Experimental Determination and Modeling of Bubble Size Distributions in Bubble Columns

Using a five point conductivity technique local values of bubble size,bubble velocity and gas fractionhave been experimentally determined in a 288 mmID and 4.3 m high bubble column as a function of axial andradial position for the air/water and CO2/N2/aqueous MDEA systems.The experimental results are comparedwith predictions from a fundamental two-fluid model.The implementation of a non-steady lateral drag term inthe two-fluid model has been shown.In addition to improving the physical realism of the model,it is found togive slight improvements in the predictions of the distributions of local bubble size.Predictions of bubble size arefound in reasonable agreement with experimental values in the heterogeous flow regime,whereas they are stil1found to be unreliable at low gas velocities.Local void predictions are found in reasonable agreement with experi-mental values,but deviations occur in the homogeneous flow regime towards the wall.This is attributed to defi-ciencies in the simplified bubble size

Computational study of bubble coalescence/break-up behaviors and bubble size distribution in a 3-D pressurized bubbling gas-solid fluidized bed of Geldart A particles

A computational study was carried out on bubble dynamic behaviors and bubble size distributions in a pressurized lab-scale gas-solid fluidized bed of Geldart A particles.High-resolution 3-D numerical simulations were performed using the two-fluid model based on the kinetic theory of granular flow.A finegrid,which is in the range of 3–4 particle diameters,was utilized in order to capture bubble structures explicitly without breaking down the continuum assumption for the solid phase.A novel bubble tracking scheme was developed in combination with a 3-D detection and tracking algorithm(MS3 DATA)and applied to detect the bubble statistics,such as bubble size,location in each time frame and relative position between two adjacent time frames,from numerical simulations.The spatial coordinates and corresponding void fraction data were sampled at 100 Hz for data analyzing.The bubble coalescence/break-up frequencies and the daughter bubble size distribution were evaluated by using the new bubble tracking algorithm.The results showed that the bubble size distributed non-uniformly over cross-sections in the bed.The equilibrium bubble diameter due to bubble break-up and coalescence dynamics can be obtained,and the bubble rise velocity follows Davidson’s correlation closely.Good agreements were obtained between the computed results and that predicted by using the bubble break-up model proposed in our previous work.The computational bubble tracking method showed the potential of analyzing bubble motions and the coalescence and break-up characteristics based on time series data sets of void fraction maps obtained numerically and experimentally.

Optimization of cavitation venturi tube design for pico and nano bubbles generation

Hydrodynamic cavitaion venturi tube technique is used for pico and nano bubble generations in coal column flotation. In order to determine the optimal design of hydrodynamic cavitation venture tube for pico and nano bubble generation, a four-factor three-level Central Composite Design of Experimental was conducted for investigating four important design parameters of cavitation venturi tube governing the median size and the volume of pico and nano bubbles. The test results showed that maximum volume of pico and nano bubbles, 65–75%, and minimum mean pico and nano bubble size,150–240 nm, were achieved at the medium ratio of the diameter of outlet of the venturi-tube and diameter of throat(3–4), medium outlet angle(11–13°), high inlet angle(26–27°) and high ratio of the length of the throat and the diameter of throat(2.3–3). Study the effects of the producing pico and nano bubbles on fine coal flotation was performed in a 5 cm diameter 260 cm height flotation column. The optimal percentage of pico and nano bubbles was about 70%, which produced maximum combustible material recovery of 86% with clean coal ash content of 11.7%.

Nano-microbubble flotation of fine and ultrafine chalcopyrite particles

As is well known to mineral processing scientists and engineers, fine and ultrafine particles are difficult to float mainly due to the low bubble-particle collision efficiencies. Though many efforts have been made to improve flotation performance of fine and ultrafine particles, there is still much more to be done. In this paper, the effects of nano-microbubbles(nanobubbles and microbubbles) on the flotation of fine( 38 + 14.36 lm) and ultrafine( 14.36 + 5 lm) chalcopyrite particles were investigated in a laboratory scale Denver flotation cell. Nano-microbubbles were generated using a specially-designed nanomicrobubble generator based on the cavitation phenomenon in Venturi tubes. In order to better understand the mechanisms of nano-microbubble enhanced froth flotation of fine and ultrafine chalcopyrite particles, the nano-microbubble size distribution, stability and the effect of frother concentration on nanobubble size were also studied by a laser diffraction method. Comparative flotation tests were performed in the presence and absence of nano-microbubbles to evaluate their impact on the fine and ultrafine chalcopyrite particle flotation recovery. According to the results, the mean size of nano-microbubbles increased over time, and decreased with increase of frother concentration. The laboratory-scale flotation test results indicated that flotation recovery of chalcopyrite fine and ultrafine particles increased by approximately 16–21% in the presence of nano-microbubbles, depending on operating conditions of the process. The presence of nano-microbubbles increased the recovery of ultrafine particles( 14.36 + 5 lm) more than that of fine particles( 38 + 14.36 lm). Another major advantage is that the use of nano-microbubbles reduced the collector and frother consumptions by up to 75% and 50%,respectively.

Inversion method of bubble size distribution based on acoustic nonlinear coefficient measurement

Measurements of bubble size distribution require the understanding of the acoustic characteristics of the medium.The bubbles show highly nonlinear properties under finite amplitude acoustic excitation,so the acoustic fields from bubble population are easily observed at the second harmonics as well as at the fundamental frequency,which shows that the nonlinear coefficient increases obviously.The inversion method of bubble size distribution based on nonlinear acoustic effects can peel off the influence of complex environment and obtain the size distribution coefficient information of bubbles more accurately.The previous nonlinear inversion methods of bubble size distribution are mostly based on the nonlinear scattering cross-section characteristics of bubbles.However,the stability of inversion is not high enough.In this paper,we introduce a new acoustic inversion method for bubble size distribution,which is based on the nonlinear coefficients of bubble medium.Compared with other inversion methods based on linear or nonlinear scattering cross section,the inversion method based on nonlinear coefficients of bubble medium proposed in this paper shows good robustness in both simulation and experiment.

气体流量和喷嘴直径对鼓泡塔内气泡大小和形状分布的影响

通过高速摄影结合图像处理算法,研究气体流量和喷嘴直径对气泡尺寸和纵横比分布的影响。结果表明,在所有喷嘴直径下,气泡当量直径的概率密度呈现双峰分布,其中第一个峰值接近直径为1.5~2 mm的小气泡区域,另一个峰值位于较大的气泡区域。将气体流量从0.1 L/min增加到0.2 L/min会导致大气泡的概率密度更高,表明气泡聚并现象普遍存在。当气体流量增加至1.2L/min时,峰值对应的气泡直径变小,并且气泡破裂占主导地位。对于直径为1~2 mm的气泡,形状受气体流量的影响较小,而3~9 mm的气泡在所有气体流量下气泡纵横比概率密度分布的峰值均位于纵横比E=0.5处。Iguchi和Chihara提出的模型能更好地预测气泡脱离直径随气体流量的增大的变化。

基于PBM的离心式叶轮内气泡破碎合并数值模拟

针对利用离心泵制备微气泡时叶轮内气泡尺寸较大且分布不均问题探究不同入口含气率(IGVF)和转速对离心泵叶轮内气泡直径和分布的影响,采用欧拉-欧拉非均匀双流体模型与群体平衡模型进行耦合,求解离心泵叶轮内气液两相旋转流场,并且结合涡识别方法、Luo破碎合并模型对离心泵叶轮内气泡分布规律进行分析。结果表明:①叶片前缘以及吸力面附近存在的涡旋导致气体聚集,引起流道内局部含气率增大,此处气泡合并效应占主导;②流量和转速一定时,随IGVF的增加,流道内湍流强度增加,旋涡后移导致气相聚集区域同样向后延伸,吸力面的高局部含气率区域增大面积显著高于压力面,因此吸力面气泡合并行为更为显著,气泡直径更大;③IGVF和流量一定时,小范围内提升转速可以使气泡破碎效应增强,获得更小直径的气泡。

一种基于气泡群的低频主动声呐目标模拟器设计

为了在水声测试过程中提供尺寸小、成本低、应用灵活、低频和高目标强度的目标模拟器,文中根据水中气泡群具有强散射这一特性,提出了一种面向主动声呐试验的气泡群模拟器设计方法。基于等效介质理论(Effective Medium Theory,EMT)建立了气泡群声散射模型。首先将气泡群划分成立方体网格,然后应用图像处理方法获取立方体网格内气泡群的尺寸分布函数,接着使用EMT计算了每个立方体网格中的声反射系数和声波入射到立方体网格中产生的衰减,最后利用声波叠加原理计算了模拟器的反向散射目标强度。不同参数下的数值分析结果表明,气泡群尺寸分布函数呈伽马分布时,目标强度较高;目标强度随着尺寸分布区间减小和孔隙率增大而变大;共振频率随孔隙率增大而降低。结合气泡群孔隙率分布模型,文中给出了一组在低频时具有较高目标强度的小尺寸模拟器设计参数,可供相关设计者参考。

文丘里式气泡发生器的气泡流动碎化机理研究进展及潜在应用

文丘里式气泡发生器利用水力空化原理产生气泡,气泡进一步受流动剪切效应破碎生成微纳气泡,具有结构简单、效率高、能耗低等优点,在许多领域展现出应用潜力。文丘里式气泡发生器产生的气泡大小及分布对其应用场景有着至关重要的影响。对影响文丘里式气泡发生器产生气泡大小的因素进行了归纳,从实验和理论两方面阐述了气泡流动破碎机理,展望了文丘里式气泡发生器潜在的应用方向,并对目前限制文丘里式气泡发生器大规模工业化应用的原因及进一步碎化气泡的方式进行了讨论,为文丘里式气泡发生器的设计放大提供了参考。

基于产状Fisher分布的岩石节理最小样本容量确定方法

节理产状是影响岩体结构及其工程性质的关键参数之一,因此准确计算节理的平均产状是岩体工程性质研究的基础。由于节理产状的离散性,合理确定节理的最小样本容量对于计算节理组的平均产状具有重要意义。基于Fisher分布,阐释了节理产状随机数的生成方法,提出一种考虑“超越上半球投影产状”(OEBEUHP)的平均产状计算方法。随机生成不同数量、不同κ值的Fisher分布产状来研究节理样本容量对平均产状准确性的影响,在保证准确率不低于0.95的情况下,建立了最小样本容量与Fisher分布常数κ值的经验关系。研究结果表明:节理样本容量对平均产状的统计准确性影响显著,样本容量越大,平均产状的统计准确率越高;最小样本容量与κ值呈明显的反比例关系,反比例系数为1 007.23。通过对三峡地下厂房上游边墙和乌东德水电站平洞PD5-2节理的统计分析,验证了该经验关系的适用性,能够有效指导节理产状的采样工作。

Review:Recent Advancement of Experimental and Numerical Investigations for Breaking Waves

Breaking wave is a complex physical phenomenon that takes place at the gas fluid interface which is the chief reason for the generation of two phase turbulence wave energy dissipation and mass transfer between air and water. For marine hydrodynamics the breaking bow wave of high speed vessels induces the bubble mixed flow travelling around the ship eventually developing to be the turbulent wake which is easy to be detected by photoelectric equipment. Besides the flow induced noise stemming from wave plunging may weaken the acoustic stealth of water surface craft. In the oceanographic physics context wave breaking accounts for the energy and mass exchange of the ocean atmosphere system which has a great effect on the weather forecasts and global climate predictions. Due to multi scale properties of multiphase turbulent flows a wide range of time and length scales should be resolved making it rather complicated for experimental and numerical investigations. In early reviews[1-4] general mechanisms related to wave breaking problems are well described. However previous emphasis lies on the phenomenological characteristics of breaking wave. Thus this review summarizes the recent experimental and numerical advances of the studies of air entrainment bubble distribution energy dissipation capillary effect and so on.

Experiences in using gas dispersion measurements to evaluate metallurgical performance of scavenger cleaner and recleaner circuit at Vale's Thompson Mill

The performance of a flotation circuit is largely the result of the operator's response to visual clues. This includes manipulation of the gas input and how it is distributed to cells in a bank. A new gas dispersion technology was presented which was conducted to perform characterization tests in Outokumpu 30 m3 and 50 m3 flotation cells installed at Thompson Vale's concentrator, and subsequent data analysis. The experimental program was designed to establish "as-found" baseline conditions for each cell of the two-parallel banks in the scavenger-cleaner and recleaner circuit, to select and characterize one typical cell in the two banks with either different frother concentrations or different air flow rates, and establish what variables can be manipulated in future characterization work. A three-parameter model was developed in order to link the bubble size and frother concentration. This relationship can be used to correlate gas dispersion change to improved metallurgical performance.

Eulerian–Lagrangian simulation of bubble coalescence in bubbly flow using the spring-dashpot model

The Eulerian–Lagrangian simulation of bubbly flow has the advantage of tracking the motion of bubbles in continuous fluid, and hence the position and velocity of each bubble could be accurately acquired. Previous simulation usually used the hard-sphere model for bubble–bubble interactions, assuming that bubbles are rigid spheres and the collisions between bubbles are instantaneous. The bubble contact time during collision processes is not directly taken into account in the collision model. However, the contact time is physically a prerequisite for bubbles to coalesce, and should be long enough for liquid film drainage. In this work we applied the spring-dashpot model to model the bubble collisions and the bubble contact time, and then integrated the spring-dashpot model with the film drainage model for coalescence and a bubble breakage model. The bubble contact time is therefore accurately recorded during the collisions. We investigated the performance of the spring-dashpot model and the effect of the normal stiffness coefficient on bubble coalescence in the simulation.The results indicate that the spring-dashpot model together with the bubble coalescence and breakage model could reasonably reproduce the two-phase flow field, bubble coalescence and bubble size distribution. The influence of normal stiffness coefficient on simulation is also discussed.

Bubble performance of a novel dissolved air flotation(DAF) unit

ES-DAF, a novel DAF with low cost, high reliability and easy controllability, was studied. Without a costly air saturator, ES-DAF consists of an ejector and a static mixer between the pressure side and suction side of the recycle rotary pump. The bubble size distribution in this novel unit was studied in detail by using a newly developed CCD imagination through a microscope. Compared with M-DAF under the same saturation pressure, ES-DAF can produce smaller bubble size and higher bubble volume concentration, especially in lower pressure. In addition, the bubble size decreases with the increase of reflux ratio or decrease of superficial air-water ratio. These results suggested that smaller bubbles will be formed when the initial number of nucleation sites increases by enhancing the turbulence intensity in the saturation system.

Hydrodynamics features of dispersed bubbles in the ventilated wake flow of a cylinder

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the 2 D bubbly flow downstream of a cylinder. Sparsely distributed bubbles were produced using the ventilation method. The carrier flow was measured using the particle image velocimetry(PIV) technique. The shadow imaging technique was used to capture instantaneous bubbly flow images. An image-processing code was compiled to identify bubbles in acquired image, calculate the bubble equivalent diameter and the bubble velocity. The effects of Reynolds number and the flow rate of the injected air were considered. The result indicates that the carrier flow is featured by distinct flow structures and the wake region is suppressed as the upstream velocity increases. Regarding the bubbles trapped in the wake flow, the number of small bubbles increases with the upstream velocity. On the whole, the bubble velocity is slightly lower than that of the carrier flow. The consistency between small bubbles and the carrier flow is high in terms of velocity magnitude, which is justified near the wake edge. The difference between the bubble velocity and the carrier flow velocity is remarkable near the wake centerline. For certain Reynolds number, with the increase in the air flow rate, the bubble equivalent diameter increases and the bubble void fraction is elevated.

Measurement and Prediction of Interfacial Area on a DistiIlation Tray

In this paper the modern electron optical equipment is used to translate the clear image of speed moving bubbles in bubbling liquid on a sieve tray into the digital information stored in computer, and the computer aided image processing technique is utilized to measure the bubble size distributions and interfacial areas under various operating conditions. And the dynamic behavior of bubbles in turbulent liquid is analyzed theoretically; the mechanism of bubble deformation and breakage is explored on the basis of Kolmogoroff′s isotropic turbulence hypothesis; the mathematical model for predicting the gas liquid interfacial area is proposed. The comparison between the simulated results and the experimental data shows that the model is higher in accuracy, simple in form and convenient in use.

空化区多相混合流体介质特性实验研究进展

空化流动是水动力学领域一种特有的流动现象,空化区内部水汽掺混情况复杂,需要借助特殊实验测量手段来获取其中混合介质特性。本文回顾了用于空化区多相混合介质测量的非接触式和接触式实验方法,包括电离辐射、内窥技术、电阻探针和光纤探针等。相比于对实验条件要求较高的非接触式测量技术,接触式探针测量技术更加简便和稳定,可以得到单个测点位置的含汽率、汽泡速度和汽泡尺度等信息。此外,本文还介绍了近年来多相流探针技术在空化流测量中的应用。研究者们分别采用电阻探针和光纤探针,研究了空泡水筒中楔形平板空化和水翼空化内部的介质特性,得到的结果主要包括平均含汽率和汽泡尺度统计分布两方面,发现了云空化区内含汽率高低与空化数密切相关,且楔形平板空化流动和水翼空化流动中存在非常相似的汽泡尺度分布特征。

多元复合超细掺合料制备混凝土内部结构研究

研究多元复合超细掺合料制备混凝土内部结构的变化规律。结果表明:高活性超细矿物掺合料替代率为30%时,新拌混凝土性能优良,混凝土出机坍落度245 mm、扩展度700 mm,7 d抗压强度49.0 MPa、28 d抗压强度65.6 MPa,可明显改善混凝土工作性能且能保证较高的力学性能。超细掺合料的加入可改善胶凝材料颗粒分布,提高密实度。混凝土总孔隙率降低42.1%,200 mm以上孔隙率降低39.6%,混凝土气泡间距系数降低21.9%,同时可减少混凝土内部气泡的生成。

基于最大熵原理的喷雾液滴粒径分布预测研究

液滴粒径分布是喷雾过程质量、动量和能量输运的关键参数,为确定喷雾中液滴粒径的分布,基于最大熵原理,通过平均直径约束条件,构建雾滴粒径数量概率密度分布的最大熵模型,应用环形鼓风喷嘴雾化的实验数据对液滴粒径分布模型进行优选。结果表明,构建的三参数和四参数最大熵模型的预测结果最为理想,预测的液滴粒径分布与实验值的相关系数均高于0.96,均方根误差均低于0.135。通过对比三参数和四参数最大熵模型预测结果的赤池信息准则数,表明三参数最大熵模型更适合喷雾液滴粒径分布的预测,应用不同类型喷嘴的雾化液滴粒径分布实验数据对三参数最大熵模型的适用性进行检验,结果表明模型的预测值与实验值吻合较好。最后将优选的三参数最大熵模型应用到Pratt&Whitney Canada公司制造的压力喷嘴喷雾液滴的粒径分布预测研究中。研究表明,构建的三参数最大熵模型,预测结果与实验数据基本吻合。

文丘里管空化生成微米气泡的试验

微米气泡在工业中应用广泛,采用文丘里管空化产生微米气泡具有结构简单、能耗低等优点。为探究文丘里管空化过程微米气泡的生成规律,文中以水为介质、高速摄像为测量手段,探讨了空化数对于微米气泡尺寸分布的影响。试验发现:空化程度最剧烈时气泡直径分布最广,在20~230μm,并服从多元高斯分布;随着空化数的增加,空化程度有所降低,气泡Sauter平均直径增加而气泡数量降低。此研究为空化生成微米气泡的方法提供了重要的数据支撑。