A New Dynamic and Vertical Photovoltaic Integrated Building Envelope for High-Rise Glaze-Facade Buildings

Substantially glazed facades are extensively used in contemporary high-rise buildings to achieve attractive architectural aesthetics.Inherent conflicts exist among architectural aesthetics,building energy consumption,and solar energy harvesting for glazed facades.In this study,we addressed these conflicts by introducing a new dynamic and vertical photovoltaic integrated building envelope(dvPVBE)that offers extraordinary flexibility with weather-responsive slat angles and blind positions,superior architectural aesthetics,and notable energy-saving potential.Three hierarchical control strategies were proposed for different scenarios of the dvPVBE:power generation priority(PGP),natural daylight priority(NDP),and energy-saving priority(ESP).Moreover,the PGP and ESP strategies were further analyzed in the simulation of a dvPVBE.An office room integrated with a dvPVBE was modeled using EnergyPlus.The influence of the dvPVBE in improving the building energy efficiency and corresponding optimal slat angles was investigated under the PGP and ESP control strategies.The results indicate that the application of dvPVBEs in Beijing can provide up to 131%of the annual energy demand of office rooms and significantly increase the annual net energy output by at least 226%compared with static photovoltaic(PV)blinds.The concept of this novel dvPVBE offers a viable approach by which the thermal load,daylight penetration,and energy generation can be effectively regulated.

Progress of semitransparent emerging photovoltaics for building integrated applications

With the rapid development of emerging photovoltaics technology in recent years,the application of building-integrated photovoltaics(BIPVs)has attracted the research interest of photovoltaic communities.To meet the practical application requirements of BIPVs,in addition to the evaluation indicator of power conversion efficiency(PCE),other key performance indicators such as heat-insulating ability,average visible light transmittance(AVT),color properties,and integrability are equally important.The traditional Si-based photovoltaic technology is typically limited by its opaque properties for application scenarios where transparency is required.The emerging PV technologies,such as organic and perovskite photovoltaics are promising candidates for BIPV applications,owing to their advantages such as high PCE,high AVT,and tunable properties.At present,the PCE of semitransparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)has attained 14%with AVT of 22–25%;for semitransparent organic solar cells(ST-OSCs),the PCE reached 13%with AVT of almost 40%.In this review article,we summarize recent advances in material selection,optical engineering,and device architecture design for high-performance semitransparent emerging PV devices,and discuss the application of optical modeling,as well as the challenges of commercializing these semitransparent solar cells for building-integrated applications.

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems for Single Family Dwellings: Innovation Concepts

Growing consumer interest in distributed Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Systems and industry competition to reduce installation costs are stimulating the development of deploying these materials to the residential sector of the building industry. This emerging market continues to attract the attention of many stakeholders, yet cohesive opportunities to deploy in residential sectors, specifically detached single-family dwellings, is scattered. As a result, this study of literature and implementation strategies through simple examples looks to identify several characteristics related to BIPV. Characteristics that were studied in this initial pilot study were design considerations for system selection, applicability to residential construction, and system and material options and enhancements. A case-study home was analyzed demonstrating opportunity for implementation of BIPV on an existing residence. Strategies for maximizing the energy-generating capacity of the system to achieve net-zero energy performance, including all building surfaces and landscaping were also explored. This body of work provides a state-of-the-art review on common materials as well as the more customizable types.

Research on Key Technologies of Solar Photovoltaic Building Integration

On December 21,2020,The State Council Information Office issued a white paper titled"China's Energy Development in the New Era,"in which the installed capacity of hydropower,wind power,photovoltaic power and biomass power generation in China ranked first in the world[1].Solar photovoltaic power generation is the most important development direction of clean energy in the world.It is an important energy strategy to combine it with the field of construction in China.This paper mainly introduces the characteristics and problems of the key technologies of solar photovoltaic building integration,and explores its future development direction and ways,in order to constantly promote the industrialization of new energy technology in China.

Photogrammetry and deep learning for energy production prediction and building-integrated photovoltaics decarbonization

Building-Integrated photovoltaics(BIPV)have emerged as a promising sustainable energy solution,relying on accurate energy production predictions and effective decarbonization strategies for efficient deployment.This paper presents a novel approach that combines photogrammetry and deep learning techniques to address the problem of BIPV decarbonization.The method is called BIM-AITIZATION referring to the integration of BIM data,AI techniques,and automation principles.It integrates photogrammetric data into practical BIM parameters.In addition,it enhances the precision and reliability of PV energy prediction by using artificial intelligence strategies.The primary aim of this approach is to offer advanced,data-driven energy forecasts and BIPV decarbonization while fully automating the underlying process.To achieve this,the first step is to capture point cloud data of the building through photogrammetric acquisition.This data undergoes preprocessing to identify and remove unwanted points,followed by plan segmentation to extract the plan facade.After that,a meteorological dataset is assembled,incorporating various attributes that influence energy production,including solar irradiance parameters as well as BIM parameters.Finally,machine and deep learning techniques are used for accurate photovoltaic energy predictions and the automation of the entire process.Extensive experiments are conducted,including multiple tests aimed at assessing the performance of diverse machine learning models.The objective is to identify the most suitable model for our specific application.Furthermore,a comparative analysis is undertaken,comparing the performance of the proposed model against that of various established BIPV software tools.The outcomes reveal that the proposed approach surpasses existing software solutions in both accuracy and precision.To extend its applicability,the approach is evaluated using a building case study,demonstrating its ability to generalize effectively to new building data.

绿色金融支持我国东部地区BIPV建筑发展评价及耦合分析

以我国东部地区的10个省(市)为例,建立2017-2021年绿色金融和光伏建筑一体化(BIPV)发展的评价指标体系,并利用熵值法与耦合协调度模型开展实证分析。研究结果表明:从区域性发展差异上看,绿色金融发展和BIPV建筑发展水平较高的是上海市和北京市,相对落后的是河北省和海南省;从发展态势上看,绿色金融和BIPV建筑发展总体上呈上升趋势;从耦合特征上看,近年来我国东部地区绿色金融和BIPV建筑发展两系统之间的耦合度及耦合协调度均较高,且总体呈逐步增长的趋势。

BIPV/T–DSF与新风一体化系统性能模拟研究

为提高光伏光热建筑一体化技术中光伏组件发电效率,充分利用其光热能量,同时满足室内人员对新风的需求,本研究将光伏光热建筑一体化技术与双层皮玻璃幕墙相结合,组成BIPV/T–DSF与新风一体化系统。以沈阳市一间30 m2的卧室为研究对象,通过实地测量室内污染物浓度并进行系统仿真模拟,对室内空气质量状况进行评估,并对系统的热电性能、空气通道内流场的流动特性进行研究。结果表明:系统运行时,冬季热效率达到0.22,电效率达到0.178;夏季电效率由原来的0.151提高到0.156。新风对于室内甲醛浓度有较好的净化效果,系统通风运行20 min后,甲醛浓度即可稳定在0.033 mg/m3。

Design and performance testing of a novel building integrated photovoltaic thermal roofing panel

A novel building integrated photovoltaic thermal(BIPVT)roofing panel has been designed considering both solar energy harvesting efficiency and thermal performance.The thermal system reduces the operating temperature of the cells by means of a hydronic loop integrated into the backside of the panel,thus resulting in maintaining the efficiency of the solar panels at their feasible peak while also harvesting the generated heat for use in the building.The performance of the proposed system has been evaluated using physical experiments by conducting case studies to investigate the energy harvesting efficiency,thermal performance of the panel,and temperature differences of inlet/outlet working liquid with various liquid flow rates.The physical experiments have been simulated by coupling the finite element method(FEM)and finite volume method(FVM)for heat and mass transfer in the operation.Results show that the thermal system successfully reduced the surface temperature of the solar module from 88℃to as low as 55℃.Accordingly,the output power that has been decreased from 14.89 W to 10.69 W can be restored by 30.2%to achieve 13.92 W.On the other hand,the outlet water from this hydronic system reaches 45.4℃which can be used to partially heat domestic water use.Overall,this system provides a versatile framework for the design and optimization of the BIPVT systems.

从BIPV(光伏建筑一体化)到BIPVES(光伏储能建筑一体化)

[目的]随着光伏、储能、新型建材及装配式建筑产业的发展,将光伏组件与屋面、墙体、遮阳等构件进行一体化设计与制造的光伏建筑一体化(Building Integrated Photovoltaic,BIPV)技术开始延伸为光伏储能建筑一体化(Building Integrated Photovoltaic and Energy Storge,BIPVES)技术。[方法]文章提出世界首个可充电水泥电池,将建筑墙体与光伏发电装置、储放电装置相融合;对设备和材料进行跨界创新,在玻璃表面打印高清晰度、高透光率花纹图案,制造高效光伏建材;研发预制式储能墙体,与各类钢结构装配式建筑体系进行结合,实现订制式生产、装配式施工,形成建筑构件与光伏、储能一体化的变革趋势。[结果]水泥基电池实现了建筑墙体具有光伏发电、储电以及供电等多种功能;新一代光伏建材可节省建筑外立面装饰材料的成本,降低建筑物碳排放;光伏和储能等可再生能源技术在建筑中的一体化集成,可取得最大化收益。[结论]新型光伏建材技术和水泥电池等新型储能技术具有发展前景,将可充电电池构件、光伏外墙板与装配式建筑墙体及预埋件进行组合集成并推广应用具有可行性。

不同倾角对BIPV系统斜面总辐照量的影响分析

通用斜面总辐照量公式被广泛应用于光伏发电预测物理模型中。对于多安装角度的建筑集成光伏(Building Integrated Photovoltaic,BIPV)系统,通用斜面总辐照量公式由于没有考虑倾角因素的影响,存在预测精度低、计算复杂等问题。通过对典型BIPV系统不同倾角对斜面总辐照量影响的分析,提出一种基于多项式拟合的BIPV系统斜面总辐照量计算方法,并利用贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian Information Criterion,BIC)确定最优多项式阶次。该方法相对于通用计算公式具有原理简单、计算便捷、准确度高的优势,并且对不同倾角具有较强的适应性。将该方法应用于BIPV系统发电量预测试验,验证了该方法相对于通用斜面总辐照量公式的优越性。

恶劣基建环境中BIPV光伏组件安装工艺的研究

面对泥泞地面和大型机械难以进入等复杂条件,恶劣的建设环境对BIPV(光伏建筑一体化)项目构成了巨大挑战。本文旨在探讨在这些特殊条件下的安装实施策略,研究了在恶劣地面条件下BIPV组件的安装过程,介绍了一种适用于泥泞和恶劣地面条件的光伏组件安装工具,总结了在恶劣建设环境下BIPV项目实施的项目实践,为在恶劣建设环境下进行BIPV项目建设提供参考和借鉴。

Integration of the Energy and Building Technologies

The performance of each type of building must meet all the needs and requests of new real estate markets. In fact, in the excellent architectures, the user can manage, with autonomy and flexibility, each system and product, according to the new energy and building technologies too. The main objective is the social and environmental sustainability with the reduction of fossil fuels and the greenhouse gas effect, pushing the use of renewable energies, in a new trend of land regeneration with sustainable buildings and settlement recovery. The energy crisis, mainly generated by the climate change, the air pollution, with consequent extinction of the species, reduction of the land and the work, the degradation and the environmental and seismic risk, focuses on the security and quality of construction systems, integrated use of clean resources. The methodologies aimed at integrating of energy-efficient and innovative building technologies in architecture, from design to management, to produce electric and thermal energy with active and passive properties, for a high-performance habitat. Therefore, the use of solar photovoltaic in the buildings, BIPV （Building Integrated Photovoltaic） with high-performance glass vision, efficient systems, intelligent materials, is integrated in architectures with the use of innovative construction systems, finally, technology of OPV （Organic Photovoltaic）, multi-junction cells, the dye sensitized solar cells in the solid state, etc., and adoption of storage systems.

URBAN PHOTOVOLTAIC POTENTIAL OF INCLINED ROOFING FOR BUILDINGS IN HERITAGE CENTERS IN EQUATORIAL AREAS

In situ renewable energy production is a favourable alternative for reducing pollu-tion and combating climate change.The research area,Cuenca,Ecuador,is located in the Andes near the equator with optimal conditions for energy self-supply due to its low energy demands and low levels of irradiation variability.In this study,tem-porary fluctuations in consumption based on 2016 electricity consumption data are characterized.Using GIS,available roofing polygons are obtained,and the amount of usable solar radiation is estimated based on these values.With available surface,orientation,and inclination information,electricity generation based on photovoltaic performance is estimated and compared for monocrystalline silica panels and pho-tovoltaic solar roof tiles,which are architectural alternatives.A potential net supply of 148%is found for monocrystalline silica photovoltaic panels in a typical format,whereas that of photovoltaic tiles is only 61%.In addition,production-demand imbalances are predicted in extreme months and average months and on extreme days due to variations in irradiation and demands.

Adoption of wide-bandgap microcrystalline silicon oxide and dual buffers for semitransparent solar cells in building-integrated photovoltaic window system

We focused on developing penetration-type semitransparent thin-film solar cells(STSCs) using hydrogenated amorphous Si(a-Si:H) for a building-integrated photovoltaic(BIPV) window system. Instead of conventional p-type a-Si:H, p-type hydrogenated microcrystalline Si oxide(p-μc-SiOx:H) was introduced for a wide-bandgap and conductive window layer. For these purposes, we tuned the CO2/SiH4 flow ratio(R) during p-μc-SiOx:H deposition. The film crystallinity decreased from 50% to 13% as R increased from 0.2 to 1.2. At the optimized R of 0.6, the quantum efficiency was improved under short wavelengths by the suppression of p-type layer parasitic absorption. The series resistance was well controlled to avoid fill factor loss at R = 0.6. Furthermore, we introduced dual buffers comprising p-a-SiOx:H/i-a-Si:H at the p/i interface to alleviate interfacial energy-band mismatch. The a-Si:H STSCs with the suggested window and dual buffers showed improvements in transmittance and efficiency from 22.9% to 29.3% and from 4.62% to 6.41%, respectively, compared to the STSC using a pristine p-a-Si:H window.

一种基于辐射模拟的BIPV系统发电量计算方法

本文针对复杂环境下光伏建筑一体化(BIPV)发电量计算难的问题,以海南某医院大楼为实际应用场景,通过引入建筑信息模型(BIM)与建立太阳辐射模型,提出了一种较为简单的光伏发电量的模拟与计算方法。首先基于Revit软件建立大楼BIM模型,并结合当地气候特点分析建筑材料参数;接着建立太阳辐射模型,并利用Ecotect软件对大楼模型作太阳辐射模拟,分析其全年辐射量的分布特点与典型气候特征对辐射量的影响;最后基于得到的辐射模拟数据,计算BIPV总发电量,并与传统方法对比分析以证明其准确性。

半透明太阳能电池在BIPV中的适用性研究

半透明太阳能电池因其兼具优秀的发电性能和透光性能而被认为在建筑光伏一体化(BIPV)领域极具应用潜力。为了探究半透明太阳能电池在实际绿建工程中的适用条件和优势体现,并分析利用综合光伏系统实现建筑零碳排放的可能性,以在建的常州市建科大楼为例,以现有的研究数据为依据,用数值模拟的方法对半透明太阳能电池在典型绿色办公建筑中的应用进行研究。研究结果给出了满足建筑采光和减碳需求的具体条件,证实了将半透明太阳能电池应用于绿色建筑的可行性。可作为光伏系统设计问题的一种解决途径,研究结果可作为半透明光伏器件投入实际工程的参考依据。

A maximum power point tracking strategy applied to building integrated photovoltaics

To solve the problem of permanent-shadow shading of photovoltaic buildings,a maximum power point tracking(MPPT)strategy to determine the search range by pre-delimiting area is proposed to improve MPPT efficiency.The single correspondence between the solar-cell current-voltage(I-V)curve and the illumination conditions was proved by using the single-diode model of photovoltaic cells,thus proving that a change in the illumination conditions corresponds to a unique maximum power point(MPP)search area.According to the approximate relationship between MPP voltage,current and open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of a photovoltaic module,the voltage region where the MPP is located is determined and the global maximum power point is determined using the power operating triangle strategy in this region.Simulation carried out in MATLAB proves the correctness and feasibility of the theoretical research.Simulation results show that the MPPT strategy proposed in this paper can improve the average efficiency by 1.125%when applied in series as building integrated photovoltaics.

BIPV in the Refurbishment of Minor Historical Centres： The Project of Integrability between Standard and Customized Technology

The proposed research is aimed to define some BIPV （building integrated photovoltaics） paradigms for the refurbishment of historical contexts, by defining strategic criteria related to linguistic-architectural and technological-constructive aspects of solar systems （including case-studies in specific application contexts）. This research could, once perfected and shared, be used within operative tools （guidelines, case studies, etc.） really applicable to common scale, e.g., in today＇s post-earthquake reconstruction in L＇Aquila, for defining possible solar implementation possibilities in sensitive areas according to an innovative and sustainable method of intervention.

“双碳”背景下基于BIPV的应用场景分析

建筑行业在全国碳排放总量中占据着较大的比例,约占三分之一,这使得建筑节能减排成为实现“碳达峰、碳中和”双碳目标的关键环节。目前,建筑行业很多采用的太阳能光伏建筑技术形式为“安装型”(BAPV),即将光伏组件直接附着在建筑表面而非作为建筑材料的一部分。而光伏建筑一体化技术(BIPV)是一种将光伏发电技术与建筑材料进行集成设计的技术,其将光伏发电技术与建筑设计紧密融合,真正实现降低建筑能耗、减少碳排放的目的。该文将从构建型、建材型、结合安装型等角度探讨BIPV技术在建筑场景中的应用,为实现建筑碳排放减排目标提供重要技术支持,以此促进建筑绿色化转型与光伏发电行业发展。