Building-integrated renewable energy policy analysis in China

With the dramatic development of renewable energy all over the world,and for purpose of adjusting energy structure,the Ministry of Construction of China plans to promote the large scale application of renewable energy in buildings. In order to ensure the validity of policy-making,this work firstly exerts a method to do cost-benefit analysis for three kinds of technologies such as building-integrated solar hot water (BISHW) system,building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) technology and ground water heat pump (GWHP). Through selecting a representative city of every climate region,the analysis comes into different results for different climate regions in China and respectively different suggestion for policy-making. On the analysis basis,the Ministry of Construction (MOC) and the Ministry of Finance of China (MOF) united to start-up Building-integrated Renewable Energy Demonstration Projects (BIREDP) in 2006. In the demonstration projects,renewable energy takes place of traditional energy to supply the domestic hot water,electricity,air-conditioning and heating. Through carrying out the demonstration projects,renewable energy related market has been expanded. More and more relative companies and local governments take the opportunity to promote the large scale application of renewable energy in buildings.

A New Dynamic and Vertical Photovoltaic Integrated Building Envelope for High-Rise Glaze-Facade Buildings

Substantially glazed facades are extensively used in contemporary high-rise buildings to achieve attractive architectural aesthetics.Inherent conflicts exist among architectural aesthetics,building energy consumption,and solar energy harvesting for glazed facades.In this study,we addressed these conflicts by introducing a new dynamic and vertical photovoltaic integrated building envelope(dvPVBE)that offers extraordinary flexibility with weather-responsive slat angles and blind positions,superior architectural aesthetics,and notable energy-saving potential.Three hierarchical control strategies were proposed for different scenarios of the dvPVBE:power generation priority(PGP),natural daylight priority(NDP),and energy-saving priority(ESP).Moreover,the PGP and ESP strategies were further analyzed in the simulation of a dvPVBE.An office room integrated with a dvPVBE was modeled using EnergyPlus.The influence of the dvPVBE in improving the building energy efficiency and corresponding optimal slat angles was investigated under the PGP and ESP control strategies.The results indicate that the application of dvPVBEs in Beijing can provide up to 131%of the annual energy demand of office rooms and significantly increase the annual net energy output by at least 226%compared with static photovoltaic(PV)blinds.The concept of this novel dvPVBE offers a viable approach by which the thermal load,daylight penetration,and energy generation can be effectively regulated.

Evaluating Economic and Environmental Benefits of Integrating Solar Photovoltaics within Future Residential Buildings in Saudi Arabia

Renewable energy options, including solar power, are becoming increasingly viable alternatives to conventional sources of energy, such as oil, coal and natural gas. Solar Photovoltaic （PV） technology is one type of solar energy technologies that has recently received substantial attention because it offers the possibility of providing clean power sources for buildings. The aim of this paper is to examine the economic viability of using solar PV within future residential buildings in the oil-rich Saudi Arabia. Strictly speaking, the prospects of using the PV in order to provide 10% of the electricity to be consumed in the houses, which are going to be built in Sandi Arabia over the period 2010-2025, are examined. The study reveals that significant economic and environmental benefits could be realized as a result of such an endeavor.

FROM LOW-ENERGY TO NET ZERO-ENERGY BUILDINGS: STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES

“Net Zero-Energy Building”has become a popular catchphrase to describe the synergy between energy-efficient building and renewable energy utilisation to achieve a balanced energy budget over an annual cycle.Taking into account the energy exchange with a grid overcomes the limitations of energy-autonomous buildings with the need for seasonal energy storage on-site.Although the expression,“Net Zero-Energy Building,”appears in many energy policy documents,a harmonised definition or a standardised balancing method is still lacking.This paper reports on the background and the various effects influencing the energy balance approach.After discussing the national energy code framework in Germany,a harmonised terminology and balancing procedure is proposed.The procedure takes not only the energy balance but also energy efficiency and load matching into account.

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems for Single Family Dwellings: Innovation Concepts

Growing consumer interest in distributed Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Systems and industry competition to reduce installation costs are stimulating the development of deploying these materials to the residential sector of the building industry. This emerging market continues to attract the attention of many stakeholders, yet cohesive opportunities to deploy in residential sectors, specifically detached single-family dwellings, is scattered. As a result, this study of literature and implementation strategies through simple examples looks to identify several characteristics related to BIPV. Characteristics that were studied in this initial pilot study were design considerations for system selection, applicability to residential construction, and system and material options and enhancements. A case-study home was analyzed demonstrating opportunity for implementation of BIPV on an existing residence. Strategies for maximizing the energy-generating capacity of the system to achieve net-zero energy performance, including all building surfaces and landscaping were also explored. This body of work provides a state-of-the-art review on common materials as well as the more customizable types.

INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURAL AND ENGINEERING DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR A ZERO-ENERGY BUILDING:Illinois Institute of Technology’s Design Entry for the 2018 U.S.Department of Energy Race to Zero(Solar Decathlon Design Challenge)

This paper describes the design of InterTech,a zero-energy mixed-use student residence hall,developed in 2018 by an interdisciplinary team of Illinois Institute of Technology(Illinois Tech)students for the U.S.Department of Energy Solar Decathlon Design Challenge,formerly known as Race to Zero.The main focus is the team’s integrated and iterative approach,which blended architectural design and engineering concepts and led to achieving the high-performance goal.InterTech aims to provide an innovative housing solution to Illinois Institute of Technology’s graduate students and their families.Located along State Street in between Illinois Tech’s main campus and downtown Chicago,it offers a mix of living options providing both independence and access to the campus and to the city.In addition to the residential program,the project includes a small grocery/cafe con-nected to an outdoor public plaza,and an underground garage.Energy modeling was introduced in the early design stages.The potential of on-site renewable energy generation defined the project’s target Energy Use Intensity(EUI)of 37 kBtu/sqft.Several passive and active strategies were implemented to reduce the building’s total energy needs and meet the target EUI.The implementation of energy conservation measures led to a 25%reduction of the building’s cooling load and a 33%reduction of the heating load.A design EUI of 28 kBtu/sqft was calculated,validating that this design met and exceeded the zero-energy goal.

URBAN PHOTOVOLTAIC POTENTIAL OF INCLINED ROOFING FOR BUILDINGS IN HERITAGE CENTERS IN EQUATORIAL AREAS

In situ renewable energy production is a favourable alternative for reducing pollu-tion and combating climate change.The research area,Cuenca,Ecuador,is located in the Andes near the equator with optimal conditions for energy self-supply due to its low energy demands and low levels of irradiation variability.In this study,tem-porary fluctuations in consumption based on 2016 electricity consumption data are characterized.Using GIS,available roofing polygons are obtained,and the amount of usable solar radiation is estimated based on these values.With available surface,orientation,and inclination information,electricity generation based on photovoltaic performance is estimated and compared for monocrystalline silica panels and pho-tovoltaic solar roof tiles,which are architectural alternatives.A potential net supply of 148%is found for monocrystalline silica photovoltaic panels in a typical format,whereas that of photovoltaic tiles is only 61%.In addition,production-demand imbalances are predicted in extreme months and average months and on extreme days due to variations in irradiation and demands.

Research on Key Technologies of Solar Photovoltaic Building Integration

On December 21,2020,The State Council Information Office issued a white paper titled"China's Energy Development in the New Era,"in which the installed capacity of hydropower,wind power,photovoltaic power and biomass power generation in China ranked first in the world[1].Solar photovoltaic power generation is the most important development direction of clean energy in the world.It is an important energy strategy to combine it with the field of construction in China.This paper mainly introduces the characteristics and problems of the key technologies of solar photovoltaic building integration,and explores its future development direction and ways,in order to constantly promote the industrialization of new energy technology in China.

The Benefits of Integrated Methods in PV Making to Promote Their Efficiency and Achieve Low-Cost Modules

Active systems, such as solar thermal and photovoltaic offer a great potential in reducing of fuel energy consumption. To improve the sustainability of buildings, one of the challenges is to address the role of renewable energies. Today, the photovoltaic installations play an important role in creating solar renewable energy. They create 2000 MW electrical energy per year and its annual global sales grown to approximately 5.6 GWp. This paper presents a general overview on a serious effort to produce PV panels that could provide cheaper solar power. It also focuses on short background of PV. Furthermore, thin film technology benefits, the method of the most absorbing of solar spectrum and the method of solar concentration and the advantages of these systems are presented. Ultimately, a new high concentration PV power system will be assessed.

冰上运动建筑曲面光伏参数化集成设计研究

2022年冬奥会成功举办,国内掀起了冰上体育运动的热潮,冰上运动建筑需求量和能源消耗量随之增长。光伏建筑一体化(Building Integrated Photovoltaic,BIPV)作为建筑节能的主要手段之一,在体育建筑屋面具有较大的集成潜力。通过建立寒冷地区曲面冰上运动建筑典型模型进行集成设计研究,基于Grasshopper参数化平台实现新型柔性CIGS薄膜光伏组件沿屋面曲线形态的优化布置,从两个层级出发,提出参数化设计方法与构造措施。通过Honeybee进行能耗模拟,结果表明,该柔性光伏系统全年可以为冰上运动建筑降低15.82%的能量消耗,进而验证了该方案的节能性,为建筑师进行寒冷地区曲面冰上运动建筑设计的节能优化设计提供数据支撑及科学依据。

EFFICIENT HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS FOR LOW-ENERGY HOUSES

Buildings account for a large amount of land use, energy and water consumption, and atmospheric pollution. For example, in the United States, they use 40% of the total national energy consumption (56% by residential dwellings), produce 38% of the total carbon dioxide emissions, and account for 12.2% of the total quantity of water consumed (2006). In this context, buildings with considerably reduced energy consumption are a key strategy to achieving energy savings and climate protection targets in both the residential and commercial/institutional sectors [1]. This article reviews a number of heating and cooling systems-existing and/or under development- available for residential buildings and briefly outlines some research projects and initiatives, as well as technical achievements in Canada and other developed countries over the last few years.

考虑建筑物热惯性的综合能源系统主从博弈协调优化策略

从用户角度出发,提出一种考虑建筑物热惯性的综合能源系统主从博弈协调优化策略。首先,建立热网特性模型和建筑物热惯性模型,并构建以微网运营商为领导者,用户为跟随者的主从博弈数学模型。在光伏出力大时,用户通过电制热设备将电能转化为热能,并利用建筑物热惯性将热能加以存储,无需将光伏余电尽数售给微网运营商,可增强用户权益,同时可有效避免大量光伏余电接入电网,进而缓和余电上网的压力。其次,考虑用户用能满意度及温度舒适度,建立微网运营商与用户的定价、定量模型,并证明Stackelberg博弈均衡解的存在性与唯一性。最后通过算例验证所提策略的有效性,极大地增强了用户权益,同时避免用户光伏余电大量接入电网。

光伏光热一体化建筑热负荷能效分层调度仿真

光伏光热一体化系统中涉及多种能源,包括太阳能和热能等。由于不同能源的产生、存储和使用特性不同,加之系统内部的复杂性,使得实现多能源协同调度变得复杂。为了获取满意的建筑热负荷能效分层协同调度结果,提出一种光伏光热一体化建筑热负荷能效分层协同调度方法。研究光伏光热一体化建筑中热负荷的热量传递过程,对热负荷自身和热惯性展开分析,获取热负荷热惯性大小和室内热量需求两者的关系。以最大[火用]效率和最小调度成本为目标,分别建立光伏光热一体化建筑热负荷能效上层和下层协同调度模型。通过量子粒子群算法对模型展开分析计算,确定最优建筑热负荷能效分层协同调度方案。实验分析表明,所提方法的热负荷能效分层协同调度效果好,且节能效益高。

外显、灵活、多维、高效——从2022中国国际太阳能十项全能竞赛看建筑与光伏一体化设计趋势

建筑光伏一体化技术是实现建筑行业节能减碳的重要途径。以第三届中国国际太阳能十项全能竞赛(SDC2022)为例,对15个参赛作品在建筑与光伏一体化设计上的特征进行了比较,从美学表现、构造整合、功能复合、性能提升4个维度分析了当前建筑与光伏一体化的设计新趋势,指出:在美学表现上,通过光伏组件材质外观和光伏方阵形成积极外显的形态;在构造上,采用不同类型光伏灵活组合衍生多种应用场景;在功能上,将光伏发电与建筑围护结构的采光、集热、遮阳、防护等功能进行多维度复合;在性能上,通过光伏朝向与倾角、散热设计和电气系统综合提升产能效率。为建筑与光伏一体化技术的推广和应用提供新思路。

光伏建筑一体化光伏幕墙体系与经济性研究

在当今全球能源转型的大背景下,建筑行业作为主要能源消费领域,其能源消费模式的革新对于实现国家层面的可持续发展目标至关重要。鉴于此,显著削减建筑领域对化石燃料的依赖,并积极拓宽可再生能源的利用渠道,成为了推动绿色建筑革命的重要策略。光伏建筑一体化(BIPV)技术,作为一种将高效光伏发电系统与现代化建筑设计、建造工艺深度融合的创新实践,不仅展现了太阳能这一清洁、可再生资源的巨大应用潜力,而且也预示着未来建筑领域在能源自给自足方面广阔的发展蓝图。为了探究光伏建筑一体化的现状,文章对光伏建筑一体化的背景及常用的应用场景进行研究,通过案例分析光伏幕墙增量成本,并采用静态投资回收期和效益费用比两个参数对薄膜类光伏幕墙、晶硅类光伏幕墙、薄膜类光伏采光顶三种光伏方案的经济性进行分析,为后续光伏建筑一体化中光伏幕墙的经济性提供参考。

从BIPV(光伏建筑一体化)到BIPVES(光伏储能建筑一体化)

[目的]随着光伏、储能、新型建材及装配式建筑产业的发展,将光伏组件与屋面、墙体、遮阳等构件进行一体化设计与制造的光伏建筑一体化(Building Integrated Photovoltaic,BIPV)技术开始延伸为光伏储能建筑一体化(Building Integrated Photovoltaic and Energy Storge,BIPVES)技术。[方法]文章提出世界首个可充电水泥电池,将建筑墙体与光伏发电装置、储放电装置相融合;对设备和材料进行跨界创新,在玻璃表面打印高清晰度、高透光率花纹图案,制造高效光伏建材;研发预制式储能墙体,与各类钢结构装配式建筑体系进行结合,实现订制式生产、装配式施工,形成建筑构件与光伏、储能一体化的变革趋势。[结果]水泥基电池实现了建筑墙体具有光伏发电、储电以及供电等多种功能;新一代光伏建材可节省建筑外立面装饰材料的成本,降低建筑物碳排放;光伏和储能等可再生能源技术在建筑中的一体化集成,可取得最大化收益。[结论]新型光伏建材技术和水泥电池等新型储能技术具有发展前景,将可充电电池构件、光伏外墙板与装配式建筑墙体及预埋件进行组合集成并推广应用具有可行性。

基于遗传算法的建筑用能多目标优化应用进展

目前,中国建筑用能结构中的化石能源消费占比较高,不利于“双碳”目标的实现。论述了绿色建筑能源系统的现状,展示了可再生能源整合、余热回收利用以及储能等技术在提升建筑能效和减少碳排放方面的潜力。研究人员多以建筑能耗、室内舒适度及建筑成本为优化目标,通过建模软件搭建物理模型,选择适合多目标优化的算法对模型进行优化。探讨了现有技术以及算法在建筑用能多目标优化中的优缺点,指出遗传算法能够在建筑能耗、室内舒适度以及建筑成本等多方面取得良好的优化效果,为建筑设计和改造决策提供了强有力的支持。未来需要发展新的多目标优化算法,建立全面的智慧能源管理大数据平台,从而扩大全场景应用,实现建筑能源使用和智慧化管理的完美融合。

用于光伏玻璃幕墙的聚光系统设计与研究

为了能同时满足光伏玻璃幕墙的采光和建筑发电需求,设计了一种由双抛物线结构和导光板组成的混合式聚光器。主要介绍了聚光器的构成,并对其性能进行了初步的测量分析。这种新型的聚光器的几何聚光比为6,系统效率在90%,通过比较不同单元模块宽度的聚光器和不同移动距离的聚光器模型,测量了变量与入射偏角的曲线,得到聚光器的接收范围为±3°。在垂直入射条件下,聚光系统的光伏模块效率可以达到70%,减少室内的眩光。最后使用DIALUX软件对新型系统采光进行了辐照度分析,全天辐照度超过300 lx,照度均匀度达到了0.956。结果表明聚光系统用于光伏玻璃幕墙是可行的,可以提高使用舒适度,也降低了建筑成本,该系统的实用性可以替代传统中空玻璃。

光伏储能系统在零能耗建筑的应用

本文从零能耗建筑角度出发,以北京地区为例,在结合实际项目用能情况的基础上,通过不同光伏组件种类、发电特性对比进行太阳能光伏组件选型分析与系统设计。结合储能装置应用属性,分析得出光伏储能系统的最佳配置方式与充、放电控制逻辑,并通过实际运行数据验证光伏储能系统在零能耗建筑应用的可行性。在提高光伏发电的自我消纳能力、光伏储能系统应用的协调性和灵活性,以及提升经济效益等方面提供了良好的案例实践,证明了光伏储能系统在华北地区有广泛的应用场景。

建筑领域太阳能利用系统的性能、挑战及优化策略综述

建筑领域的太阳能利用技术包括太阳能热水系统、太阳能制冷与空调系统、太阳能热泵系统以及建筑一体化光伏/热系统(BIPV/T)。系统效率和储热是制约太阳能热水系统发展的关键因素,目前的研究主要侧重于优化系统效率,未来应进一步关注储热技术的进步,以解决太阳能热水系统热水供应稳定性的问题。太阳能制冷与空调系统重点关注降低太阳能集热系统成本、提高集热器性能并研发小型太阳能制冷设备。太阳能热泵技术具有高能源利用率和低环境污染的特点,目前在实际应用中面临的技术障碍包括系统集成与优化、高效太阳能收集器、热泵性能提升、季节性储能、可靠性与稳定性以及经济性与可扩展性等,其中系统集成与优化尤为关键。太阳能光伏光热综合应用是建筑节能领域的一个重要研究方向,太阳能聚光光伏/光热系统(CPV/T)是解决BIPV/T系统中太阳能利用率低下问题的有效策略。BIPV/T和CPV/T系统还需要深入探讨集热器优化设计、材料选择、气候适应性及可持续性等问题。总之,未来建筑领域太阳能系统利用的主要研究方向为提高系统性能、开发新型材料以及集成优化。此外,应用物联网、大数据和人工智能技术可以促进太阳能系统的智能化监测、控制和维护。