Integrating Virtual Reality and Energy Analysis with BIM to Optimize Window-to-Wall Ratio and Building’s Orientation for Age-in-Place Design at the Conceptual Stage

This study unfolds an innovative approach aiming to address the critical role of building design in global energy consumption, focusing on optimizing the Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR), since buildings account for approximately 30% of total energy consumed worldwide. The greatest contributors to energy expenditure in buildings are internal artificial lighting and heating and cooling systems. The WWR, determined by the proportion of the building’s glazed area to its wall area, is a significant factor influencing energy efficiency and minimizing energy load. This study introduces the development of a semi-automated computer model designed to offer a real-time, interactive simulation environment, fostering improving communication and engagement between designers and owners. The said model serves to optimize both the WWR and building orientation to align with occupants’ needs and expectations, subsequently reducing annual energy consumption and enhancing the overall building energy performance. The integrated model incorporates Building Information Modeling (BIM), Virtual Reality (VR), and Energy Analysis tools deployed at the conceptual design stage, allowing for the amalgamation of owners’ inputs in the design process and facilitating the creation of more realistic and effective design strategies.

Photovoltaic energy balance estimation based on the building integration level

The photovoltaic module building integration level affects the module temperature and,consequently,its output power.In this work,a methodology has been proposed to estimate the influence of the level of architectural photovoltaic integration on the photovoltaic energy balance with natural ventilation or with forced cooling systems.The developed methodology is applied for five photovoltaic module technologies(m⁃Si,p⁃Si,a⁃Si,CdTe,and CIGS)on four characteristic locations(Athens,Davos,Stockholm,and Würzburg).To this end,a photovoltaic module thermal radiation parameter,PVj,is introduced in the characterization of the PV module technology,rendering the correlations suitable for building⁃integrated photovoltaic(BIPV)applications,with natural ventilation or with forced cooling systems.The results show that PVj has a significant influence on the energy balances,according to the architectural photovoltaic integration and climatic conditions.Keywords:Photovoltaic cooling;BIPV;Photovoltaic;Ventilation;Photovoltaic integration level in building【OA】(2)Graph⁃Based methodology for Multi⁃Scale generation of energy analysis models from IFC,by Asier Mediavilla,Peru Elguezabal,Natalia Lasarte,Article 112795 Abstract:Process digitalisation and automation is unstoppable in all industries,including construction.However,its widespread adoption,even for non⁃experts,demands easy⁃to⁃use tools that reduce technical requirements.BIM to BEM(Building Energy Models)workflows are a clear example,where ad⁃hoc prepared models are needed.This paper describes a methodology,based on graph techniques,to automate it by highly reducing the input BIM requirements found in similar approaches,being applicable to almost any IFC.This is especially relevant in retrofitting,where reality capture tools(e.g.,3D laser scanning,object recognition in drawings)are prone to create geometry clashes and other inconsistencies,posing higher challenges for automation.Another innovation presented is its multi⁃scale nature,efficiently addressing the surroundings impact in the energy model.The application to selected test cases has been successful and further tests are ongoing,considering a higher variety of BIM models in relation to tools and techniques used and model sizes.

On building automation system security

Building Automation Systems(BASs)are seeing increased usage in modern society due to the plethora of benefits they provide such as automation for climate control,HVAC systems,entry systems,and lighting controls.Many BASs in use are outdated and suffer from numerous vulnerabilities that stem from the design of the underlying BAS protocol.In this paper,we provide a comprehensive,up-to-date survey on BASs and attacks against seven BAS protocols including BACnet,EnOcean,KNX,LonWorks,Modbus,ZigBee,and Z-Wave.Holistic studies of secure BAS protocols are also presented,covering BACnet Secure Connect,KNX Data Secure,KNX/IP Secure,ModBus/TCP Security,EnOcean High Security and Z-Wave Plus.LonWorks and ZigBee do not have security extensions.We point out how these security protocols improve the security of the BAS and what issues remain.A case study is provided which describes a real-world BAS and showcases its vulnerabilities as well as recommendations for improving the security of it.We seek to raise awareness to those in academia and industry as well as highlight open problems within BAS security.

Automated Smart Utilization of Background Lights and Daylight for Green Building Efficient and Economic Indoor Lighting Intensity Control

The ways which are used today in order to light houses, offices, and most of the indoor areas are inefficient as a lot of energy is consumed unnecessarily during the day time. Mainly this problem because the interior lighting design consider the worst case when the light service is at night, which is not always valid. Also in most cases the lighting system design relies on people to control the lights switching on and off. This problem is also one of the design concerns in Green Building. In this paper, a solution to this problem and a method for people’s comfort who use the indoor facilities in industrial buildings is presented. In the proposed smart lighting system, lights switch on automatically when there is somebody in the room or in the occupied space and switch off when there is no occupancy. In addition to this known technique, adjustment of the brightness level of the lights will be possible via the personal computer or any other smart device. In this method, for the illumination level in the area, where is needed to be controlled for better energy saving, the light automatically is measured by the sensor and considering the amount of background lights coming from outside, automatically the brightness of lights is controlled to reach the preset level that determined for that room. By the means of this method, it is possible to provide better user comfort, avoid human forcedness to switch the light on and off, and hence effective energy saving. Arduino controller is used to build the controller and to demonstrate the results. Economic analysis was done to calculate the percentage of the energy saving that can be obtained by implementing the proposed smart lighting controller. As an outcome of the economic analysis, energy saving norm for an office with a standard size was calculated.

Evaluation of a Novel Approach for Automated Inventive Conceptual Design of Building Structures

This research is dedicated to assessment of a method that was earlier proposed and developed in order to increase the degree of automation and software involvement into conceptual decision making during design of structural elements of buildings. Such instruments of the theory of inventive problem solving as contradiction and function analysis and trimming formed the basis of the proposed approach that was realized in a modern building information modeling software. The common logic of the approach is also provided in the article. Qualitative research methods and particularly collecting, analyzing and interpreting data were applied in this research. Firstly, a literature review of indexed journal articles in the field of the study was performed and some trends for possible development of the topic were identified. Secondly, a survey of potential users of the methodology was conducted and analyzed. The questionnaire results showed that the suggested method and its technical realization gained attraction among respondents, however, some of them are rather cautious regarding application of the approach potentials in their practice. The paper ends with evaluation results discussion, conclusion and proposals for further research.

智能建筑狭义BAS系统中的电气设备施工要点

在智能建筑狭义自动化系统中,为了解电气设备的相关施工要点,对其进行具体分析。根据电气设备选择的注意事项,为电气设备的选择提供参考,在熟练掌握建筑电气图纸后,再科学合理地制订电气安装计划。完成电气设备的准备工作后,才能进行电气设备的安装工作。参考安装过程的注意事项,具体分析配电箱安装技术、管路敷设技术等技术的施工要点,以此来促进电气设备更加高效、安全地运行,强化对设备安装的重视程度,让电气设备施工技术能够得到不断优化。

End-to-end data-driven modeling framework for automated and trustworthy short-term building energy load forecasting

Conventional automated machine learning(AutoML)technologies fall short in preprocessing low-quality raw data and adapting to varying indoor and outdoor environments,leading to accuracy reduction in forecasting short-term building energy loads.Moreover,their predictions are not transparent because of their black box nature.Hence,the building field currently lacks an AutoML framework capable of data quality enhancement,environment self-adaptation,and model interpretation.To address this research gap,an improved AutoML-based end-to-end data-driven modeling framework is proposed.Bayesian optimization is applied by this framework to find an optimal data preprocessing process for quality improvement of raw data.It bridges the gap where conventional AutoML technologies cannot automatically handle missing data and outliers.A sliding window-based model retraining strategy is utilized to achieve environment self-adaptation,contributing to the accuracy enhancement of AutoML technologies.Moreover,a local interpretable model-agnostic explanations-based approach is developed to interpret predictions made by the improved framework.It overcomes the poor interpretability of conventional AutoML technologies.The performance of the improved framework in forecasting one-hour ahead cooling loads is evaluated using two-year operational data from a real building.It is discovered that the accuracy of the improved framework increases by 4.24%–8.79%compared with four conventional frameworks for buildings with not only high-quality but also low-quality operational data.Furthermore,it is demonstrated that the developed model interpretation approach can effectively explain the predictions of the improved framework.The improved framework offers a novel perspective on creating accurate and reliable AutoML frameworks tailored to building energy load prediction tasks and other similar tasks.

Scalable Distributed Sensor Fault Diagnosis for Smart Buildings

The enormous energy use of the building sector and the requirements for indoor living quality that aim to improve occupants' productivity and health, prioritize Smart Buildings as an emerging technology. The Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning(HVAC) system is considered one of the most critical and essential parts in buildings since it consumes the largest amount of energy and is responsible for humans comfort. Due to the intermittent operation of HVAC systems, faults are more likely to occur, possibly increasing eventually building's energy consumption and/or downgrading indoor living quality. The complexity and large scale nature of HVAC systems complicate the diagnosis of faults in a centralized framework. This paper presents a distributed intelligent fault diagnosis algorithm for detecting and isolating multiple sensor faults in large-scale HVAC systems.Modeling the HVAC system as a network of interconnected subsystems allows the design of a set of distributed sensor fault diagnosis agents capable of isolating multiple sensor faults by applying a combinatorial decision logic and diagnostic reasoning. The performance of the proposed method is investigated with respect to robustness, fault detectability and scalability. Simulations are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in the presence of multiple sensor faults applied to a 83-zone HVAC system and to evaluate the sensitivity of the method with respect to sensor noise variance.

Commercial Technologies for Advanced Light Control in Smart Building Energy Management Systems: A Comparative Study

This work investigates the economic, social, and environmental impact of adopting different smart lighting architectures for home automation in two geographical and regulatory regions: Algiers, Algeria, and Stuttgart, Germany. Lighting consumes a considerable amount of energy, and devices for smart lighting solutions are among the most purchased smart home devices. As commercialized solutions come with variant features, we empirically evaluate through this study the impact of each one of the energy-related features and provide insights on those that have higher energy saving contribution. The study started by investigating the state-of-the-art of commercialized ICT-based light control solutions, which allowed the extraction of the energy-related features. Based on the outcomes of this study, we generated simulation scenarios and selected evaluations metrics to evaluate the impact of dimming, daylight harvesting, scheduling, and motion detection. The simulation study has been conducted using EnergyPlussimulation tool, which?enables fine-grained realistic evaluation. The results show that adopting smart lighting technologies have a payback period of few years and that the use of these technologies has positive economic and societal impacts, as well as on the environment by considerably reducing gas emissions. However, this positive contribution is highly sensitive to the geographical location, energy prices, and the occupancy profile.

Assessment of Minimizing the Environmental Functions Conflict in Buildings

Some building components are responsible for achieving more than one environmental function, these functions are usually of different requirements that can never be done by the same actions, and they are usually connected to changeable internal and external environment characteristics that vary among them. Minimizing the conflict of achieving the different environmental functions is an important challenge for all designers. Achieving a continuous thermal and optical comfort in an internal building space using the same window is an example of this challenge, as they have different requirements that may be sometimes contrary. It should be notable that there are a lot of recent technologies that may be used to find solutions for such a conflict. The Environmental Assessment Methods of Buildings appeared to set the principles of the optimum relation between buildings and their environment, they also could be used to encourage designers to reach the best environmental relations, and award them by main or additional assessment points. The research paper proposes to use the Environmental Assessment Methods of Buildings to assess the building ability of minimizing its environmental functions achievement conflict. This proposal depends on determining the inconsistency assessment items that depend on common building components to be achieved, and then determining the time periods that these items are achieved together within, to indicate the time periods without conflicting. Thus, the paper aims to raise the building environmental value in the assessment when the designer succeeds to minimize the expected conflict of the building environmental functions.

Integrating Universal Design Standards and Building Information Modeling at the Conceptual Design Stage of Buildings

A projection of the Canadian population shows that in 2024 one in five Canadians will be over 65 years old. This shift forces designers to consider the entire lifetime of occupants during the design of new buildings. Universal Design (UD), which is a design that accommodates all people to the greatest extent possible and aging in place design that is deeply rooted in the principles of UD, aim to house people irrespective of their age, ability, and chronic health conditions. Building Information Modeling (BIM) significantly helps advance the development of the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry in a more collaborative and automated way. Integrating BIM and UD allows designers to incorporate UD standards easily and efficiently at the conceptual design stage of buildings by using the functionalities and capabilities of BIM tools. Therefore, this study presents the development of an automated computer model to facilitate the adoption of UD standards and processes. The novelty highlighted in this model resides in the creation of an automated method that employs a newly created plug-in and databases to assist designers to incorporate UD standards at the conceptual stage in a timely and cost-effective manner. Furthermore, the study introduces the methodology consisting of collecting, categorizing, and storing data from various universal design and accessible design guidelines in the developed databases and developing new plug-ins in BIM tool to link the developed databases in order to automate the process of retrieving necessary information and components to help designers and owners select optimal design alternatives based on their predefined criteria.

5G和WiFi6技术在地铁BAS中的研究与应用

城市轨道交通环境与设备监控系统(building automation system,BAS)的传统组网方案主要是冗余现场总线和工业以太网方案,这两种方案均需要铺设大量通信电缆,且数据传输速度和距离会受到一定限制。随着5G和WiFi6无线通信技术的普及与应用,通过与传统组网方案进行对比分析,提出基于5G和WiFi6的BAS冗余无线通信方案。相比传统BAS组网方案,该方案大大增强了BAS系统的稳定性、可靠性、扩展性、维护性和数据实时性,同时优化了施工图纸设计,避免了大量通信电缆的铺设施工,降低了相关材料和人力成本。此方案符合《中国城市轨道交通智慧城轨发展纲要》中提出的应用云计算、大数据、物联网、5G等新兴技术,深度融合乘客、设施、设备、环境新信息,构建安全、便捷、高效、绿色、经济的新一代中国式智慧城市轨道交通的发展战略。

Optimization Building Management

This paper demonstrates how achieving optimal integration between design and energy resources management can be particularly attractive in terms of energy consumption saving （cooling and heating） and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. The building automation system is based on innovative middleware framework which simplifies the modeling of a software for intelligent management of buildings and allows a multistandard and multiprotocol integration of sensors and actuators. The project has the target of underlining the economical opportunities and perspectives concerning the smart system adoption. Estimating the effects of home automation is essential to help its implementation, especially now that energy cost represents a consistent part of the house/building consumptions and will increase in the next few years. The results of the framework application in a residential building proves the validity of the proposed solution.

数字科技在绿色建筑中的应用现状、问题和建议

随着近20年数字科技的发展,相应的技术和设备在绿色建筑领域的应用也非常广泛,建筑设计与建模、建筑材料与施工技术、能源管理与可持续性、智能化与自动化、虚拟现实与增强现实等技术的应用有效地提高了工作效率,降低了人工成本,并为项目优化和决策提供了有利依据。但也存在投入成本高、技术标准不统一等问题。为了让数字科技应用更加安全、稳定、规范和便捷,建议从政策引导、标准制定、平台研发、培训推广等多方面加强对数字科技在绿色建筑领域应用的支持。

基于BIM的自动合规性审查研究综述

随着BIM技术在建筑领域的深度应用,越来越多的建筑设计开始以BIM模型方式进行交付,基于BIM的建筑工程设计自动合规性审查因其客观性、高效性受到理论和实践领域越来越多的关注。文章以基于BIM的自动合规性审查为主题进行综述,在Web of Science核心数据库对建筑领域自动合规性审查相关的研究文献进行全面检索及分析,从基本框架、规范条文信息抽取、BIM模型信息抽取及语义丰富、规范-模型信息匹配、合规性推理等方面对现有基于BIM的自动合规性审查研究进行系统解构,并对未来的研究方向进行讨论。最后,文章指出基于BIM的自动合规性审查在复杂文本信息抽取的性能与深度、模型语义丰富、信息匹配的自动化程度与通用性,以及计算机代码的透明度与灵活性等方面仍面临巨大挑战。

Auditing and design evaluation of building automation and control systems based on eu.bac system audit-Danish case study

Improving the energy performance of buildings will prove vital for countries worldwide to reduce their energy consumption and emissions.A key player in reaching this goal is building automation and control,as having well-designed and operated building automation and control systems(BACS)provide large capabilities in optimizing the energy performance of different systems.In this regard,building owners and planners must be able to assess and evaluate the current status of their BACS and identify potential improvements.While there has been a large block of work done in Denmark along with regulations aiming to audit the overall building performance and individual systems characteristics,very little has been done in the field of auditing the building automation and control system and evaluating its structure and operation patterns.This lack of systematic BACS auditing and evaluation in Danish buildings is addressed in this work with the first implementation and evaluation of the eu.bac System methodology in a university office building.The building was found to comply with the lowest automation and control class E.Two BACS retrofit packages were proposed and evaluated,and energy savings up to 28.5%are reported.The preliminary assessment results reported demonstrate the potential of building automation and control retrofit measures in a combined holistic improvement package alongside building envelope upgrade.In addition,the impact of the eu.bac System improvements and labeling on the building’s classification based on the recent Danish building regulation BR18 is evaluated.The study discusses the feasibility of eu.bac System tool implementation in Danish buildings and suggests improvements.It also correlates and compares the eu.bac System audit to the upcoming European SRI instrument.In light of the huge efforts to digitalize the Danish energy sector,ensuring proper design and operation of BACS is of great importance.Thus,a systematic and methodical BACS auditing and evaluation methodology will be a crucial part of buildings’initial and retro-commissioning platforms.

基于BIM和三维激光扫描的桁架几何质量自动化检测研究

桁架结构因其自重轻、承载能力强而广泛应用于大跨度公共建筑中,随着使用时间的增加,需要对其结构几何质量进行定期检测以确保其安全性。然而,传统的桁架结构几何质量检测主要依赖人工手段,效率低下且成本高昂。为了实现桁架结构的高效几何质量检测,提出一种基于建筑信息模型(BIM)和三维激光扫描的自动化检测算法。首先,通过BIM将获得的原始点云数据中的桁架结构与背景分离。然后,基于关键点检测技术自动提取桁架结构的几何特征并实现节点坐标的定位计算。最后,将计算结果与BIM中的设计信息进行比较,获得几何质量检测结果。深圳市某校园内的演会中心被用于该方法的验证。实验结果表明,该算法的计算结果与全站仪的测量结果误差不超过2 mm。其与BIM模型数据进行对比,检测出桁架结构的节点存在不同程度的沉降。因此,该方法能准确快速地实现节点的空间定位,提高桁架结构几何质量检测的效率。

城市建筑三维实体自动化建模技术集成与实践

城市建筑实体是实景三维中国建设中基础地理实体生产的重要内容之一。针对建筑物体块三维模型,现有基于点云数据的建模算法和软件普遍存在自动化程度低、精细程度不足、规模化生产受限等问题,本文提出了面向城市建筑实体的自动化三维重建方法。首先,采用点云分割实例算法识别独立建筑物点云,自动提取并优化其底面轮廓信息;然后,将点云数据进行精简结构管理,通过欧式聚类获取各个顶面构件点集并映射拟合为多边形,引入底面轮廓作为硬约束条件进行后处理精化与合并;最后,研发实现了城市建筑实体自动化三维重建软件,该软件集成了大规模建模、编辑、可视化及质检等功能。上述关键技术及方法已在宁波、南昌和楚雄3个实景三维建设项目进行了验证。验证结果表明,本文方法支持万级以上建筑物体块三维模型快速重建,且建模速度优于16栋/s,可为实景三维建筑实体的规模化生产建设提供有力支撑。

基于智能控制理论的BAS系统模型

对建筑设备自动化系统(BAS:BuildingAutomationSystem)的客观描述和定量分析一直是智能建筑工程建设和教学中的难点和重点,建立计算机仿真系统是解决问题的有效方法之一。在分析BAS特征的基础上,提出了基于智能控制理论的BAS模型,对BAS计算机仿真系统的基本结构进行了初步探索。实验模型硬件由NIPXIDAQ平台组成(8185控制器,64路模拟输出/输入通道,96路数字输出/输入通道),采用LabVIEW图形化软件建立系统模型,对BAS系统进行仿真。数据分析表明,在分辨率16bit,采样率100ksample/s条件下,仿真结果与实际系统数据一致,该研究结果将首先应用于BAS系统现场检测。

MDV-Link通信技术特点及应用分析

楼宇自控系统发展多年以来,除了建筑模式和运营模式的影响外,现有通信技术Mobus、BACnet、Lonworks、CAN等等,由于各自通信技术的起源的行业背景以及技术背景,都有一定的局限性。文章介绍一种新型的通信技术MDVLINK,可以实现任意拓扑,自由连接,以及强抗干扰性以及分时控制,安全可靠等多种优点,并对其应用前景进行了分析。