Understanding urban-scale building emissions is crucial for achieving net-zero targets.This study examined embodied and operational emissions in Jakarta from 2010 to 2022 using the bottom-up Building Stock Model(BSM)a...Understanding urban-scale building emissions is crucial for achieving net-zero targets.This study examined embodied and operational emissions in Jakarta from 2010 to 2022 using the bottom-up Building Stock Model(BSM)and analyzed building stocks across seven categories:apartments,offices,malls,hotels,education facilities,hospitals,and landed houses.Carbon factors for construction materials,fuels,electricity,and cooking gas,along with occupancy rates,were included in the emissions calculations.The findings reveal consistent growth in apartments,malls,and offices,with operational emissions significantly decreasing after the 2015 green building regulations.Despite a declining share in Jakarta’s building stock,landed houses still account for over 40%of embodied and nearly 75%of operational emissions.With around 80%of the population preferring to live in landed houses,their impact on emissions remains substantial.In 2010,Jakarta’s building floor stock was 167 km2.Projections using simple linear regression suggest it could reach 268 km2 by 2050.Emission forecasts using the Prophet Forecasting Model(PFM)suggest that by 2050,building emissions could return to 2010 levels if stricter regulations are consistently enforced.The study underscores the necessity for continuous regulatory advancements and carbon offset initiatives to achieve net-zero emissions.展开更多
BT(Build and Transfer)模式作为一种新型的有利于吸引民间资本和国外资本的投融资模式,在我国日益受到重视。由于BT模式运作的复杂性,项目发起人必须加强投资控制,对回购基价实施有效管理。研究选择影响回购基价的因素之一即工期延误,...BT(Build and Transfer)模式作为一种新型的有利于吸引民间资本和国外资本的投融资模式,在我国日益受到重视。由于BT模式运作的复杂性,项目发起人必须加强投资控制,对回购基价实施有效管理。研究选择影响回购基价的因素之一即工期延误,探讨其对回购基价的影响机理;通过算例计算可原谅的工期延误引起的项目回购基价增加值,验证其影响的机理及因素;最后提出可原谅工期延误造成回购基价增加的防范措施。研究结果表明:项目回购基价增加的根源在于工期延长而造成的建设期资金成本的增加,增加额的影响因素包括可原谅工期延误事件发生的时点、造成总工期延误的时间、已投入工程的资金数额、约定的融资费用计算规则。防范工期延误造成的回购基价增加,关键在于理清工期延误的责任归属;BT合同条款的限定、工程建设过程中对工期延误事件的及时分析、处理和计算是控制项目回购基价的有效途径。展开更多
文摘Understanding urban-scale building emissions is crucial for achieving net-zero targets.This study examined embodied and operational emissions in Jakarta from 2010 to 2022 using the bottom-up Building Stock Model(BSM)and analyzed building stocks across seven categories:apartments,offices,malls,hotels,education facilities,hospitals,and landed houses.Carbon factors for construction materials,fuels,electricity,and cooking gas,along with occupancy rates,were included in the emissions calculations.The findings reveal consistent growth in apartments,malls,and offices,with operational emissions significantly decreasing after the 2015 green building regulations.Despite a declining share in Jakarta’s building stock,landed houses still account for over 40%of embodied and nearly 75%of operational emissions.With around 80%of the population preferring to live in landed houses,their impact on emissions remains substantial.In 2010,Jakarta’s building floor stock was 167 km2.Projections using simple linear regression suggest it could reach 268 km2 by 2050.Emission forecasts using the Prophet Forecasting Model(PFM)suggest that by 2050,building emissions could return to 2010 levels if stricter regulations are consistently enforced.The study underscores the necessity for continuous regulatory advancements and carbon offset initiatives to achieve net-zero emissions.
文摘BT(Build and Transfer)模式作为一种新型的有利于吸引民间资本和国外资本的投融资模式,在我国日益受到重视。由于BT模式运作的复杂性,项目发起人必须加强投资控制,对回购基价实施有效管理。研究选择影响回购基价的因素之一即工期延误,探讨其对回购基价的影响机理;通过算例计算可原谅的工期延误引起的项目回购基价增加值,验证其影响的机理及因素;最后提出可原谅工期延误造成回购基价增加的防范措施。研究结果表明:项目回购基价增加的根源在于工期延长而造成的建设期资金成本的增加,增加额的影响因素包括可原谅工期延误事件发生的时点、造成总工期延误的时间、已投入工程的资金数额、约定的融资费用计算规则。防范工期延误造成的回购基价增加,关键在于理清工期延误的责任归属;BT合同条款的限定、工程建设过程中对工期延误事件的及时分析、处理和计算是控制项目回购基价的有效途径。
