deer （0.036）. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of sika deer and red deer indicated that the evidences located within the same cluster as sika deer. The evidences were sika deer materials. As the same way, other three suspected samples were derived from red deer. The results were further confirmed by phylogenetic and nucleotide distance analysis of 387 bp 12s rRNA gene. The method was powerful and less time-consuming and helpful to reduce the related cases with wildlife.

Plasmid DNA Analysis of Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Musk Deer

[Objective] The pathogenic Escherichia coli in musk deer was classified at molecular level to provide basic materials for molecular epidemiology of pathogenic Escherichia coli in musk deer. [Method] Plasmids from 24 pathogenic Escherichia coli in musk deer were extracted by the Lysis Triton method, and then identified by single enzyme digestion with three endonucleases of Hind Ⅲ, EcoR Ⅰ and BamH Ⅰ. [Result] The yield rate of plasmids was 91.6%, and 24 pathogenic Escherichia coli in musk deer had the identical or similar plasmid profiles. [Conclusion] Plasmid DNA analysis offers scientific basis for molecular epidemiology of pathogenic Escherichia coli in musk deer in Sichuan Institute of Musk Deer Breeding.

鹿源藿香假丝酵母菌DZ018的分离鉴定及其体外益生特性研究

[目的]从梅花鹿瘤胃液中分离和鉴定出具有益生菌潜能的酵母菌,并对其体外益生功能进行评价,为其在动物营养与饲料中应用以及鹿源益生菌制剂的研制提供参考。[方法]采用YPD固体培养基从健康雄性梅花鹿瘤胃液中分离出酵母菌菌株,对分离株进行形态学观察、生理生化和分子生物学鉴定,测定其生长性能及产酸性能,并绘制生长曲线;探究其在不同pH、不同浓度胆盐及人工胃液和人工肠液中的耐受性;采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)检测菌株的药物敏感性,并对菌株进行小鼠安全性试验。[结果]从梅花鹿瘤胃液中分离到1株优势酵母菌,并将其命名为DZ018,其菌落菌体形态特征、生理生化特性和ITS rRNA序列均与藿香假丝酵母菌(Candida rugosa)的特征相符。生长性能测定结果显示,分离株在YPD液体培养基中生长迅速,培养2 h时进入对数生长期,且具有一定的产酸能力。耐受性评价结果显示,分离株对低pH有较好的耐受性,在pH为2.5~6.5范围内均能正常生长,最适生长pH为4.5;对胆盐耐受性较强,在0.3%和1.0%胆盐中存活率均>100%,在2.0%胆盐中存活率可达74.27%;在人工胃液和人工肠液中的存活率分别为31.64%和64.80%。药敏试验结果显示,分离株对氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑和酮康唑表现敏感,对两性霉素B耐药。小鼠安全性试验结果显示,分离株对小鼠生长性能和脏器系数均无不良影响。[结论]本研究从梅花鹿瘤胃液中分离获得1株具有一定益生潜力的藿香假丝酵母菌DZ018,其耐受性强、安全性好。试验结果为鹿源益生菌在鹿科动物生产中的应用及微生态制剂的开发提供参考和理论依据。

Development of a Multivalent Inactivated Vaccine against Pathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in Forest Musk Deer

A multivalent inactivated Escherichia coli vaccine for forest musk deer by using serotypes O4,O26,and O139 with Al（OH）3 adjuvant was prepared.The vaccine did not cause any adverse reactions in forest musk deer.The immunogenic effects of the vaccine were experimentally investigated in pregnant and young forest musk deer.The serum antibody titers of pregnant and young forest musk deer were determined by performing the micro-agglutination test.The serum antibody titers of pregnant forest musk deer were more stable from 35th to 68th d after the third vaccination,and the serum antibody titers of four pregnant forest musk deer were maintained 25,25,25,and 24 on 68th d after the third vaccination.Young forest musk deer showed serum antibody titers which were obtained due to nursing.Young forest musk deer were administered the first intramuscular vaccine injection at an age of approximately 60 days due to a fall in maternal antibody titers.The serum antibody titers of young forest musk deer were higher after the third vaccination and maintained at approximately the same level until they were 137 days old.The maternal antibodies and the antibodies produced by young forest musk deer could be helpful for protecting the young musk deer from the infections of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains（serotypes O4,O26,and O139）for 137 days after birth（during the nursing period and the period when the forest musk deer were susceptible to diseases）.

An Improved Method for DNA Extraction from the Faeces of Red Deer

[Objective] To introduce an improved method for DNA extraction from the faeces of red deer. [Method] Based on the traditional method of CTAB lysis, we proposed an improved DNA extraction method according to the characteristics of red deer faeces. [Result] This improved method extracted high-quality fecal DNA from Tianshan red deer and amplified the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. With the muscle and fur DNA of red deer as the control, the sequencing results further con- firmed the reliability of the method. [Conclusion] The method requires no proteinase K in the process of extraction, and the extracted DNA can be used for PCR ampli- fication directly without the purification of DNA purification kit, thus, it is cost-saving.

基于MALDI-TOF MS肽指纹图谱技术的中药鹿血晶掺伪鉴别研究

本研究应用基质辅助激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)技术,构建了具有物种特异性的白蛋白和血红蛋白特征肽指纹图谱,用于中药鹿血晶的掺伪鉴别。以鹿血晶真品(梅花鹿、马鹿)和常见掺伪品(猪、牛、羊、驴)共6个物种的血晶制品作为研究对象,通过理论肽段预测并结合高分辨质谱,筛选出1组能够反映物种差异的特征肽段。采集不同物种来源血晶制品以及不同来源市售中药鹿血晶的特征肽指纹图谱,并结合化学计量学分析,实现了不同来源血晶制品的快速准确区分。该方法能够实现复杂基质样品中目标特征肽段的灵敏、特异检测,具有高专属性、快速、便捷的优势,为鹿血晶及血晶类中药制品的掺伪鉴别提供了准确的分析手段,也为其他复杂蛋白类制品的快速鉴别提供了有价值的参考。

John Deere公司9R系列新型轮式拖拉机

介绍了John Deere公司的9R系列新拖拉机主要部件的技术性能和结构特点,为我国拖拉机行业科研单位和生产企业进一步研究开发拖拉机新产品提供参考。

鹿茸干细胞外泌体复合水凝胶促进烫伤皮肤的修复

背景:近年来鹿茸干细胞及外泌体促进急性皮肤损伤修复的研究得到了越来越多的关注,但外泌体复合水凝胶促进烫伤修复的效果和机制仍不清楚。目的:探究鹿茸干细胞外泌体复合水凝胶对大鼠深Ⅲ度烫伤创面愈合速度和质量的影响及作用机制。方法:提取鹿茸干细胞外泌体和骨髓间充质干细胞外泌体并与Pluronic F-127复合制备温敏水凝胶,采用恒温恒压烫伤仪制备大鼠深Ⅲ度烫伤模型,分4组给药:鹿茸干细胞外泌体复合水凝胶组、骨髓间充质干细胞外泌体复合水凝胶组、人表皮生长因子凝胶组和空白组。观察烫伤大鼠创面皮肤的愈合情况并计算伤口愈合率;烫伤后28 d,苏木精-伊红染色观察创面愈合组织中皮肤附属结构生成情况,马松染色观察创面愈合组织胶原积累情况,免疫组化检测创面愈合组织中血管生成和炎症反应情况,qRT-PCR检测创面愈合组织中伤口愈合相关基因mRNA表达水平。结果与结论:①鹿茸干细胞外泌体复合水凝胶能显著提高大鼠深度烫伤的愈合速度,并通过促进皮肤附属结构的再生、增加真皮厚度和促进胶原累积来提高伤口愈合质量;②鹿茸干细胞外泌体复合水凝胶组创面愈合组织中肌成纤维细胞数量显著降低,新生血管和M2巨噬细胞数量显著增加;③鹿茸干细胞外泌体复合水凝胶组创面愈合组织中转化生长因子β3和Ⅲ型胶原的mRNA水平显著高于空白组,转化生长因子β1、基质金属蛋白酶3和Ⅰ型胶原的mRNA水平显著低于空白组,与骨髓间充质干细胞外泌体复合水凝胶组和人表皮生长因子凝胶组并无显著差异。综上所述,鹿茸干细胞外泌体复合水凝胶能提高大鼠深度烫伤的愈合速度和愈合质量,这可能是通过抑制成纤维细胞生成,促进血管生成、巨噬细胞M2极化和调节胶原生成/降解基因的表达实现的。

FEEDING HABITS OF HAINAN ELDI'S DEER

Hainan eldi’s deer is a precious species of deer in the tropic zone,it is regardedas the first—class animal under protection in China.Based on all-year-round observation on thedeer’s feeding habit in the reserve from 1985 to 1988,we discovered that Hainan eldi’s deer is aeuryphangous herbivore.They take various herbs as their main food and have fairly strongselectivity for woody plants,especially tending to eat the tender parts of plants and some fruits andflowers.Like other species of deer,they also like to lick the alkaline soil.This paper reports the re-search and evaluation on the feeding and choosing food characteristics of Hainan eldi’s deer,and onthe palatability of the main plants in the reserve.

Population and genetic diversity of Tibetan red deer based on fecal DNA

The Tibet Shannan Red Deer Nature Reserve is the center of the geographic distribution of Tibetan red deer. This paper presents the results of DNA analysis of 199 red deer fecal pellet groups collected during 2013 and 2014 during the green-plant period. We successfully extracted DNA from 87 DNA pellet groups and determined individual identification with 12 microsatellite loci. We evaluated the genetic diversity of the population and various population estimates with Capwire in R software. The87 successfully extracted pellet groups were from 50 individuals. In the population, the average number of alleles was 7.58 ± 0.18, the average effective number of alleles was 4.58 ± 0.15, and average polymorphism information content was 0.67 ± 0.01. Among the 12 loci,only T123 was moderately polymorphic; the other 11 loci were highly polymorphic. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.45 to 0.91, with an average of 0.72 ± 0.01, and average observed heterozygosity was 0.52 ± 0.11.Although Tibetan red deer remains endangered, the high genetic diversity indicates that this population has a good chance of recovery. This study provided insight that could be used by the local forestry department to develop programs to protect Tibetan red deer.

Collagen from Tendon of Yezo Sika Deer (<i>Cervus nippon yesoensis</i>) as By-Product

Collagen from tendon of Yezo sika deer was prepared by limited pepsin digestion. The yield of collagen was very high;35.7% on the basis of lyophilized dry weight. The secondary structure of this collagen was different from that of porcine skin by ATR-FTIR analysis, although it was the same characteristics, e.g. SDS-PAGE, subunit composition, ther-mal behavior, as porcine collagen. Since taking up a problem of bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection in land animals such as calf or bovine, collagen from aquatic materials has been used in various industries. However, the present study indicates that tendon of Yezo sika deer as by-product of meat industry will have potential as an important collagen source for use in the foods, cosmetics, and medical fields.

Population structures and spatial patterns of two unpalatable Arisaema species(Araceae) with and without clonal reproduction in a riparian forest intensively grazed by Sika deer

General decline of understory cover can result from increased abundance of and foraging pressure by deer.But population size and degree of aggregation can increase for unpalatable understory plants that escape foraging pressure.Clonal reproduction can enable unpalatable plant species to increase their population sizes while trending toward spatially aggregated distributions.However,the details of the relationship between clonal reproduction in unpalatable plants and their dynamics under intensive deer herbivory are not clear.We compared the population structures and spatial patterns of two coexisting unpalatable plant species,Arisaema ovale(with clonal reproduction)and A.peninsulae(without clonal reproduction)in a riparian forest intensively grazed by Sika deer,and examined the null hypothesis that the extent of spatial aggregation and local population size would not differ between the clonal and non-clonal Arisaema species.In a 0.36-ha plot,A.ovale had a larger population size(1087 individuals)with a higher abundance ratio of small plants(p<0.01)than A.peninsulae(84 individuals).Analyses of spatial point processes showed that both populations were spatially aggregated(p<0.05).The spatial aggregation of A.peninsulae,however,became weaker than that of A.ovale,when we excluded one dense patch originating from irregular seed dispersion.These results,excluding the aggregated distribution observed in A.peninsulae,suggested a substantial contribution of clonal reproduction to the expansion of the local A.ovale population following intensive grazing by Sika deer.

Relationship Between Behavioral Frequency and Reproductive Potential of Female Alpine Musk Deer in Captivity

Between June 2005 and February 2006, focal sampling and all occurrence behavior recording were used to quantify the behavioral patterns of captive female alpine musk deer （Moschus sifanicus） at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm, Gansu Province, China. Copulation success was used to differentiate individuals into two groups （successful and unsuccessful） and to provide a basis for behavioral comparisons, throughout both mating （rut） and non mating seasons. The results indicated significant differences between the behavior patterns of successful and unsuccessful females; however, the reproductive season played an important environmental factor. Pooling results across reproductive seasons, successfully copulating females showed significantly higher frequencies of vigilance and lower frequency of feeding behavior as compared with unsuccessfully copulating females. In the non-mating season, unsuccessfully copulating females had higher frequency of self-directed behavior, environment sniffing, and were less aggressive than successful copulating females. Furthermore, females who were successful at copulating also demonstrated tail-pasting behavior; however, this only occurred during the rut season. The results of this study can improve management practices for musk deer farms through increasing mating success and reducing maintenance costs. Furthermore, variation in behavior may also be used as a predictor of copulation success and reproductive potential, whereby females can be grouped and separated according to their reproductive history and past reproduction success.

The nutritional composition and digestion of plants foraged by red deer(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus) in northeast China

We studied species of plants foraged by red deer in the Muling forest region of northeastern China during January 2014 and 2015. We focused on nutritional composition, energy content, and the digestibility of these plants. Crude protein content varied by plant species.Average crude protein content was 7.5 ± 1.7% of dry matter, ranging from 4.5 to 10.3%. Crude lipid content did not vary by species and averaged 7 ± 1.5%(range5.4–9.8%). Non-fiber carbohydrate(NFC) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) content varied broadly with average values being 20.1 ± 4.8%(range 13.5–28.8%) and64.7 ± 5.9%(range 53.5–71.8%), respectively. Energy content ranged from 16.7 to 19.7 k J/g. Average dry matter digestibility(DMD) was 46.1 ± 4.8%, with a range from38.7 to 54.6%. Only three plants, Saussurea manshurica,Aralia elata and Equisetum hyemale exhibited DMD [ 50%. NFC content explained most of the variation in energy content(r = 0.451). In contrast, energy content was inversely related to NDF(r =-0.443). There was no correlation between crude protein, crude lipid, and energy content(r= 0.004, r=-0.190). S. manshurica,A. elata and E. hyemale had higher NFC and lower NDF content. Thus, these species offered the greatest nutritional value for wintering red deer in the study area. Along with high CP and NFC content, Taxus cuspidate also had high lignin content, and was thus, considered a good forage species for red deer.

Variation in winter daily range area of red deer(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus) based on DNA extracted from fecal samples

With environmental change and increased human activity,wild red deer(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus)populations and habitat area continue to decrease.Red deer is a main prey species of Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica).Factors affecting red deer winter home range in the Wanda montains of northeast China are not well understood.In this study,we aimed to better document red deer daily ranges to support conservation of red deer.A second objective was to develop a practical research method combining macro-and micro-technology for home range research on a variety of rare or endangered wild species.We collected 105 fresh fecal samples of red deer in three different periods during winter from December 2012 to March 2013 in the Wandashan region,Heilongjiang Province,China.Individual and sex identities were analyzed based on fecal DNA using microsatellite DNA.We used samples from deer farms for correction and validation of our identifications from field samples.We used a combination of molecular scatology,3S techniques(GPS),and direct observation to estimate winter daily range areas.Based on eleven microsatellite loci,we identified 18 individuals,10 females and 8 males,with a correction factor of 1.00 and sex ratio of 1:0.8.The mean(±SE)number of alleles was 5.1±0.41,and mean polymorphism information content was 0.63±0.03.Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.46 to 0.81,with a mean of 0.69±0.03,and mean observed heterozygosity was 0.73±0.07.Sizes of mean daily ranges were 26.1±1.1 ha in December,89.3±1.6 ha in January,and 67.5±1.9 ha in March,indicating the following trend for daily range area:middle winter>late winter>early winter.Mean daily range area was insignificantly larger for males than for females.Estimated winter daily ranges were similar to those reported for Europe.Our combination of macro-and micro-technology proved useful for estimating winter home range areas of red deer.

Deer Body Adaptive Threshold Segmentation Algorithm Based on Color Space

In large-scale deer farming image analysis,K-means or maximum between-class variance(Otsu)algorithms can be used to distinguish the deer from the background.However,in an actual breeding environment,the barbed wire or chain-link fencing has a certain isolating effect on the deer which greatly interferes with the identification of the individual deer.Also,when the target and background grey values are similar,the multiple background targets cannot be completely separated.To better identify the posture and behaviour of deer in a deer shed,we used digital image processing to separate the deer from the background.To address the problems mentioned above,this paper proposes an adaptive threshold segmentation algorithm based on color space.First,the original image is pre-processed and optimized.On this basis,the data are enhanced and contrasted.Next,color space is used to extract the several backgrounds through various color channels,then the adaptive space segmentation of the extracted part of the color space is performed.Based on the segmentation effect of the traditional Otsu algorithm,we designed a comparative experiment that divided the four postures of turning,getting up,lying,and standing,and successfully separated multiple target deer from the background.Experimental results show that compared with K-means,Otsu and hue saturation value(HSV)+K-means,this method is better in performance and accuracy for adaptive segmentation of deer in artificial breeding scenes and can be used to separate artificially cultivated deer from their backgrounds.Both the subjective and objective aspects achieved good segmentation results.This article lays a foundation for the effective identification of abnormal behaviour in sika deer.

Antioxidant activity of hydrolysates of deer bone gelatin in a liposome

Gelatin extracted from deer bone was hydrolyzed for 3.5-120 min. The degree of hydrolysis was higher from Alcalasehydrolyzed gelatin than that from neutral proteinase-hydrolyzed gelatin. Alcalase-hydrolyzed gelatin exhibited a stronger antioxidant activity than that of neutral proteinase-hydrolyzed gelatin, Hydrolysates showed strong radical-scavenging ability and Fe^2＋-chelating activity, both of which were influenced by hydrolysis time. Although nonhydrolyzed gelatin displayed a certain antioxidative effect, it was far less than that of hydrolysates. The hydrolysates of deer bone gelatin can work as a radical stabilizer and metal ion chelator to inhibit lipid oxidation.

Behavioral ecology of sika deer in spring in semi-natural area

Behaviors of sika deer in spring were studied by scan sampling, ad libitum sampling, and all-occurrence recording methods during 1998. The results showed that behaviors of sika deer in spring can be classified by seven categories: grazing, ruminating, bedding, moving, standing, drinking, alert, agonistic and other behaviors. Various behavioral models were more regular. Grazing behavior was a kind of mainly behavioral model.