Historical Timber-Framed Buildings： Typology and Knowledge

This paperprovides a historical overview intending to clarify the methods of interpretation of timber-framed buildings by different authors of construction treatises, and structural intentions of the carpentry designers and master builders, throughout the centuries, until the period when it became scientific structural theory. It describes the ＂box-frame＂ construction that appeared in Lisbon, after the earthquake of 1755, characterized by its good seismic resistance. This knowledge is important to determine a strategy of an efficient restoration practice in historical constructions which require an intervention subordinated to its raised patrimonial and artistic value, minimum, which respects the authenticity of its structural and construction conception and which is reversible and compatible, in physical, chemical, mechanic and aesthetic terms. Empirical understanding of the most important properties of wood to structure purposes, the defects of structural timbers, the framing and the preliminary survey followed by the structural survey were some of the difficulties which can be overcame in practice.

A Hygienic Survey of the Environment of Underground Space and Buildings

Full utilization of underground space and buildings could have positive economic and social effects. However, the microclimate and air quality must be well controlled so that they are not harmful to human health. This survey indicated that relative humidity is a common hygienic problem in underground space and buildings. Attention should be paid to humidity control and to the strengthening of routine ventilation at the construction stage. Carbon dioxide can be used as a hygiene index of air pollution; the sanitary standard for it in the air of underground buildings is 10%. The hygienic survey shows that the concentration of carbon dioxide is usually below this standard in the environments of underground space and buildings. (c)1989 Academic Press,Inc.

A Case Study for End of Life Reuse and Recycling Survey Methodologies： The Hollentalanger Cottage

Up to now, reuse and recycling of existing buildings have not been examined widely. This paper discusses the theories, methods and practicalities of buildings＇ end of life with a main focus on planning and managing reuse and recycling of existing buildings. Our aim is the realistic modelling of theoretical scenarios for end of life based on a case study. The methods of building survey, material classification and documentation for reuse, recycling and disposal of existing constructions are presented. Investigations and calculations were done on an existing cottage in the Alps. The ecologically most beneficial disposal phase of the old wooden hut is our main objective. Critical questions arise from the quality of the material and how it can be extracted, separated and balanced in an appropriate way. A systematic survey of the building by inspection of constructions and materials in iterative steps allows a detailed material balance with condition and property information. This information is crucial for scenarios and material flow analysis of demolished and rebuilt building in environmental system analysis. For future planning, the reuse and recycling of existing buildings should be integrated quite early in the planning process so that we can use the materials in the best way.

Automatic classification of rural building characteristics using deep learning methods on oblique photography

Rural building is important to the well-being of rural residents,leading to a significant need to carry out extensive surveys and retrofits of many rural buildings.On-site surveys by expert surveyors are currently the main approach,but this traditional method is often expensive and laborious,especially for large-scale survey tasks.Therefore,this study explores an alternative workflow based on deep learning(DL)methods to apply automatic classification of rural building characteristics.Taking four villages in Jizhou District of Tianjin,China as research samples,we tested selected convolutional neural network(CNN)architectures through the establishment of the training database containing 3258 labeled images,under the performance metrics of accuracy,recall and F1 score.The results showed that ResNet50 is the CNN architecture with the best performance,with the comprehensive consideration of overall metrics.Taking accuracy as the performance metric to test the generalization ability of ResNet50,the prediction results for seven building characteristic indicators from low to high are as follows:building function(0.827);building style(0.863);building quality(0.871);building age(0.880);building structure(0.891);abandoned or not(0.959);the number of storeys(0.995).Due to simplicity,accuracy and effectiveness,this workflow is transferable and cost-effective to investigate large-scale villages.