Comparative antimicrobial activity in Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Heifers’ urine and urine distillate

Background:Murrah buffalo is a breed of water buffalo(Bubalus bubalis)reared for milk and meat,especially in Northern India.There are so many studies on the antimicrobial potential of the cow(Bos indicus)urine but buffalo urine has rarely been studied.This study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity in whole buffalo urine and its distillate.Methods:Urine specimens were collected from seven Murrah buffalo heifers in the morning over three days from all seven heifers and distillated to prepare urine distillate(UD).The antimicrobial activity was determined through 96 well microplate method diluting(1:1)urine and UD in Mueller Hinton liquid medium against 919 microbial strains belonging to 148 species of 49 genera(Candia,11 genera of Gram+ve bacteria,37 genera of Gram-ve bacteria).The test strains were taken from the repository,revived and tested for purity before testing.The test strains were of clinical origin(372),environmental origin(496)and also from reference strain repositories(51).Results:Of the 919 test strains,a total of 57.89%and 56.04%of the tested strains were susceptible to UD and urine,respectively.There was a no significant(p>0.4)difference in the antimicrobial activity of UD and urine against 919 strains of microbes,regardless of their genus,species,and Gram staining reaction.Similarly,there was no significant(p>0.4)difference between the susceptibility of bacterial and Candida strains to UD or urine.However,strains of clinical origin were more often resistant to buffalo UD and urine(p<0.01)than strains isolated from environmental sources irrespective of their Gram staining characteristics(p>0.05).A significantly(p<0.01)higher proportion of reference strains was susceptible to UD and urine than microbial strains of clinical and environmental origin.For buffalo urine and UD,the most susceptible strains were Stenotrophomonas maltophilia(13/13)followed by Citrobacter freundii(8/10);Salmonella enterica ssp.enterica(21/27),Geobacillus stearothermophilus(23/30),Staphylococcus aureus(13/17),and Paenibacillus larvae(7/10)strains.The most resistant strains belonged to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus(15/20)species followed by strains of Paenibacillus alvei(11/16),Edwardsiella tarda(20/30),Bacillus megaterium(7/11)and Escherichia coli(59/110)species.There was insignificant(p,>0.05)difference in susceptibility of strains of different species of the same genus;however,among all the Bacillus species strains of B.coagulans were the most susceptible(66.7%)and strains of B.megaterium were the least susceptible(36.4%),similarly Enterococcus faecium strains were more susceptible(68.2%)than strains of Enterococcus faecalis(38.9%),70%strains of P.larvae were susceptible to urine and UD but only 31.3%of strains of P.alvei were susceptible.Strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Raoultella terrigena,earlier belonging to the same genus Klebsiella,had comparable susceptibility to buffalo urine and UD.Conclusion:The study concluded that buffalo urine may be a potential antimicrobial and may be explored further for identification of active antimicrobial compounds in buffalo urine.

Detection of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Endemic Areas of São Paulo State, Brazil

Babesiosis is a tick-transmitted disease that causes severe economic losses to the cattle industry in Brazil. Water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) are often carriers of Babesia spp., but there are no studies that provide an accurate estimation of this infection in animals raised in regions of endemic stability. This study was conducted to investigate Babesia bovis and B. bigemina infections in 108 water buffaloes (50 calves and 58 adult females) located in areas of S&atildeo Paulo state, where the animals were continuously exposed to Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. B. bovis and B. bigemina infections were screened by microscopic examination of blood smears, nested PCR (nPCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), which were also used to estimate the number of copies (NC) of the cytochrome b (mt-cytB) gene in the blood samples. B. bigemina was found in blood smears of three calves from Alambari herd (all with less than 0.1% parasitemia). Molecular techniques were more sensitive than blood smears to diagnose piroplasms in water buffaloes: 20.37% and 100.00% for B. bovis-infected animals and 59.26% and 100.00% for B. bigemina-infected animals, respectively for nPCR and qPCR. The NC of mt-cytB gene of B. bovis and B. bigemina in blood samples revealed significant effects (p p ≤ 0.05) for B. bigemina (2.80 ± 0.06) than for B. bovis (2.61 ± 0.05). Within each herd-age, differences between the species’ NC values were found only in Alambari calves, which showed significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) NC of B. bigemina (3.48 ± 0.13). The calves and cows from Ibaté showed the lowest NC of B. bigemina (2.29 ± 0.13 and 2.63 ± 0.14) and B. bovis (2.54 ± 0.11 and 2.37 ± 0.12), respectively. These data suggest a high prevalence of B. bovis and B. bigemina infection in the buffalo population in endemic areas of S&atildeo Paulo state.

中国水牛(Bubalus bubalis)鼻唇镜的研究 Ⅲ.鼻唇腺的组织化学

在研究中国水牛鼻唇腺显微与亚微结构的基础上,对水牛鼻唇腺的组织化学(核酸、多糖、糖蛋白、脂类,碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶等)进行测定。显微镜观察表明,鼻唇腺腺泡细胞胞质与导管管腔内的分泌物均含较多的 PAS 阳性颗粒。用不同 pH 的 AB 染色加以鉴别,证实这些 PAS阳性颗粒属于涎粘液,是分泌物的重要成分。鼻唇腺是一种由纯浆液性腺泡构成的唾液腺,其分泌物通过导符系统运送到鼻唇镜表面,水牛不断用舌舔其表面,从而咽入腺体分泌物。

中国水牛(Bubalus bubalis)鼻唇镜的研究 Ⅳ.鼻唇镜和鼻唇腺的神经末梢

常规 H-E 染色和7种不同镀银法制作的连续切片,经光学显微镜追踪观察结果显示,乳头间屏基部、真皮乳头结缔组织和表皮棘细胞内均分布有游离神经末梢.在较发达的乳头间屏处,表皮基底细胞与真皮相邻部位分布有默克尔氏触盘.真皮结缔组织内分布有形态各异的薄被囊感觉神经末梢,如单棒形神经末梢,终末分支并缠绕成圆球状的终球等.触毛的结缔组织鞘内有细密游离末梢形成的神经丛.交感神经纤维束穿行于鼻唇腺的小叶间结缔组织,在腺泡间形成次级网,且有细小的终末膨大止于腺细胞间.

寄生于华南水牛(Bubalus bubalis)的梭形住肉孢子虫(Sarcocystis fusiformis)

通过对在华南水牛(Bubalus bubalis)食道肌形成大型包囊(Macroscopic sarcocyst)的一种住肉孢子虫作感染试验、超微结构等方面的研究,并与国外有关报道作对比,证实该原虫即梭形住肉孢子虫(Sarcocystis fusiformis)。

Influence of Concentrate in the Diet on the Metabolic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Profile of Buffalo Heifers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the profile of the main serum biochemical variables in buffalo heifers receiving diets with different concentrations of concentrate. Twenty buffalo heifers of the Murrah breed, aged six to eight months, were randomly assigned to four groups, with five replicates each, to be adapted to levels of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of concentrate in the diet, composed of sugarcane (bulk) and concentrated feed based on wheat, corn, and soybean meal. The experimental diets were constituted in the proportion “bulk: concentrate”, based on dry matter, of “80:20” (Treatment 1), “60:40” (Treatment 2), “40:60” (Treatment 3), and “20:80” (Treatment 4). Biomarkers were evaluated for energy, protein, mineral, and endocrine profiles, as well as enzymatic activity. A positive linear effect was observed for Final Body Weight. In the energy profile, there was a positive linear effect for total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol and a quadratic effect for plasma glucose. In the protein profile, a quadratic effect was observed for the urea: creatinine ratio and a positive linear effect for total protein and albumin. For the enzymatic activity, only the variable gamma-glutamyltransferase presented a quadratic effect. In the mineral profile, a quadratic effect was observed for calcium levels and a positive linear effect for phosphorus levels and negative for chlorine levels. In the endocrine profile, no statistical differences were observed. Diet with until 80% of concentrate does not negatively influence biochemical parameters that represent the profile of energy, protein, mineral and thyroid hormones for growing buffalo heifers and favors the performance of the animals.

Functional Genes in Relation to Residual Feed Intake in Murrah Buffalo Heifers

High Feed efficiency (FE) in growing heifers has economic importance in dairy, but remains less understood in buffaloes. Feed conversion efficiency is defined as dry matter intake (DMI) per unit body weight gain and is determined as residual feed intake (RFI), i.e., the difference between actual and predicted feed intake to gain unit body weight during a feed trial run for 78 days under control feeding. A large variation was identified ranging between -0.42 to 0.35 in growing buffalo heifers (n = 40) of age between 11 to 15 months. An average daily weight gain (ADG) varied between 382.0 and 807.6 g/day when compared with the control-fed heifers at an organized buffalo farm. The whole blood transcriptome data obtained from the selected growing heifers from extremes of estimated high and low RFI efficiency were compared with the reference assembly generated from the transcriptome of multiparous buffaloes (n = 16) of diverse age of maturity, period of regaining post partum cyclicity and level of milk production. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the reference genome of Mediterranean water buffalo. GO: terms (Padj 0.05, FDR 0.05) enriched by annotated DEGs and biological pathways in gene network for RFI efficiency trait were identified. GO: terms specific to pre-transcriptional regulation of nucleus and Chromatin organization under Nucleoplasm, Energy balancing, Immunity, Cell signaling, ROS optimization, ATP generation through the Electron Transport chain and cell proliferation were determined. The study reveals the indicators targeting the actual metabolic changes and molecular functions underlying the feed utilization capacity of buffaloes. Estimated RFI efficiency revealed a large variation over heifers which may lower the DMI even up to 13.6% thus, enabling an increase in ADG up to 16% by involving efficient heifers in breeding plan. The study revealed a scope of high gain by selective breeding for FE in heifers. FE variants catalogued in the study are useful breed-specific RFI markers for future reference. The study contributes to the understanding of feed efficiency in buffaloes and its association with key interactive traits such as reproduction and growth. This knowledge can be utilized to develop more effective breeding programs.

不同发情阶段水牛唾液的DIA定量蛋白组学分析

旨在利用高通量DIA定量蛋白组学分析不同发情阶段水牛唾液中蛋白的差异。本研究将15头体况相近(平均体重为650~750 kg),发情正常,健康状态良好的2~5胎次的尼里-拉菲母水牛作为研究对象,在相同的管理条件下,对其注射氯前列醇并计为第0天,分别在发情前期(第1天)、发情期(第3天)、发情后期(第6天)早上饲喂之前(08:00-11:00)进行唾液的采集,唾液样本每个发情时期分组相同,每3头牛分为一组,共分为5组,样品处理后进行DIA定量蛋白组学检测。结果显示,不同发情阶段水牛的唾液中共定量到1982个蛋白质,分别在发情期/发情前期和发情期/发情后期比较组中鉴定到59和38个差异丰度蛋白。功能分析发现,CBL、SOD1、SPP1和ARPC1B等蛋白质可能在细胞调控和抗氧化、维持细胞间相互作用等方面发挥作用。KEGG通路分析显示,发情前期、发情期和发情后期水牛唾液差异丰度蛋白被富集到mTOR信号通路、孕酮介导的卵母细胞成熟等通路上。综上,通过不同发情阶段的对比,获得与繁殖相关的差异蛋白4个,CBL、ARPC1B、SOD1和SPP1。这些唾液中的差异丰度蛋白可能作为水牛发情生物标志物的关键蛋白,进而为开发水牛发情检测诊断试剂盒提供数据支撑。

中国家水牛起源通考

从殷墟发掘大量水牛遗存至今的一百年间,中国水牛的驯化起源问题一直是科学界争论的热点,经历了数次反转。笔者结合考古学、史料记载和遗传学等研究重构了中国水牛的驯化历程。中国的家水牛属于沼泽型水牛,早在新石器时期就已被吴越先民所驯化,考古发现的“圣水牛”本质上就是中国现存水牛的祖先型。先秦时期,家水牛被称为“牛”和“兕”,“水牛”之名词来源于汉代传入的佛经,原指产于西域诸国的河流型水牛,大约到晋代才用于指代中国的家水牛。在戎狄等游牧民族将原产西亚的黄牛带到中国北方草原,再由商人引入中原地区以前,产于吴越之地的水牛是中国唯一的家养牛类,星宿“牵牛”之名即源于此。

饲喂水牛不同部位脂肪组织对金黄地鼠健康的影响

本研究旨在探究饲喂水牛胸部皮下脂(不饱和脂肪酸含量高)和肾周脂(饱和脂肪酸含量高)对金黄地鼠健康的影响。本试验以成年摩拉水牛胸部皮下脂肪和肾周脂肪组织为材料,将30只6周龄雌性金黄地鼠随机平均分为3组:普通饲喂组(含油量10%)、胸部皮下脂高脂饲喂组(含油量45%)、肾周脂高脂饲喂组(含脂量45%)。适应性饲喂1周,正式饲喂试验为期8周。在第0、4、8周采集血液样本,饲喂结束时采集肝脏和腹股沟脂肪组织,试验期间每周称重,每天称量采食量。结果表明:与普通饲喂组相比,肾周脂高脂饲喂8周金黄地鼠终末体重、平均日增重、Lee’s指数、血脂浓度(甘油三酯、胆固醇等)、体脂沉积、肝脏损伤及脂代谢等均显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),提示高脂饲喂可引起金黄地鼠肥胖;同样是高脂饲喂,胸部皮下脂饲喂组金黄地鼠终末体重、平均日增重、Lee’s指数、血脂浓度(胆固醇、动脉硬化指数等)、体脂沉积、肝脏损伤及脂代谢等均显著均低于肾周脂饲喂组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。综上所述,富含不饱和脂肪酸的水牛胸部皮下脂可缓解高脂饲喂带来的健康风险,这为水牛不饱和脂肪酸生成的调控提供重要基础信息和材料。

Tissue-specific Temporal Exome Capture Revealed Muscle-specific Genes and SNPs in Indian Buffalo(Bubalus bubalis)

Whole genome sequencing of buffalo is yet to be completed, and in the near future it may not be possible to identify an exome （coding region of genome） through bioinformatics for designing probes to capture it. In the present study, we employed in solution hybridization to sequence tissue specific temporal exomes （TST exome） in buffalo. We utilized cDNA prepared from buffalo muscle tissue as a probe to capture TST exomes from the buffalo genome. This resulted in a prominent reduction of repeat sequences （up to 40%） and an enrichment of coding sequences （up to 60%）. Enriched targets were sequenced on a 454 pyro-sequencing platform, generating 101,244 reads contain- ing 24,127,779 high quality bases. The data revealed 40,100 variations, of which 403 were indels and 39,218 SNPs containing 195 nonsyn- onymous candidate SNPs in protein-coding regions. The study has indicated that 80% of the total genes identified from capture data were expressed in muscle tissue. The present study is the first of its kind to sequence TST exomes captured by use of cDNA molecules for SNPs found in the coding region without any prior sequence information of targeted molecules.

水牛α-乳清蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

根据报道的奶牛α-乳清蛋白基因核苷酸序列设计和合成4对引物,采用PCR扩增的方法克隆并测定了水牛α-乳清蛋白全基因的核苷酸序列。结果表明,克隆的水牛α-乳清蛋白基因全长3 038 bp,包括5′侧翼区,3′侧翼区,3个内含子和4个外显子(该序列已被成功提交到GenBank,序列接收号为EU422984)。核苷酸序列比对结果表明,水牛α-乳清蛋白基因与报道的奶牛该基因的核苷酸序列同源性为97.53%。水牛α-乳清蛋白成熟肽的氨基酸序列与奶牛相比有两个氨基酸的差异。与奶牛相比,水牛α-乳清蛋白基因5′调控区发生了多处插入突变和碱基替换突变,这些插入和替换突变可能与水牛乳汁中α-乳清蛋白的高水平表达有关。

摩杂一代水牛与广西沼泽型水牛垂体组织结构的比较研究

对广西摩杂一代水牛的脑垂体进行组织学研究,并和广西沼泽型水牛(Bubalus bubalis)的脑垂体进行比较。将两种水牛的脑垂体做成切片,采用HE染色并通过图像分析仪进行分析。结果显示摩杂一代水牛脑垂体呈长卵圆形,其神经部细胞大小和细胞密度和广西沼泽型水牛差异不显著,中间部的嫌色细胞较广西沼泽型水牛的多,而远侧部的各种细胞出现率表现出差异显著,其中嗜酸性细胞与广西沼泽型水牛差异极显著。这些结果为培育广西奶水牛提供形态学依据。

水牛角与羚羊角的HPLC法鉴别

建立一种鉴别水牛角与羚羊角药材的质控方法。采用OPA柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为HP Hypersil ODS柱(125 mm×4.6mm×5μm),以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂。流动相A:8.0 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.2),含φ=0.3％四氢呋喃;流动相B:8.0 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.2)+甲醇+乙腈(50+35+15)。线性梯度洗脱;荧光检测器,Ex=340nm,Em=450 nm。结果水牛角与羚羊角药材在氨基酸的含量上有明显差异。本文所建立的方法简便,重现性好,可用于水牛角与羚羊角药材的鉴别。

水牛感染血清免疫筛选日本血吸虫成虫cDNA文库

目的 筛选新的有潜质的日本血吸虫保护性抗原分子编码基因。方法 用水牛感染血清对日本血吸虫(Schistosoma Japonicum,sj)成虫cDNA文库进行免疫筛选,将阳性克隆的插入片段进行PCR扩增和序列分析。结果 3轮筛选后,将7个阳性克隆经辅助噬菌体自动剪切并PCR扩增显示,插入的日本血吸虫cDNA片段大小在0.8-2.0 kb之间,选取其中4个经DNA测序分析,发现2个未曾报道过的日本血吸虫新基因,分别命名为sj-IB1和sj-Rho GTPase-like gene,并在Gene Bank登记注册。结论 水牛感染血清可识别日本血吸虫的特异性抗原分子,这些抗原分子的免疫保护作用值得进一步研究。

摩杂一代水牛与广西沼泽型水牛肾上腺组织结构比较学研究

为探讨摩杂一代水牛与广西沼泽型水牛生产性能的差异，对其肾上腺组织结构进行比较研究。结果表明：水牛两侧肾上腺的形状大小不同，不同个体嗣倒的形状也不同，其被膜可清晰地分为外环层和内纵层，且广西沼泽型水牛被膜比摩杂一代水牛厚。广西沼泽型水牛比摩杂一代水牛的肾上腺球状带细胞长轴长2．00-4．00μm，网状带细胞长轴长4．00～5．00μm、短轴长2．00-3．00μm。由于广西沼泽型水牛肾上腺的被膜、球状带和束状带均比摩杂一代水牛厚，且网状带细胞显著大于摩杂一代水牛。因此可以推断，广西沼泽型水牛在调节心脏的活动和血管压力、抵御冷应激、对抗药物毒副作用等方面均优于摩杂一代水牛。

水牛角提取液中谷氨酸含量的测定

目的测定水牛角提取液中谷氨酸的含量。方法采用氨基酸分析仪测定水牛角提取液中的谷氨酸含量。结果水牛角提取液中谷氨酸的含量为0.225%。结论本法稳定、可行,为评价水牛角药材质量提供依据。

LBP基因沉默对LPS诱导水牛单核巨噬细胞炎症相关基因表达的影响

为了探讨抑制脂多糖结合蛋白(LBP)基因表达对水牛单核巨噬细胞在内毒素(LPS)诱导下炎症相关基因的表达,首先采用三质粒慢病毒包装系统包装LBP基因shRNA重组质粒pSicoR-GFP-shLBP774.利用病毒颗粒感染水牛单核巨噬细胞,进行荧光定量qRT-PCR及ELISA检测.结果显示,单核巨噬细胞在用5×108 IU/mL滴度的LBP-shRNA774慢病毒颗粒,感染指数(MOI)为300、感染7d的条件下,感染效率超过50%.qRT-PCR检测结果显示,与LPS对照组相比,shLBP774感染组可极显著抑制LBP基因的表达(p<0.01),CD14,TLR4,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-8等基因表达显著降低(p<0.05).ELISA检测结果发现,与对照组相比,细胞分泌的TNF-α,IL-1β蛋白量显著降低(p<0.05).以上结果表明,抑制LBP基因表达可以有效降低LPS诱导下单核巨噬细胞炎症相关基因的表达,进而调控LPS引发的炎症反应,提示可将LBP作为靶基因深入研究水牛单核巨噬细胞免疫功能和LPS致炎信号传导分子机制.

水牛体内发现菲策属吸虫一新种

1981年在浙江象山县水牛体内发现一种新的菲策属吸虫,体型粗短,长度小等,体长8.0～11.9毫米,宽4～5毫米,虫体中部两侧近平行;肠支扭曲,盲端仅达虫体中部,睾丸巨大,略带前后倾斜排列,与最近似种泰国菲策吸虫的区别在于后者外观呈瓜子形,肠支直而无扭曲,睾丸小而前后排列,卵巢呈球形。作者定名为水牛菲策吸虫(Fischoederius bubalis n.sp.)

感染大片形吸虫水牛脊髓全基因组DNA的甲基化及其功能的分析

为探究感染大片形吸虫后不同时间水牛脊髓全基因组DNA甲基化的类型、占比及其感染后差异甲基化区域(DMR)涉及的功能及信号通路,本研究将大片形吸虫囊蚴经口灌胃感染8~10月龄水牛,分别于感染后3 d(J01)、10 d(J02)、28 d(J03)、42 d(J04)、70 d(J05)和98 d(J06)采集水牛脊髓,利用全基因组重亚硫酸盐测序技术(WGBS)对基因组DNA的甲基化测序,测序数据经过滤筛选后,采用Bismark软件分析各组水牛脊髓基因组DNA甲基化的类型及其占比(某种类型甲基化序列在该组全部可用测序序列中的占比以及该组某种C类型甲基化的数量在全部C类型甲基化中的占比),并采用weight methylation level对各组水牛脊髓基因组DNA 7个功能区域的甲基化进行聚类分析。WGBS测序结果经过滤后显示,平均每组测序长度为100.29 Gp,Q20%(质量值≥20的碱基占总碱基数的百分比)和Q30%分别达到95%和85%以上,6组样品亚硫酸盐(BS)转化率均大于99%,表明WGBS测序结果准确可靠;各组样品DNA甲基化类型和占比的分析及统计结果显示,J01~J06组基因组分别包含CG、CHG、CHH 3种类型的甲基化(mCG、m CH及m CHH),且以m CG类型占比最多(63.1%~71.7%,80.11%~85.73%),m CHH类型(0.9%~1.2%,11.27%~15.18%)及m CHG类型均较少(1.0%~1.2%,3.00%~4.84%);聚类分析结果显示,上述3种类型的甲基化主要分布在水牛脊髓基因组第1内含子和内部内含子。上述结果表明,感染大片形吸虫后水牛脊髓基因组DNA甲基化类型以m CG为主,且第1内含子和内部内含子的甲基化可能影响该两个区域相关基因的正常表达。利用R软件包分析各组水牛脊髓基因组之间是否存在DMR,并采用基于模型的亚硫酸氢盐测序数据分析(MOABS)筛选并统计各组之间的DMR及DMR的数量;采用DAVID软件分析各组DMR在其相应基因组中的分布;采用R语言对各组的DMR进行GO功能注释和KEEG富集分析。DMR的筛选及统计结果显示,各基因组间均存在DMR,且各组间均以CG类型DMR数量的差异最大。其中,J06与J01(7134个)、J06与J02(7174个)、J06与J03(6743个)、J04与J03组(11611个)之间DMR数量的差异最大,且96.42%~99.04%的DMR分布在基因组基因间区,0.96%~3.59%的DMR分布在基因组启动子区。DMR的GO功能分析显示,各组间CG类型DMR的GO功能注释结果基本相似,主要富集在细胞进程、生物调节、代谢过程、结合及催化活性等生物学过程;KEGG分析结果显示,各组间尤其是在感染后期(J06组和J04组)DMR主要富集在癌症及PI3K-Akt等信号通路中。上述结果表明,在大片吸虫慢性感染的过程中,尤其在感染中后期对水牛脊髓基因组基因间区相关基因的表达有影响,且甲基化的DNA可能主要通过以上两个信号通路影响相关基因的表达,进而影响水牛脊髓的各种生物学功能,最终引起水牛中枢神经系统疾病。这在一定程度阐释了寄生在肝脏的片形吸虫影响宿主中枢神经系统的机制。本研究为深入探究大片形吸虫感染对水牛神经系统的影响机制奠定了实验基础。